EXERGY ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE BASED ON THE PINCH POINT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a system that uses working fluids with hydrocarbon components instead of water and generates power from the heat recovery of different heat sources. In this study, the exergy analysis of a simple ORC, which produces electrical energy with the help a geothermal source (125°C), was performed. R123, R152a, R245fa and R600a were determined as the fluids to be used in the Cycle. In this analysis, which was carried out according to the pinch point temperature differences (5-20°C) in the evaporator, the exergy performance of the cycle components was evaluated for the geothermal resource unit flow rate and the variation of the exergy efficiency of the system was calculated. With the increase of the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator, the decrease of the system’s exergy efficiency became maximal (11.7%) with the use of R152a as a refrigerant and the loss in the system’s exergy efficiency became minimal (9.03%) with the use of R123 as a refrigerant.


INTRODUCTION
The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts heat energy into work and water is used as the working fluid in this cycle.The water used in the cycle is preferred to generate electricity in medium and large power plants.In the recent years, hydrocarbon-based fluids with lower critical temperature and pressure, higher molecular mass and less corrosion hazard have started to be used in the Rankine cycle instead of water.With the use of these fluids, these systems have taken the name of the Organic Rankine cycle (ORC).Being used in applications such as recycling of waste heat in factories, solar energy and especially in geothermal applications, the importance of this cycle is increasing day by day in terms of energy efficiency.
Thermodynamic properties of certain fluids used in the Rankine cycle are presented in Table 1.Many studies have shown that; among the hydrocarbon compound organic fluids used in the ORC systems, the ones that have higher molecular mass, low critical temperature and pressure and that are dry and isentropic in the meantime are more appropriate [1][2][3][4][5].Wang et al. [6] investigated the performance of the ORC systems, which work around the critical range, in terms of thermodynamics.Ergun et al. [7] conducted extensive research on the application areas of ORC systems, and made suggestions for ORC systems that could be used in Turkey.Kaynakli et al. [8] studied on the thermodynamic analysis of a basic and simple ORC for some determined operation conditions in which auxiliary heat exchanger does not exist.Akkaya [9] examined an Organic Rankine Cycle based power generation system, which uses the thermal energy of exhausted gases from an industrial plant.Cihan [10] modeled a system in which the organic Rankine cycle that operates with low-temperature waste heat is combined with the traditional vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.Wang et al. [11] studied a regenerative organic Rankine cycle to utilize the solar energy over a low temperature range using flat plate solar collectors.Kai et al. [12] optimized the ORC system parameters and examined the effects of these optimal parameters for six working fluids (Butane, R236fa, R227ea, R236ea, R245fa and R245ca).Gao et al. [13] examined the performance of solar based organic Rankine cycle through the various working conditions like inlet pressure and temperature of the turbine.Mago et al. [14] analysed the performance of some working fluids under different heat source temperatures and indicated that the boiling point of the working fluids has a strong influence on the system thermal efficiency.
Roy et al. [15] studied the outlet power, the system and second law efficiency, exergy destruction of the system and so on in the case of two different heat source temperatures Dai et al. [16] conducted parametric optimization of ORC with exergy efficiency.Kerme et al. [17] analyzed the energetic and exergetic performance of organic Rankine cycle driven by solar energy received by parabolic trough solar collectors.Li et al. [18] explored the effect of the evaporating temperature on the system thermal and exergy efficiencies and the net power outlet of an ORC system.Yaglı et al. [19] compared the exergetic and thermal performance of a R245fa based subcritical and supercritical ORC for the recovery of exhaust waste gas heat of the combined heat and power engine, which is fuelled by biogas.Guo et al. [20] analyzed and compared the performance of an ORC with internal heat exchanger to that of a basic ORC, using R600a, R245fa and R290 as working fluids.This analysis is based on the locations of heat transfer pinch point.In this study, exergy analysis of an Organic Rankine cycle sample that produces electrical energy was made using a geothermal source with a temperature of 125°C.R123, R152a, R245fa and R600a were identified as fluids to be used in the cycle.In this analysis which is based on the pinch point temperature differences, pptd (5-20°C) in the evaporator, the exergy performance of the cycle elements for the geothermal source unit flow rate was theoretically investigated and the change of the exergy efficiency of the system was calculated.The obtained results are shown in the figures.It is important to consider the pinch point temperature difference in order to determine the optimum working conditions and to optimal design the system.For this reason, one of the main contributions to this study is to perform detailed exergy analysis for the different refrigerants based on the varying pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The schematic diagram of Organic Rankine cycle in which exergy analysis is performed in this study is given in Figure 1 (a) and T-s diagram in Figure 1 (b).
Many studies [4,6,8,14,19,20] in the literature show that the temperature difference between the refrigerant and the heat source has a significant effect on system performance.The minimum temperature difference between the evaporation temperature in the evaporator of refrigerant used in the cycle and the geothermal fluid temperature is defined as the pinch point temperature difference.

Exergy Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle
Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to make the exergy analysis of the cycle elements depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator by using the second law equations of thermodynamics and to calculate the exergy efficiencies depending on the exergy destruction [14,17,20,21].
For each point in the cycle, specific exergy is shown as ei, Here, T0 represents the dead-state temperature for exergy calculations, h0 and s0 stand for the enthalpy and entropy of the operating fluid in the dead-state conditions (at the pressure and temperature), respectively.For each point in the cycle, exergy Ei is calculated with the equation, Here, ̇, the refrigerant flow rate for the points on the cycle (points 1, 2, 3, 4) is used as ̇  and geothermal resource flow are for the geothermal resource inlet and outlet points (5, 6 points) is used as ̇  .
Exergy balance for each process in the cycle is shown as,

Exergy Analysis for the Steam Turbine
Exergy destruction in the turbine between 1 and 2 is shown as, Here, WT is the work obtained from the turbine.It is calculated by using the first law of thermodynamics equation as WT, Here, h1 and h2 are the enthalpy values at the inlet and outlet of the turbine, respectively.Exergy efficiency of the turbine,  , is calculated by using the following equation, Exergy Analysis for the Condenser Exergy destruction in the condenser between 2 and 3 is shown as, Here Qcon is the heat rejected from the condenser and is calculated by using the first law equations of thermodynamics as Qcon, Exergy efficiency of the condenser,  , is calculated by using the following equation, Exergy Analysis for the Pump Exergy destruction in the pump between 3 and 4 is shown as, Here, WP, is the required work to compress the operating refrigerant in the pump.It is calculated by using the first law equations of thermodynamics as WP, Here h3 and h4 are the enthalpy values at the inlet and outlet of the pump.Exergy efficiency at the pump,  , is calculated by using the following equation, Exergy Analysis for the Evaporator Exergy destruction in the evaporator between 4 and 1 is shown as, Here, points 5 and 6 are specified for the inlet and outlet points of the geothermal resource, respectively.E5 and E6 are the exergies at these points.Exergy efficiency in the evaporator,  , is calculated by using the equation, Exergy Efficiency of the Cycle By using the second law equations of thermodynamics, exergy efficiency of the cycle is shown as  , , In this study, the exergy analysis of the system is performed for the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator by using the equations given above.Firstly, the flow rates of refrigerant have been determined for the unit flow rate of the geothermal source.Then, the thermophysical properties of each point in the system have been determined and the exergy changes at these points have been calculated.The exergy destruction in each component (evaporator, turbine, heat exchanger, condenser and pump) has been determined with the equations given above.Finally, the exergy efficiency of the cycle has been calculated by using Eq.(15).

Assumptions
In order to simplify the exergy analysis following assumptions are made;  The system runs under steady-state conditions. Friction and heat losses as well as kinetic and potential energies are neglected. The evaporator capacity is fixed. The water at the outlet of condenser is saturated liquid. The specific volume of the working fluid remains constant during pumping. The efficiency of the turbine and pump is assumed to be constant for all working fluids. Chemical exergies of the substances are neglected.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Design parameters and working conditions of system elements to be used for exergy analysis are given in Table 2.
In the exergy analysis made with the help of parameters given in Table 1, point 1 is taken 8°C higher than the evaporation temperature in the evaporator so that refrigerant could be superheated steam in the turbine inlet.

Evaporation temperature 100°C
Turbine inlet temperature 108°C Geothermal water inlet temperature 125°C Geothermal water pressure 500 kPa Pinch point temperature difference (pptd) in the evaporator 5-20°C

Condensing temperature 30°C
Turbine isentropic efficiency 85% Pump isentropic efficiency 80% Ambient temperature 20°C For the geothermal resource unit flow rate, the change of the flow rates of different refrigerants is shown in Figure 2, which are used in the cycle depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator.As can be seen in the figure, refrigerant flow rates decrease because of the increase in pinch point temperature difference.With the increase of pinch point temperature difference from 5°C to 20°C, the change of the flow rate of R123 becomes maximum and the flow rate drops from 0.60 kg/s to 0.15 kg/s.However, the change of the flow rate of R600a becomes minimum and the flow rate drops from 0.36 kg/s to 0.09 kg/s.For different refrigerants, the change of exergy destruction in the turbine is shown in Figure 3 depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator.As can be seen in the figure, the exergy destruction in the turbine is decreasing with the effect of increasing pinch point temperature difference.For the geothermal resource unit flow rate, while the decrease in exergy destruction in the turbine is maximum (2.893kW) when R152a is used in cycle, the decrease in exergy destruction in the turbine is minimum (2.094kW) when R123 is used depending on the pinch point temperature difference.Depending on the refrigerants and operating conditions, the exergy destruction in the turbine is decreased by a maximum of about 74.93%.
For different refrigerants, the change of exergy destruction in the pump is shown in Figure 4 depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator.As can be seen in the figure, the exergy destruction in the pump is decreasing with the effect of increasing pinch point temperature difference.For the geothermal resource unit flow rate, while the decrease in exergy destruction in the pump is maximum (0.316kW) when R152a is used in cycle, the decrease in exergy destruction in the pump is minimum (0.05kW) when R123 is used depending on the pinch point temperature difference.For different refrigerants, the change of exergy destruction in the evaporator is shown in Figure 5 depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator.As can be seen in the figure, the exergy destruction in the evaporator is decreasing with the effect of increasing pinch point temperature difference.For the geothermal resource unit flow rate, while the decrease in exergy destruction in the evaporator is maximum (4.492kW) when R600a is used in cycle, the decrease in exergy destruction in the evaporator is minimum (3.752kW) when R123 is used depending on the pinch point temperature difference.Depending on the refrigerants and operating conditions, the exergy destruction in the evaporator is decreased by a maximum of about 62.32%.
The change of the outlet temperature of the geothermal fluid from the evaporator depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator is examined for different refrigerants in Figure 6.As can be seen in the figure, the outlet temperature of geothermal fluid from evaporator is increasing with the effect of increasing pinch point temperature difference.Outlet temperature of geothermal fluid from the evaporator increases by maximum about 34% when R152a is used and temperature rises from 86.1°C to 115.3°C.Additionally, if R123 is used in the cycle, the maximum outlet temperature is obtained for different pinch point temperature differences.For different refrigerants, the change of the exergy efficiency of cycle is shown in Figure 7 depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator.As can be seen in the figure, exergy efficiency of the cycle is decreasing with the effect of increasing pinch point temperature difference.When R152a is used as refrigerant in the cycle, the decrease in exergy efficiency of cycle is maximum and about 11.7% depending on the pinch point temperature difference.However, in case that R123 is used, the decrease in exergy efficiency of cycle is minimum and about 9.03%.

CONCLUSION
For a comprehensive thermodynamic evaluation in Organic Rankine cycles, exergy analysis should be done alongside energy analysis, as well.Within the scope of this study, the impact of pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator on the exergy performance is studied for different refrigerants.The results obtained:  In general, the exergy efficiency of cycle decreases with the increase of pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator.For this reason it is recommended that the pinch point temperature difference be lower. Depending on the pinch point temperature difference, while the exergy loss in the cycle is maximum and about 11.7% when R152a is used, the exergy loss in the cycle is minimum and about 9.03% when R123 is used.Therefore, it is seen that R123 is more preferable as the refrigerant in the cycle. Depending on the refrigerant and the pinch point temperature difference, exergy destruction in the evaporator decreases about maximum of 62.32%.Similarly, the exergy destruction in the turbine decreases about maximum of 74.93%. The outlet temperature of geothermal fluid from the evaporator increases about maximum of 34% depending on the pinch point temperature difference when R152a is used as the working fluid in the cycle.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The schematic (a) and T-s (b) diagrams of Organic Rankine cycle

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The change of the refrigerant flow rates depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator

Figure 3 .Figure 4 .
Figure 3.For different refrigerants, the change of exergy destruction in the turbine depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator

Figure 5 .Figure 6 .
Figure 5.The change of exergy destruction in the evaporator depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.For different refrigerants, the change of exergy efficiency of the cycle depending on the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator