Investigation of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Accumulation Capacities of Naturally Growing Species in Old Garbage Area

: In underdeveloped and/or developing countries, garbage is often randomly piled up in open areas. This method has been used to dispose of garbage/solid waste in Turkey for many years. Although pollution is not at the forefront in Bingöl province, the area located in the city center of the city has been used as a wild garbage storage area for approximately 18 years. Since the garbage in the area poses a danger to people and the environment, this area has become inactive with the establishment of a new solid waste disposal facility in the city. There are plants that have adapted to this area, which has been empty for about ten years. In this study, it was tried to determine in what proportions and organs the plant species distributed in the area accumulate heavy metals that may have come from garbage leachate. Plants identified in the field; Alyssum simplex , Cirsium libanoticum , Descurainia sophia , Fumaria asepala , Fumaria officinalis , Matricaria chamomilla , Papaver dubium , Scrophularia canina , Trifolium repens and Ziziphora capitata species. Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb concentrations (mg kg -1 ) of these species were measured in root, stem, leaf and flower organs and translocation factors (TF) were calculated for these species. In conclusion; Alyssum simplex , Cirsium libanoticum and Fumaria asepala for Fe, Cirsium libanoticum , Fumaria asepala , Fumaria officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla Cr and As, Cirsium libanoticum , Papaver dubium and Scrophularia canina for Cd and all other species except Alyssum simplex and Scrophularia canina for Pb translocation factors (TF) were found to be greater than 1 (TF>1). The accumulation potential of these species is thought to be promising so that they can be evaluated in phytoremediation.


Introduction
Today, one of the most important issues that the earth, nature, the world, and all humanity struggle with passively or actively is undoubtedly pollution.This is the main reason underlying environmental problems, health problems, and many other problems.Among the types of pollution, heavy metal pollution, which can enter the food chain and threaten humans, is at the forefront.The term "heavy metal" is generally used for metals with a specific gravity of more than 5 g cm -3 (Holleman and Wiberg, 1985;Sharma and Agrawal, 2005).The heavy metals of most concern are the metalloids cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As).The uptake and accumulation of healththreatening toxic metals by plants are potential entry routes into human and animal food.Emissions of toxic heavy metals have greatly increased over the last 200 years (Clemens, 2006).
Heavy metal pollution is mainly caused by burning fossil fuels, municipal waste, sewage, pesticides, and smelting (Naila et al., 2019).Their high presence in the environment is due to anthropogenic activities, including the application of paint, batteries, metal scraps, motor oil, pesticideherbicides, and fertilizers (Awokunmi, 2010).The development in industry, agriculture, and mining and the increase in their activity has led to increased heavy metal pollution (Kalay and Yasam 2000;Kuzu et al., 2018).
Plants that can take up more metals than other species from the same soils and above the metal concentrations determined in the soil are called hyperaccumulator plants ( Kabata-Pendias, 2011).Phytoremediation is an effective, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly technique in which living green plants are used to transfer or stabilize heavy metals and environmental pollutants in contaminated soil or groundwater (Saleem et al., 2020a).Hyperaccumulator plants have the potential to accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals in their above-ground parts without showing signs of stress.They have been used in phytoremediation of metal contaminated areas with promising results (Wan et al. 2023;Doku et al. 2024).It is reported that there are nearly 400 plant species that accumulate metals in their above-ground organs.Important families with this feature are Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Violaceae and Euphorbiaceae.Brassicaceae family is the largest family with 11 genera and 87 species (Ozbek, 2015;Boysan Canal et al., 2022 ).
The increase in the world's population in parallel with increasing industrial activities has led to the generation of large volumes of household and industrial waste (Lagerkvist and Dahlén, 2019).In underdeveloped and/or developing countries, garbage/solid waste is often deposited randomly in open areas (away from residential areas).For many years in Turkey, this method has been used for the disposal of garbage/solid waste (Gokce and Hasanoglu, 2015).
Today, with wild landfilling still in place, of the 32.3 million tons of waste collected by municipalities (waste service providers), 69.4% was disposed of in sanitary landfills, 17% in municipal dumps, 13.2% in recycling facilities and 0.4% by open burning, burial, dumping in streams or land (TUIK, 2020).
Rainwater inflow to landfills causes biochemical and physical breakdown of garbage/waste, resulting in the formation of highly polluted leachate (Ebin, 2004).The content of leachate varies according to the type of waste stored, and landfill leachate can contain high levels of organic and inorganic substances, ammonia-nitrogen, heavy metals, and chlorinated organic compounds.Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) are commonly found in landfill leachate (Oksuz, 2019).
These landfills, which are known to be responsible for toxic leachate from waste, have been reported to significantly affect all forms of life.Such leachate is often found in surface water, groundwater, soils, and other biophysical components of the environment, causing adverse impacts on humans, aquatic organisms, plants, and animals (Agbeshie et al., 2020).However, most people use such sites without knowing the risk of plants taking up heavy metals found in soils.Therefore, risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in landfills is an important issue (Agbeshie et al., 2020).
The area located in the city center of Bingöl province was used as a wild landfill for about 18 years where both domestic and medical wastes were dumped.Due to the constant spontaneous combustion of garbage in the area and the danger it posed to people and the environment (Anonymous, 2013a), this area became inactive with the establishment of a new solid waste disposal facility in the city (Anonymous, 2013b).
The region is a place where some animal husbandry (grazing, beekeeping) activities continue in spring.There are many plants adapted to this area.Today, it is still unknown whether these plants contain the pollution materials and heavy metals emitted by these landfill leachates.This study aimed to identify the plant species adapted to the area, investigate their hyperaccumulatory properties, determine their potential for use in phytoremediation, and make suggestions and predictions for similar areas.

Study area
The area in the auto industry zone of Bingöl province was used as a wild garbage storage area for approximately 18 years, from 1996 to 2013, and became inactive with the establishment of a new solid waste disposal facility in the city (Anonymous, 2013b).The size of the study area is approximately 11 ha (Figure 1).Plant material was sampled and 10 species were identified.Soil samples were taken from 4 different points of the area.

Plant species
Ten (10) plant species were collected from the landfill area and identified according to the 11volume Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1965(Davis, -1985;;Davis et al., 1988;Guner et al., 2000).The altitude of the area where the samples were collected was 1225 m and the coordinates were 38° 54' 13" N-40° 32' 47" E. After recording the location, the general view of the area was photographed together with the general view of the plant and the habitat area.
During the collection of samples, an attempt was made to collect as many parts as possible for species identification, such as fruits, seeds, flowers, and basal leaves.Information about the study area and the collected samples, which may be important in identification and may change when dried or pressed (color, odor, shape), was also recorded in the field notebook.Scientific names and authors of the taxa were checked from the current Turkey Plants List book (Guner et al., 2012).The plant species identified as a result of the study are given in Table 1.Two species of Brassicaceae family (Alyssum simplex, Descurainia sophia), 2 species from Asteraceae family (Cirsium libanoticum, Matricaria chamomilla), Papavereraceae family 3 species (Fumaria asepala, Fumaria officinalis, Papaver dubium) and Scrophulariaceae (Scrophularia canina) and 1 species of Lamiaceae family (Ziziphora capitata) was determined.Images of the species are presented in Figure 3. Heavy metal (Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb) contents and pH levels of soil samples taken from the area are given in Table 2.The concentrations of Fe, Pb and Cr, except Cd and As, are similar to the results of Tas and Demir (2022) on heavy metals in the agricultural soils of Bingol plain.

Heavy metal (Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb) analysis in plants and soil
Plants were collected from the field with all their organs present and separated into their organs as roots, stems, leaves, and flowers in the laboratory, then washed with water and dried in a drying oven at 70 °C.Dried plant parts were ground in a hand mill and made ready for analysis.The total combustion process in the microwave was applied according to the method described in the literatüre (Campbell and Plank, 1998;Kacar andInan, 2008: Gurbuz et al., 2016).Then, filtration was done with filter paper and the volume of the tubes was completed to 50 mL with ultrapure water.Elemental readings were made in diluted samples with the ICP-MS device.Soil samples were sieved and wet digestion was performed.Then, filtration and dilution were performed in the same way and heavy metal concentrations were read on the ICP-MS device.

Translocation factor (TF)
It is the ratio of the heavy metal concentration in the shoot of the plant to the heavy metal concentration in the root and indicates the ability of heavy metals to be transported from the root to other organs of the plant.If the TF values of plants are greater than 1, they can be used as bioaccumulators in phytoremediation (Surmen et al., 2019).

TF =
Heavy metal concentration in the aerial parts (mg kg !" ) Heavy metal concentration in the roots (mg kg !" ) (1)

Statistical analysis
Analysis of variance was applied to the obtained data in the JMP program and the differences were compared with the Tukey test (JMP, 2018).

Distribution of Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb concentrations in plant organs and translocation factor (TF) values of species
Concentrations of Fe, Cr, As, Cd, and Pb metals in organs (root, stem, leaf, and flower) and Translocation Factor values of plant species are shown in Table 4.
Alyssum simplex species accumulated chromium most in its roots (1.56 mg kg -1 ) and stem (1.44 mg kg -1 ), and arsenic and cadmium accumulated most in its roots, stems and leaves.Similar amounts of iron and lead accumulated in all organs of Alyssum simplex.Accumulation of Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb metals in the organs of Cirsium libanoticum species was not found to be statistically significant.Descurainia sophia accumulated chromium (1.78 mg kg -1 ) and arsenic (0.21 mg kg -1 ) mostly in its roots, and lead in its leaves (0.18 mg kg -1 ) and flowers (0.16 mg kg -1 ).Fumaria asepala accumulated iron (366.78 mg kg -1 ) and arsenic (0.17 mg kg -1 ) mostly in its leaves, while chromium (1.92 mg kg -1 ) and cadmium (0.11 mg kg -1 ) accumulated mostly in its stem.Fumaria officinalis accumulated iron (335.03mg kg -1 ) and arsenic (0.22 mg kg -1 ) mostly in its leaves, chromium (1.53 mg kg -1 ) mostly in its flower and cadmium (0.08 mg kg -1 ) mostly in its root.The analysis results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in the soil did not exceed the allowed limit values for toxic heavy metal concentrations in soil and plants (Table 2).

Translocation factor (TF) values of species
Translocation factor (TF) is the ratio of heavy metal concentration in the shoot of the plant to the heavy metal concentration in the root and indicates the ability of heavy metals to be transported from the root to other organs of the plant.If the TF values of plants are greater than 1, they have the possibility of being used as bioaccumulators in phytoremediation (Surmen et al., 2019).
The translocation factor measures plant defense mechanisms that tend to limit inorganic pollutants to the roots to prevent the translocation of trace elements to the above-ground organs of the plant, especially seeds.Normally, plants exhibit TF<1 when under heavy metal stress.TF>1 indicates that plants not only tolerate but also utilize the contaminant, which is often seen as a general characteristic of hyperaccumulators.Thus, TF>1 is a determining factor in the classification of plant species for phytoremediation (Chanu and Gupta, 2016).

Fe concentration of species (mg kg -1 )
The distribution of Fe concentrations (mg kg -1 ) in plant organs of plant species collected from the garbage area are shown in Table 5.
The values obtained in each organ and their averages were found to be statistically very significant (p<0.01).In all organs (root, stem, leaf, and flower), Fumaria asepala accumulated the highest (270.46 mg kg -1 ) Fe, while Alyssum simplex accumulated the least (81.41 mg kg -1 ).Among the species, Scrophularia canina and Trifolium repens accumulated the most iron (Fe) in roots, Fumaria asepala accumulated the most in stems, Fumaria asepala, Fumaria officinalis, Trifolium repens and Matricaria chamomilla accumulated the most in leaves and Cirsium libanoticum accumulated the most in flowers (Table 5).**:p<0.01,level of significance; capital letters show significant differences between the average concentrations of species and the average concentrations of organs; small letters show significant differences between the concentrations in each organ.

Cr concentration of species (mg kg -1 )
The distribution of Cr concentrations (mg kg -1 ) in plant organs of plant species collected from the garbage area are shown in Table 6.The values obtained in each organ and their averages were found to be statistically very significant (p<0.01).Cirsium libanoticum, Matricaria chamomilla, and Papaver dubium accumulated the highest (1.84, 1.79, and 1.74 mg kg -1 ) Cr in all organs, while Scrophularia canina, Trifolium repens and Ziziphora capitata accumulated the least (0.59, 0.55 and 0.59 mg kg -1 ).Among the species, Papaver dubium accumulated the most chromium (Cr) in its roots, Fumaria asepala, Matricaria chamomilla and Cirsium libanoticum accumulated it in its stems, Cirsium libanoticum, Fumaria asepala and Matricaria chamomilla accumulated it in their leaves, while Cirsium libanoticum and Matricaria chamomilla accumulated it in their flowers (Table 6).**:p<0.01,level of significance; capital letters show significant differences between the average concentrations of species and the average concentrations of organs; small letters show significant differences between the concentrations in each organ.
When all species are considered together, it is observed that most chromium accumulated in the roots (1.41 mg kg -1 ) followed by leaves (1.34 mg kg -1 ) and stems (1.26 mg kg -1 ) (Table 6).

As concentration of species (mg kg -1 )
The distribution of As concentrations (mg kg -1 ) in plant organs of plant species collected from the garbage area are shown in Table 7.The values obtained in each organ and their averages were found to be statistically very significant (p<0.01).Cirsium libanoticum accumulated the highest (0.19 mg kg -1 ) As in all organs, while Scrophularia canina, Trifolium repens and Ziziphora capitata accumulated the least (0.06, 0.04 and 0.05 mg kg -1 ).Among the species, Descurainia sophia accumulated the most arsenic (As) in its roots, Papaver dubium and Cirsium libanoticum in its stems, Alyssum simplex, Cirsium libanoticum, Fumaria officinalis, and Matricaria chamomilla in its leaves and Cirsium libanoticum in its flowers (Table 7).*:p<0.05,**:p<0.01,level of significance; capital letters show significant differences between the average concentrations of species and the average concentrations of organs; small letters show significant differences between the concentrations in each organ.
When all species are considered together, it is seen that the most arsenic is accumulated in the leaves (0.16 mg kg -1 ) and that As is accumulated in other organs, although less than the leaves, at similar concentrations (0.09-0.11 mg kg -1 ) (Table 7).

Cd concentration of species (mg kg -1 )
The distribution of Cd concentrations (mg kg -1 ) in plant organs of plant species collected from the garbage area are shown in Table 8. **:p<0.01,level of significance; capital letters show significant differences between the average concentrations of species and the average concentrations of organs; small letters show significant differences between the concentrations in each organ.
The values obtained in each organ and their averages were found to be statistically very significant (p<0.01).Alyssum simplex and Descurainia sophia accumulated the highest (0.33 and 0.31 mg kg -1 ) Cd in all organs, while Trifolium repens and Ziziphora capitata accumulated the least (0.01 and 0.02 mg kg -1 ).Among the species, Alyssum simplex and Descurainia sophia accumulated the most arsenic (As) in roots, Alyssum simplex accumulated the most in stems, Alyssum simplex and Descurainia sophia accumulated the most in leaves, and Descurainia sophia accumulated the most in flowers (Table 8).
When all species are considered together, it is seen that the highest cadmium accumulates in similar concentrations in the roots, stems and leaves (0.15-0.17 mg kg -1 ), and the least accumulates in the flowers (0.09 mg kg -1 ) (Table 8).

Pb concentration of species (mg kg -1 )
The distribution of Pb concentrations (mg kg -1 ) in plant organs of plant species collected from the garbage area are shown in Table 9.The values obtained in each organ and their averages were found to be statistically very significant (p<0.01).The species that accumulated Pb in all organs was Cirsium libanoticum.Among the species, Scrophularia canina accumulated the most lead (Pb) in its roots, Papaver dubium accumulated it in its trunk, and Cirsium libanoticum accumulated it in its flowers.The concentration of Pb accumulated in leaves did not differ significantly between species (Table 9).**:p<0.01,level of significance; ns: non significant, capital letters show significant differences between the average concentrations of species and the average concentrations of organs; small letters show significant differences between the concentrations in each organ.
When all species are considered together, it is seen that there is no statistically significant difference between plant organs for Pb accumulation.

Discussion
Among the plant species, Alyssum simplex accumulated the least iron (Fe) and the most cadmium (Cd) in all its organs.Plants such as Alyssum, Thlaspi, Urtica, and Polygonum have a high ability to accumulate heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc (Ozay and Mammadov, 2013).It has been reported that some plant species such as Alyssum murale, Thlaspi vaerulescens, Nicotiana tabacum, Zea mays, Salix viminalis, Helianthus annuus and Viola baoshanensis are used for phytoremediation purposes (Kabata-Pendias, 2011).Similar to this study, in the study conducted by Celiktas (2020), Alyssum oxycarpum species accumulated iron in its roots, stems, and leaves at concentrations close to each other.Although there was no Pb pollution in the area, Alyssum simplex preferred to accumulate the available lead in its roots.Similarly, in a study conducted around Adana Cr mine, Alyssum alyssoides preferred to accumulate lead mostly in its roots (root: 4.86, stem: 1.22, leaf: 3.01, mg kg -1 ) (Celiktas, 2020).
Cirsium libanoticum tended to accumulate Cr and As in its aboveground organs compared to other species.Dokmeci and Adiloglu (2020) reported that Cirsium vulgare offers the potential for use in the removal of chromium from the soil.In this study, TF>1 was found for Cr.Sajad et al. (2020) reported a similar result as TF>1 for Cr in Cirsium vulgare plant in their study.In this study, Pb TF >1 was calculated for Cirsium libanoticum.Sajad et al. (2019) also reported TF >1 for Pb in Cirsium vulgare species in their study.
Descurainia sophia accumulated the most Cd in all organs compared to other plant species.While the TF value for Cd was 0.90, it was 1.86 for Pb.Moameri et al. (2017) found that the TF value for Pb (TF>1) was higher than 1 in Descurainia sophia, Stachys lavandulifolia, and Echium amoenum plants.They also reported Cd translocation factor value as TF>1 for Brassica juncea, Scariola orientalis, Descurainia sophia, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea virgata and Stachys lavandulifolia plants.
Fumaria asepala accumulated the most iron (276.46 mg kg -1 Fe) in all organs compared to other plant species.Fumaria officinalis accumulated an average of 224.24 mg kg -1 Fe in all plant organs.Zokaei et al. (2018) reported the Fe concentration of plants collected in Shiraz, including Fumaria officinalis species, as 187.24 mg kg -1 .The researchers also reported that the same species had Cd concentration in the range of 0.01-0.08mg kg -1 and Pb concentration in the range of 0.02-0.3mg kg -1 .These results are parallel for both Fumaria species examined in this study (Cd: 0.02-0.11mg kg -1 and Pb: 0.05-0.3mg kg -1 ).
Matricaria chamomilla accumulated the most Cr in all organs compared to other species.In addition, in the evaluation within the organs, stem, leaves, and flowers accumulated more Cr than roots (root: 1.58 mg kg -1 , stem: 1.84 mg kg -1 , leaf: 1.88 mg kg -1 , and flower: 1.86 mg kg -1 ).Glišić et al. (2021) reported that the leaves and stem of Matricaria inodora can be used in the phytoextraction of chromium (Cr).Matricaria chamomilla preferred to accumulate cadmium in its roots and this aspect weakened its usability in phytoremediation (root: 0.18 mg kg -1 , stem: 0.10 mg kg -1 , leaf: 0.09 mg kg -1 and flower: 0.06 mg kg -1 ).Kováčik et al. (2006) reported that Matricaria chamomilla cannot be classified as a hyperaccumulator due to the preferential accumulation of Cd in the roots and is therefore not suitable for phytoremediation.
Papaver dubium preferred to accumulate iron and chromium in the roots than in the aboveground organs.The difference in the distribution of As, Pb and Cd in plant organs was not statistically significant.Alizadeh et al. (2022) found that Papaver dubium, Trifolium fragiferum and Achillea vermicularis species collected from a mine and waste dumpsite did not exceed the hyperaccumulation thresholds for the relevant trace elements (As, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn).The researchers also determined concentrations of Cr 0.72 mg kg -1 , Pb 4.39 mg kg -1 , and As 2.14 mg kg -1 for Papaver dubium.According to the results of Alizadeh et al. (2022), Cr was determined higher in our study, while As and Pb were determined lower.Ghaderian and Ravandi (2012) reported Pb concentration in the leaf dry matter of Papaver dubium collected from copper mining area as 11 mg kg - 1 .The concentration in the plant collected from the mining area was higher than the plant collected from the garbage area, as expected.
It appears that the Scrophularia canina plant prefers to accumulate Pb and Fe elements in its roots.The TF of the plant for Pb was calculated to be TF<1, which limits the usability of the species for phytoremediation in Pb-polluted areas.Cd concentration in the Scrophularia canina plant was determined as 0.14 mg kg -1 in the roots, 0.25 mg kg -1 in the stem, 0.10 mg kg -1 in the leaf, and 0.09 mg kg -1 in the flower.Boularbah et al. (2006) found that the Scrophularia canina plant collected from the mining area had a Cd concentration of 0.25 mg kg -1 , which is similar to the study findings.Shallari et al. (1998) heavy metal contents (1 mg kg -1 Cd, 4 mg kg -1 Cr, and 8 mg kg -1 Pb) of the Scrophularia canina plant collected from serpentine areas are higher than our study findings.
In the Trifolium repens plant, TF<1 for Fe, Cr, As, and Cd, while TF>1 was determined only for Pb.In addition, it accumulated the elements Cr, Cd, and As in the least concentration in all its organs compared to other plant species.Wen et al. (2018) reported in their study that Trifolium repens and R. nepalensis plants could increase the phytoremediation efficiency of Pb-Zn-contaminated areas when planted together.Matanzas et al. (2021) found TF <1 for As (TF: 0.38) and Pb (TF: 0.31) in the Trifolium repens plant.TF <1 for arsenic was similar to the study findings.
Ziziphora capitata was the species that accumulated Cr, As, and Cd elements the least in all plant tissues compared to other species.The TF value was found to be 1.00only for Pb, but it still did not exceed the concentration limit value allowed in plants.Cd and Pb were found to be higher than the permissible limit values in the Ziziphora persica plant (Alinia-Ahandani et al., 2021).Cd, Pb, and Cr were found to be <0.05mg kg -1 in the Ziziphora tenuior plant (Hajihashemi et al., 2021).When all species were considered together, it was observed that the most iron, chromium, and cadmium accumulated in the roots, arsenic was distributed in the leaves, and lead was distributed in all plant organs in similar proportions.Nouri et al. (2009) reported that metals accumulated by plants were mostly distributed in root tissues.It has been reported that in contaminated soils, cadmium is especially concentrated in the roots of plants ( Kabata-Pendias, 2011).

Conclusion
It was determined that the heavy metal contents (Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb) of the soil samples taken from the study area (former garbage area) did not exceed the heavy metal limit values allowed in soils (WHO/FAO, 2007;Sonmez and Kılıc, 2021).The reason for this is that although the area has been used for garbage storage for approximately 18 years, it may not have encountered a new pollution factor in the last 10 years.It is thought that the existing pollution may have been removed by the effect of climatic factors such as rainfall.The potential of the plant species distributed and identified in the area to carry heavy metals to the above-ground organs was evaluated.It has been observed that Alyssum simplex, Cirsium libanoticum, Descurainia sophia, Fumaria asepala, Fumaria officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, and Papaver dubium species accumulate arsenic (As) above the allowed limit values by WHO/FAO.It has been observed that cadmium (Cd) Alyssum simplex, Cirsium libanoticum, Descurainia sophia, Papaver dubium, and Scrophularia canina species accumulate, and lead (Pb) Cirsium libanoticum and Papaver dubium species accumulate above the limit values allowed in plants by WHO/FAO.It is not recommended to use these plants in the area for human and animal nutrition.When the use of phytoremediation purposes (TF>2) for soil with this pollution is evaluated, it can be said that Fumaria asepala for As, Fumaria officinalis for Pb, and Papaver dubium species for Cd have potential.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location of the Old Landfill in Bingöl Province.In April, May, and June 2022, the vegetation was monitored and the species adapted to the region were collected during the development of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.Visuals of the region are presented in Figure2.

Table 1 .
List of identified plant species

Table 2 .
Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb contents and pH levels

Table 4 .
Distribution of Fe, Cr, As, Cd and Pb concentrations (mg kg -1 ) in organs and TF values (continued)

Table 5 .
Fe concentrations in organs of species (mg kg -1 )

Table 6 .
Cr concentrations in organs of species (mg kg -1 )

Table 7 .
As concentrations in organs of species (mg kg -1 )

Table 8 .
Cd concentrations in organs of species (mg kg -1 )

Table 9 .
Pb concentrations in organs of species (mg kg -1 )