CALCULATING ENERGY-INDUCED CARBON FOOTPRINT: BATMAN UNIVERSITY CASE

This study determined the energy-induced carbon footprint arising from energy consumption in Batman University. It is important for universities to do acts toward control the greenhouse gas emission based on energy consumption while performing activities. Therefore, there is need to know the components of carbon footprint. Electric energy, natural gas energy, and various oils as the energy consumption components in these institutions were scrutinized. Petrol, diesel fuel, and fuel oil were utilized as types of oil. It is seen that the component which considerably specifies the carbon footprint is 3.161.238 ton CO2 value and electric energy. Natural gas and fuel oil use contribute to carbon footprint at high ratios in winter months especially arising from heating. 361 ton CO2 based on natural gas use and 1.256.445 ton CO2 based on fuel oil use are other components which specify the carbon footprint. As a result, the primary carbon footprint for Batman University was determined by IPCC Methodology and Tier 1 approach; it is 3.162.855,445 ton CO2 for 2017.


Introduction
Greenhouse gas emission and environmental issues have emerged with the development of technology and increasing urbanization and energy consumption. Climate change based on global warming as the result of environmental issues and greenhouse gas emissions is a severe threat for our country and the world. Sustainable development, green axis growth, and environment-friendly policies become crucial in our country as well. In this regard, it is expected from organizations and people to decrease their carbon emission and increase environmental conscience. It is observed when the literature relating to Carbon Footprint is analyzed to increase the sustainable and ecologic awareness that studies in recent years have gradually increased. Özlem reviewed some of the European countries' approaches based on power generation and consumption about carbon footprint [1]. Toröz analyzed methodology choices, calculations and results in enterprises in our country, the world and many European countries whose approaches on carbon footprint are different [2]. Yaka determined the carbon footprint of Health Services Vocational High School of Akdeniz University [3]. Ünaldı analyzed green marketing and carbon footprint concepts in detail [4]. Tan et al., evaluated the 30-years background of the transition process of universities in China to green and sustainable campus application [5]. Moreover, Li et al., measured the carbon footprint of students at Shanghai University in China [6]. Sangwan et al., [7] determined carbon footprint in Pilani campus of India. For their research results, indirect emissions have a 99% contribution to the footprint. Gu et al., found total energy footprint, carbon footprint and water footprint in Keele University in England [8]. They developed a conceptional correlation based on the combination of different environmental footprints to evaluate how hydrologic cycle, energy resources, climate with operations and food supply interact with each other. Ozawa-Meida et al., conducted a carbon footprint study based on consumption for a university in England [9]. Bello et al., analyzed the effects of hydroelectric consumption in Malaysia on the environment within four different frameworks as ecologic footprint, carbon footprint, water footprint, and CO2 emission [10]. Utaraskul evaluated the carbon footprint of 35 students in Rajabhat university based on three criteria. Related criteria are food consumption and energy consumption by using electrical appliances [11]. In this study, it was aimed to point out global climate change and environmental awareness by computing the carbon footprint of Batman University that is one of the institutions that produce science. Carbon footprint shows the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions that are produced as the result of daily activities. The main effects on carbon footprints include population, economic output and energy and carbon density of economy. It is significantly associated with not only the energy consumption of corporate sectors but also the consumption of industry by the increase in energy consumption. Prevalence of energy-intensive devices in houses and job environment considerably increased energy consumption. Space heating and cooling systems in buildings to provide better comfort zones increase the energy consumption in the same way.

Carbon Footprint and Sustainability
''Sustainable'' and ''ecologic'' concepts enter into our daily life by increasing the environmental issues. ''Sustainability'' concept that first emerged in the international area in 1970 is defined as being provided ecological balance and protected the environment. The issue of ''effect of human activities on environment'' was discussed in Stockholm Conference in Switzerland in 1972; damages of related activities were highlighted [12]. It was decided to reduce the greenhouse gas emission till 2012 in Kyoto Protocol which was signed by 189 countries in 1997 Greenhouse gas emission [13]. Sustainability is a broad concept which prioritizes conservation and sustainability of natural habitat and inholds the social and economic dimensions at the same time. Sustainable development will actualize when environmental, economic and social sustainability materialize together [14]. Ecological footprint means the size of biologically fertile soil or water area in global hectares. This fertile soil or water is required to destroy the waste and reproduce the resources consumed by a community or activity via available technology and resource management [15]. The biggest share belongs to carbon footprint among the Ecological Footprint components in Turkey in 2007 [16]. Carbon footprint is composed of two parts as the primary and secondary carbon footprint. The primary carbon footprint (direct carbon footprint) is defined as the direct measurement of CO2 emissions which arise as the result of firing fossil fuels that are used for energy consumption and transportation.
The secondary one (indirect carbon footprint) is the measurement of CO2 emissions that arise during the whole life cycle from being produced and consumed all the commodities. Carbon footprint is a crucial indicator to reveal the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment and minimize those related effects. About the Carbon Footprint Change of Turkey and the World countries, G20 countries which meet approximately 85% of the world economy and 80% of the world trade is considered. The carbon footprint of 19 state part of G20 and all the EU countries were evaluated for the period between 1990 and 2016. Figure 1   Although there has been a 3 times increase in carbon footprint value of Turkey in the last 15 years, there are two main reasons for us to be at last ranks. One of the reasons is that while developed countries increased energy efficiency in other sectors which generate the emission, the yield in these sectors in Turkey has not increased as of yet. In other words, the share of carbon footprint in total emissions is relatively low in the transportation sector because of the high CO2 emission. The second reason is that while the mobility (number of trips per person and length of the journey) is more in developed countries, the same mobility is relatively low in developing countries such as Turkey [19].

Method
The primary carbon footprint was computed by the IPCC calculated methodology (Tier 1 approach) in this study. In this regard, carbon footprint arising from heating, transportation and electricity consumption of University was computed. Since the carbon emission based on energy consumption of university was computed in this study, the information in energy title was utilized. 2017 Data of all departments of Batman University were analyzed. Since carbon dioxide emission is directly associated with firing the oil, it can be exactly computed. Firing conditions, technology, emission standards, and oil characteristics need to be known to compute other greenhouse gases. IPCC methodology categorized emission calculation methods at 3 different levels which are accepted as Tier [20]. Tier 1 uses the assumed emission factor in calculation; it does not consider the factors in the region where the activity is found. Resource category of each of the gas emissions and emission factor peculiar to the oil is required in the Tier 2 approach. These emission factors are specified peculiar to this country because of differences in types of oil, burning technology, working conditions, control technology, care quality and age of the equipment used for firing oil. Since the emission factor is intrinsic to country, variability and carbon dioxide emissions need to be calculated in a proper way. Tier 3 approach uses technology variable as the base and includes firing process, properties of oil and other factors that can affect calculation results [20,21]. This study gave the calculation method relating to the Tier 1 approach in detail; CO2 emission that has the biggest share in greenhouse gases was computed as well. Amount of fuel consumption is determined in the calculation of carbon dioxide emissions. Gasoline, diesel, LPG, coal, natural gas and electricity consumption amounts were obtained from the official records of University. IPCC carbon dioxide emission factor, 0,584 ton/mWh that was found in master's thesis of Toröz was used to calculate carbon dioxide emission based on the electric energy [2,20].  At this stage, carbon emission factors in IPCC guide for each of fuel group were selected to calculate the total carbon content in the fuel. Amount of carbon content is found by multiplying carbon emission factor by the energy content value that is computed in the previous step [20]. Carbon Content (t C) = Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) × Energy Consumption (TJ) Unoxidized carbon amount is found during firing; carbon value that completely fires is calculated. Following oxidation percentages (combustion efficiency) are specified by IPCC; 0,99 for petroleum products, 0,995 for gaseous fuels; 0,98 for coal products. The amount of oxidized carbon is computed by multiplying the carbon content by these related values.

Carbon Emission (Gg C) = Carbon Content (Gg C) × Carbon Oxidation Rate
Net carbon value that is found by the proportion of the molecular weight of CO2 to the molecular weight of carbon is turned into CO2 form. At this stage, CO2 emission value is found by multiplying the previous value by 44/12 that is the proportion of the molecular weight of CO2 to the molecular weight of carbon [20].

Findings
Data relating to electricity, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and Fuel Oil consumption were received from university to determine the primary carbon footprint of University for 2017. Calculations were performed in line with IPCC methodology Tier 1 approach that can be seen in Method chapter. Table  4 shows the related calculations.

Conclusion
Need for energy gradually increases by industrialization and increasing the world population. This overconsumption brings along global climate change and increasing health risks. Due to these reasons, countries have started to reevaluate energy models. They should head for renewable energy resources that are non-depletable, clean and confidential. It is seen that renewable energy provides remarkable environmental advantages regarding greenhouse gas emissions and other classical atmosphere pollutants in comparison to classical energy systems. Turkey is extremely lucked in terms of renewable energy potential. Therefore, it is important to be effectively used available clean energy resources to avoid both environmental, social and economic problems. This study was conducted to create awareness in terms of sustainability and ecological. Greenhouse gas emissions based on energy consumption was emphasized. The primary carbon footprint is 3.162.855,445 ton CO2 by IPCC Methodology and Tier 1 approach for 2017 for Batman University. 99% of this value originates in electric energy consumption. There is a need for establishing renewable power plants, notably solar power plants to meet increasing electric energy need within campus and change available energy with clean energy resource.