Contributions to the distribution of Phallales in Turkey

New specimens of four previously reported members of the family Phallaceae, Clathrus ruber P.Micheli ex Pers., Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr., Phallus impudicus L., and Pseudocolus fusiformis (E. Fisch.) Lloyd, were collected from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The samples were identified and brief descriptions were prepared. Current and newly determined localities of the collected species were provided together with the photographs related to their macro and micromorphologies.


Introduction
Phallales E.Fisch. is an order of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota. Acccording to Kirk et al., (2008) the order comprises 88 species belonging to 26 genera and 2 families, but Index Fungorum (accessed 10 June 2019) currently list 173 taxa within 39 genera. Phallaceae Corda is a well-known family of the order Phallales and commonly known as "stinkhorns". Members of the family are generally characterized by a simple hollow pseudostipe and a slimy spore mass which is usually supported by a campanulate receptacle or spread over the pseudostipe surface (Gaona et al., 2017).
The study aims to make a contribution to the mycobiota of Turkey by presenting new distributions for some stinkhorn fungi.

Materials and Method
Stinkhorn fungi samples were collected from Artvin, Giresun, Rize and Trabzon provinces during routine field studies between 2015 and 2018 within the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Required characteristics of the samples were recorded and they were photographed in their natural habitat. The samples were dried in air conditioned room and prepared as fungarium materials. Measuremental evaluations were performed in the fungarium. Micromorphological investigations were carried out under a Nikon eclipse Ci-S trinocular light microscope and the photographs related to micromorphology were taken by a DS-Fi2 digital camera aided by a Nikon DS-L3 displaying apparatus. The specimens were identified with the help of Bessette et al., (1995Bessette et al., ( , 1997, Philips (2010), McKnight and McKnight (1987), Sterry and Hughes (2009), Buczacki (2012), Lincoff, (1981, Pegler et al., (1995), Roberts and Evans (2013), Watling (1973), Akata andDoğan (2011), Miller andMiller (1988), Jordan (1995), Breitenbach and Kränzlin (1986) and Ellis and Ellis (1990).
The specimens are deposited at Biology Department, Kamil Özdağ Science Faculty, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University. Macroscopic and microscopic features: Immature fruit body 30-60 mm in diam., egg-shaped (Figure 1a), subhypogeous to epigeous, consists of an olive-green gleba, a compressed lattice surrounding the gleba (Figure 1b), and a white to creamy and leathery outer membrane (exoperidium), enclosing the gleba and the lattice. Surface smooth, marked by reticulations indicating the site of insertion of the lattice (Figure 1a), and rooted by a thick mycelial strand at the base (Figure 1b,c). Later on the peridium ruptures at the apex letting the lattice-shaped receptaculum rise (Figure 1c). Receptaculum 90-120  65-85 mm, hollow, spherical to globose or somewhat elongated lattice-like network of meshes (Figure 1c,d); arms about 15 mm thick with a spongy structure, salmonpink to scarlet red, somewhat paler towards the base. The mature fruit body smells like a carrion. Basidia and cystidia not observed. Basidiospores 4.5-6  1.5-2 µm, cylindrical to bacilloid, hyaline to pale greenish, smooth, thin-walled ( Figure 1e).

Basidiomycota
Clathrus ruber was reported to grow on soil amongst leaf litter in gardens, shrubberies and grassy places at the edge of woodlands (Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1986;Jordan, 1995;Pegler et al., 1995).

Pseudocolus Lloyd
Pseudocolus fusiformis grows on soil or among wood chips in gardens, in coniferous or mixed forest (Bessette et al., 1995;Phillips, 2010  Pseudocolus fusiformis was reported previously from only one locality in Trabzon (Akata ve Doğan, 2011).

Discussions
New localities were added to the existing localities of four stinkhorn species within the boundaries of Artvin, Giresun, Rize and Trabzon provinces. Pseudocolus fusiformis was previously reported only from Yomra district of Trabzon province. Three new localities were also presented within Giresun, Rize and Trabzon provinces. Mutinus caninus have 9 previously presented localities in Turkey. Two new localities were added in Trabzon. Compared to previous two species, Clathrus ruber seems to have more distribution in Turkey. This species were previously reported from 13 provinces of Turkey. Five new distribution localities were also presented for it in Rize and Trabzon provinces. Phallus impudicus is the most cosmopolitan species in Turkey among the four taxa. This species has been cited in 33 studies carried out within the boundaries of 21 provinces of Turkey. Two new localities were also presented for this species from Artvin and Rize provinces from which it was not reported before.