Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

BREXIT, GÖÇ VE AVRUPA BÜTÜNLEŞME SÜRECİ

Year 2021, Volume: 20 , 69 - 94, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.978770

Abstract

Sınırların kontrolü söylemi üzerinden ulusal egemenliğe bir tehdit olarak gösterilen ve halkın endişelerini tetikleyerek siyasi amaçlar için araçsallaştırılan göç konusu, Birleşik Krallık’ın (BK) Avrupa Birliği’nden (AB) ayrılmasında en temel belirleyici unsurlardan biri olmuştur. BK, Avrupa Birliği’nin göç, sığınma ve sınır yönetimi alanındaki politikalarının büyük ölçüde dışında kalmasına ve bu politika alanlarını kendi ulusal egemenliği kapsamında düzenlemesine rağmen, Brexit süresince ülkedeki Avrupa-şüpheci partiler göçmen karşıtı popülist söylemleriyle göç konusunu daha da siyasallaştırmıştır. Brexit, Avrupa bütünleşme sürecinin geleceği için de kuramsal bağlamda incelenebilecek somut bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Son dönemlerde daha sık tartışılmaya başlayan “farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon” kavramına özellikle göç politikalarına katılım bağlamında örnek gösterilebilecek BK, Brexit tecrübesiyle Birliğin geleceğinin “farkılaştırılmış dağılma” kavramı üzerinden yeniden tartışılabileceğini de göstermektedir.

References

  • Akses, Selen, Emre Ataç, Ahmet Ceran, Sema Çapanoğlu, Çisel İleri, İlge Kıvılcım, Çiğdem Nas, Deniz Servantie ve Yeliz Şahin Britanya Referandumu ve Sonrası: AB Entegrasyon Sürecinin Geleceği ve Türkiye. İstanbul: İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı Yayınları, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart, 2, 2020. https://www.ikv.org.tr/images/files/IKV_Brexit_Yayin%20no%20284(1).pdf
  • Alan, Gülsüm. “AB’den İngiltere’ye Özel Statü.” Euronews, Şubat 20, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://tr.euronews.com/2016/02/20/ab-den-ingiltereyeozel-statu
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, “EURODAC 2020.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/dataset/ds00008_en
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, “Standart Eurobarometer 85.” Mayıs 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/STANDARD/yearFrom/1974/yearTo/2016/surveyKy/2130
  • Avrupa Komisyonu Eurostat, “Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupDownloads.do.
  • BBC News. “EU Referendum: Nigel Farage Tells Leave Campaigners to Focus on Migration.” Nisan 29, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36167329
  • BBC News. “Brexit: Poles in UK should ‘Consider’ Returning, Polish Ambassador Says.” Eylül 18, 2019. Erişim tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49741175.
  • BBC News Türkçe. “Koronavirüs: İngiltere’de Sebze ve Meyve Toplayacak Doğu Avrupalı İşçiler için Özel Uçuşlar Düzenleniyor.” Nisan 16, 2020, Erişim tarihi: Mayıs 30, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52303923
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “Review of the Balance of Competences between the UK and the EU: The Single Market.” (Londra: Temmuz 2013). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 3, 2020, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/227069/2901084_SingleMarket_acc.pdf
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “UK Announces New Points-Based Immigration System.” Şubat 19, 2020. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-announces-new-points-basedimmigration-system
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “Apply to the EU Settlement Scheme (Settled and Presettled Status).” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/settled-statuseu-citizens-families
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “NHS Frontline Workers Visas Extended So They Can Focus on Fighting Coronavirus.” Mart 31, 2020. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 30, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-frontline-workers-visas-extendedso-they-can-focus-on-fighting-coronavirus
  • Birleşik Krallık İçişleri Bakanlığı. “The UK’s Future Skills-based Immigration System.” The Stationery Office, (2018). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uks-future-skills-basedimmigration-system
  • Birleşik Krallık Parlementosu Lordlar Kamarası AB Komitesi. “Brexit: Refugee Protection and Asylum Policy.” 48th Report of Session 2017-2019, Ekim 11, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldeucom/428/428.pdf.
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “UK Population by Nationality (July 2018- June 2019).” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/ukpopulationbycountryofbirthandnationality/july2018tojune2019
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “Migration Statistics Quarterly Report: February 2020.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/migrationstatisticsquarterlyreport/february2020
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “The Electoral Commission, EU Referendum Results by Region: North East.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020.https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/who-we-are-andwhat-we-do/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eureferendum/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum/eu-referendum-results-regionnorth-east;
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “UK and Non-UK People in the Labour Market: November 2019.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/ukandnonukpeopleinthelabourmarket/november2019
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “Labour in the Agriculture Industry, UK: February 2018.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/articles/labourintheagricultureindustry/2018-02-06
  • Cappelen, Cornelius ve Yvette Peters. “Diversity and Welfare State Legitimacy in Europe: The Challenge of Intra-EU Migration.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, 9 (2018): 1336–1356.
  • Clarke, Harold D., Matthew Goodwin, Paul Whiteley. “Why Britain Voted for Brexit: An Individual-Level Analysis of the 2016 Referendum Vote.” Parliamentary Affairs 70, 3 (Temmuz 2017): 439-464.
  • Chopin, Thierry ve Christian Lequesne. “Differentiation as a Double-Edged Sword: Member States’ Practices and Brexit.” International Affairs 92, 3 (2016): 531-545.
  • Costello, Cathryn ve Emily Hancox. The UK, EU Citizenship and Free Movement of Persons. UK: University of Oxford, 2014. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/PolicyPrimer-UK_EU_Asylum_Law.pdf
  • Dennison, James ve Andrew Geddes. “Brexit and the Perils of Europeanised Migration.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, 8 (2018), 1137-1153.
  • Dyson, K., Sepos, A. “Differentiation As A Design Principle and As A Tool in The Political Management of European Integration.” içinde Which Europe? The Politics of Differentiated Integration, editörler Kenneth Dyson, Angelos Sepos,A, 3-23. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Duttle, Thomas, Katharina Holzinger, Thomas Malang, Thomas Schaubli, Frank Schimmelfennig ve Thomas Winzen. “Opting out from EU Legislation: The Differentiation of Secondary Law.” Journal of European Public Policy 24, no 3 (2017): 406-428. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2016.1149206.
  • Goodwin, Matthew ve Caitlin Milazzo. UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Gravoglia, Matteo. “What Brexit Means for Migration Policy.” Brookings Institute, Eylül 26, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/09/26/what-brexitmeans-for-migration-policy/
  • Henderson, Alisa, Charlie Jeffery, Dan Wincott ve Richard Wyn Jones. “How Brexit was Made in England.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19, no 4 (2017): 631–646.
  • Holzinger, Katharina ve Tosun, Jale. “Why Differentiated Integration Is Such A Common Practice In Europe: A Rational Explanation.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 31, no 4 (2019): 642–659.
  • Holzinger, Katharina ve Frank Schimmelfennig. “Differentiated Integration In the European Union: Many Concepts, Sparse Theory, Few Data.” Journal of European Public Policy 19, no 2 (2012):292-305.
  • Hooghe, Leisbet ve Gary Marks. “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus.”, British Journal of Political Science 39 (2009): 1-23. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. doi: 10.1017/S0007123408000409.
  • Koenig, Nicole. “A Differentiated View of Differentiated Integration,.” Jacques Delors Institute Policy Papers 140, (23 Temmuz 2015). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/a-differentiated-view-ofdifferentiated-integration/
  • Kutlay, Mustafa. “Brexit Sonrası İngiltere ve AB Bütünleşmesinin Geleceği.” Liberal Perspektif: Analiz 4, (Ocak 2017): 9.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “Concentric Circles of Flexible ‘EUropean’ Integration: A Typology of EU External Governance Relations.” Comparative European Politics 9, no 4-5 (2011): 372-393.
  • Leruth, Benjamin ve Christopher Lord. “Differentiated Integration in the European Union: A Concept, a Process, a System or a Theory?” Journal of European Public Policy 22, no 6 (2015): 754-763.
  • Leruth, Benjamin, Stefan Ganzle ve Jarle Trondal. “Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in the EU After Brexit: Risks versus Opportunities.” Journal of Common Market Studies 57, no 6 (2019): 1386
  • Leuffen, Dirk., Berthold Rittberger ve Frank Schimmelfennig. Differentiated Integration. Explaining Variation in the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013.
  • McTague, Tom. “Theresa May Reveals new UK Immigration System.” Politico, Ekim 2, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020 www.politico.eu/article/theresa-mayunveils-new-uk-immigration-system
  • OpenDemocracy. “Exclusive: Most Support UK Citizenship for Migrant Frontline Workers.” Nisan 25, 2020. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 30, 2020, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/exclusive-most-supportuk-citizenship-migrant-frontline-workers/
  • Owen, Joe, Maddy Thimont Jack, Adela Lacobov ve Elliot Christensen, “Managing Migration After Brexit.” Institute for Government, (Mart 2019). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/IfGMigration-After-Brexit_4.pdf
  • Öniş, Ziya ve Mustafa Kutlay. “Ekonomik Bütünleşme/Siyasal Parçalanmışlık Paradoksu: Avro Krizi ve Avrupa Birliği’nin Geleceği.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 9, sayı 33 (2012): 3-22.
  • Polonya İstatistik Ofisi, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://stat.gov.pl/en/
  • Rienzo, Cinzia. “Migrants in the UK labour market: an overview.” The Migration Observatory, Temmuz 31, 2018, Erişim tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/migrants-in-the-uklabour-market-%20an-overview/.
  • Ross, George. The European Union and Its Crises. Through the Eyes of the Brussels Elite. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • RT, “Turkey’s Bid for EU Membership Bolsters Case for Brexit- Farage.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.rt.com/uk/335012-turkey-eu-membershipfarage/
  • Saurugger, Sabine. Theoretical approaches to European integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “Brexit: differentiated disintegration in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, no 8, (2018): 1154-1173.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “Good governance and differentiated integration. Graded membership in the European Union.” European Journal of Political Research 55, no 4 (2016): 795.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank., Dirk Leuffen ve Berthold Rittberger, “The European Union as a system of differentiated integration: interdependence, politicization and differentiation” Journal of European Public Policy, 22: no 6, (2015): 764-782.
  • Schneider, Christina, J. Conflict, Negotiation and European Union Enlargement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Somerville, Will. “Brexit: The Role of Migration in the Upcoming EU Referendum.” Migration Policy Institute, Mayıs 4, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020 https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/brexit-role-migration-upcoming-eureferendum.
  • Stubb, Alexander C-G. “A Categorization of Differentiated Integration.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34, no 2 (1996): 283-295.
  • The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR). “Vast Majority of EU Workers would be Barred from UK under Migration Advisory Committee Proposals.” Ekim 9, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/pressreleases/vast-majority-of-eu-workers-would-be-barred-from-uk-undermigration-advisory-committee-proposals-finds-ippr
  • Turhan, Ebru. “Thinking out of The Accession Box: The Potential and Limitations of Internal and External Differentiated Integration between Turkey and the EU.” CIFE Policy Paper, no 58, (2017):1-8. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.cife.eu/Ressources/FCK/files/publications/policy%20paper/CIFE_ Policy_Paper_58_Thinking_out_of_The_Accession_Box_EU_Turkey_Ebru_Turhan_2017_1.pdf
  • Walker, Neil. “Sovereignty and Differentiated Integration in the European Union.” European Law Journal 4, no 4 (1998): 355-88.
  • Wallace, Hellen. Flexibility: A Tool of Integration or a Restraint on Disintegration?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Wright, Robert. “Priti Patel Dismisses Concerns over Immigration Reforms.” Financial Times, Şubat 19, 2020. Erişim Tarihi, Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/9f8524ae-52fb-11ea-8841-482eed0038b1

Brexit, Migration and European Integration Process

Year 2021, Volume: 20 , 69 - 94, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.978770

Abstract

Migration issue which has been framed as a threat to national sovereignty within the discourse of “getting back the controls of the borders” and which has also been
instrumentalized for political purposes by triggering concerns among the public, constitutes one of the most distinctive factors of Brexit. Although United Kingdom
(UK) opts out European Union’s (EU) migration, asylum and border management policies to a great extent and keeps its sole national sovereignty in governing these
areas, migration has been highly politicized by the Eurosceptic parties as part of their populist discourses during the Brexit process. Brexit also signifies a concrete case to be examined concerning the theoretical debates on the future of European integration. Brexit experience demonstrates that while the country’s participation to EU’s
migration policies can be explained through the highly popular current debate of “differentiated integration”, it also opens a room for critically reconsidering the
future of European integration through the new debate on “differentiated dissolution”.

References

  • Akses, Selen, Emre Ataç, Ahmet Ceran, Sema Çapanoğlu, Çisel İleri, İlge Kıvılcım, Çiğdem Nas, Deniz Servantie ve Yeliz Şahin Britanya Referandumu ve Sonrası: AB Entegrasyon Sürecinin Geleceği ve Türkiye. İstanbul: İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı Yayınları, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart, 2, 2020. https://www.ikv.org.tr/images/files/IKV_Brexit_Yayin%20no%20284(1).pdf
  • Alan, Gülsüm. “AB’den İngiltere’ye Özel Statü.” Euronews, Şubat 20, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://tr.euronews.com/2016/02/20/ab-den-ingiltereyeozel-statu
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, “EURODAC 2020.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/dataset/ds00008_en
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, “Standart Eurobarometer 85.” Mayıs 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/STANDARD/yearFrom/1974/yearTo/2016/surveyKy/2130
  • Avrupa Komisyonu Eurostat, “Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupDownloads.do.
  • BBC News. “EU Referendum: Nigel Farage Tells Leave Campaigners to Focus on Migration.” Nisan 29, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36167329
  • BBC News. “Brexit: Poles in UK should ‘Consider’ Returning, Polish Ambassador Says.” Eylül 18, 2019. Erişim tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49741175.
  • BBC News Türkçe. “Koronavirüs: İngiltere’de Sebze ve Meyve Toplayacak Doğu Avrupalı İşçiler için Özel Uçuşlar Düzenleniyor.” Nisan 16, 2020, Erişim tarihi: Mayıs 30, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52303923
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “Review of the Balance of Competences between the UK and the EU: The Single Market.” (Londra: Temmuz 2013). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 3, 2020, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/227069/2901084_SingleMarket_acc.pdf
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “UK Announces New Points-Based Immigration System.” Şubat 19, 2020. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-announces-new-points-basedimmigration-system
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “Apply to the EU Settlement Scheme (Settled and Presettled Status).” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/settled-statuseu-citizens-families
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. “NHS Frontline Workers Visas Extended So They Can Focus on Fighting Coronavirus.” Mart 31, 2020. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 30, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-frontline-workers-visas-extendedso-they-can-focus-on-fighting-coronavirus
  • Birleşik Krallık İçişleri Bakanlığı. “The UK’s Future Skills-based Immigration System.” The Stationery Office, (2018). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uks-future-skills-basedimmigration-system
  • Birleşik Krallık Parlementosu Lordlar Kamarası AB Komitesi. “Brexit: Refugee Protection and Asylum Policy.” 48th Report of Session 2017-2019, Ekim 11, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldeucom/428/428.pdf.
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “UK Population by Nationality (July 2018- June 2019).” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/ukpopulationbycountryofbirthandnationality/july2018tojune2019
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “Migration Statistics Quarterly Report: February 2020.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/migrationstatisticsquarterlyreport/february2020
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “The Electoral Commission, EU Referendum Results by Region: North East.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020.https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/who-we-are-andwhat-we-do/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eureferendum/results-and-turnout-eu-referendum/eu-referendum-results-regionnorth-east;
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “UK and Non-UK People in the Labour Market: November 2019.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/ukandnonukpeopleinthelabourmarket/november2019
  • Birleşik Krallık Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi (Office for National Statistics/ONS), “Labour in the Agriculture Industry, UK: February 2018.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/articles/labourintheagricultureindustry/2018-02-06
  • Cappelen, Cornelius ve Yvette Peters. “Diversity and Welfare State Legitimacy in Europe: The Challenge of Intra-EU Migration.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, 9 (2018): 1336–1356.
  • Clarke, Harold D., Matthew Goodwin, Paul Whiteley. “Why Britain Voted for Brexit: An Individual-Level Analysis of the 2016 Referendum Vote.” Parliamentary Affairs 70, 3 (Temmuz 2017): 439-464.
  • Chopin, Thierry ve Christian Lequesne. “Differentiation as a Double-Edged Sword: Member States’ Practices and Brexit.” International Affairs 92, 3 (2016): 531-545.
  • Costello, Cathryn ve Emily Hancox. The UK, EU Citizenship and Free Movement of Persons. UK: University of Oxford, 2014. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/PolicyPrimer-UK_EU_Asylum_Law.pdf
  • Dennison, James ve Andrew Geddes. “Brexit and the Perils of Europeanised Migration.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, 8 (2018), 1137-1153.
  • Dyson, K., Sepos, A. “Differentiation As A Design Principle and As A Tool in The Political Management of European Integration.” içinde Which Europe? The Politics of Differentiated Integration, editörler Kenneth Dyson, Angelos Sepos,A, 3-23. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Duttle, Thomas, Katharina Holzinger, Thomas Malang, Thomas Schaubli, Frank Schimmelfennig ve Thomas Winzen. “Opting out from EU Legislation: The Differentiation of Secondary Law.” Journal of European Public Policy 24, no 3 (2017): 406-428. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2016.1149206.
  • Goodwin, Matthew ve Caitlin Milazzo. UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Gravoglia, Matteo. “What Brexit Means for Migration Policy.” Brookings Institute, Eylül 26, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/09/26/what-brexitmeans-for-migration-policy/
  • Henderson, Alisa, Charlie Jeffery, Dan Wincott ve Richard Wyn Jones. “How Brexit was Made in England.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19, no 4 (2017): 631–646.
  • Holzinger, Katharina ve Tosun, Jale. “Why Differentiated Integration Is Such A Common Practice In Europe: A Rational Explanation.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 31, no 4 (2019): 642–659.
  • Holzinger, Katharina ve Frank Schimmelfennig. “Differentiated Integration In the European Union: Many Concepts, Sparse Theory, Few Data.” Journal of European Public Policy 19, no 2 (2012):292-305.
  • Hooghe, Leisbet ve Gary Marks. “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus.”, British Journal of Political Science 39 (2009): 1-23. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. doi: 10.1017/S0007123408000409.
  • Koenig, Nicole. “A Differentiated View of Differentiated Integration,.” Jacques Delors Institute Policy Papers 140, (23 Temmuz 2015). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/a-differentiated-view-ofdifferentiated-integration/
  • Kutlay, Mustafa. “Brexit Sonrası İngiltere ve AB Bütünleşmesinin Geleceği.” Liberal Perspektif: Analiz 4, (Ocak 2017): 9.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “Concentric Circles of Flexible ‘EUropean’ Integration: A Typology of EU External Governance Relations.” Comparative European Politics 9, no 4-5 (2011): 372-393.
  • Leruth, Benjamin ve Christopher Lord. “Differentiated Integration in the European Union: A Concept, a Process, a System or a Theory?” Journal of European Public Policy 22, no 6 (2015): 754-763.
  • Leruth, Benjamin, Stefan Ganzle ve Jarle Trondal. “Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in the EU After Brexit: Risks versus Opportunities.” Journal of Common Market Studies 57, no 6 (2019): 1386
  • Leuffen, Dirk., Berthold Rittberger ve Frank Schimmelfennig. Differentiated Integration. Explaining Variation in the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013.
  • McTague, Tom. “Theresa May Reveals new UK Immigration System.” Politico, Ekim 2, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020 www.politico.eu/article/theresa-mayunveils-new-uk-immigration-system
  • OpenDemocracy. “Exclusive: Most Support UK Citizenship for Migrant Frontline Workers.” Nisan 25, 2020. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 30, 2020, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/exclusive-most-supportuk-citizenship-migrant-frontline-workers/
  • Owen, Joe, Maddy Thimont Jack, Adela Lacobov ve Elliot Christensen, “Managing Migration After Brexit.” Institute for Government, (Mart 2019). Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/IfGMigration-After-Brexit_4.pdf
  • Öniş, Ziya ve Mustafa Kutlay. “Ekonomik Bütünleşme/Siyasal Parçalanmışlık Paradoksu: Avro Krizi ve Avrupa Birliği’nin Geleceği.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 9, sayı 33 (2012): 3-22.
  • Polonya İstatistik Ofisi, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://stat.gov.pl/en/
  • Rienzo, Cinzia. “Migrants in the UK labour market: an overview.” The Migration Observatory, Temmuz 31, 2018, Erişim tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/migrants-in-the-uklabour-market-%20an-overview/.
  • Ross, George. The European Union and Its Crises. Through the Eyes of the Brussels Elite. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • RT, “Turkey’s Bid for EU Membership Bolsters Case for Brexit- Farage.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.rt.com/uk/335012-turkey-eu-membershipfarage/
  • Saurugger, Sabine. Theoretical approaches to European integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “Brexit: differentiated disintegration in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, no 8, (2018): 1154-1173.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “Good governance and differentiated integration. Graded membership in the European Union.” European Journal of Political Research 55, no 4 (2016): 795.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank., Dirk Leuffen ve Berthold Rittberger, “The European Union as a system of differentiated integration: interdependence, politicization and differentiation” Journal of European Public Policy, 22: no 6, (2015): 764-782.
  • Schneider, Christina, J. Conflict, Negotiation and European Union Enlargement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Somerville, Will. “Brexit: The Role of Migration in the Upcoming EU Referendum.” Migration Policy Institute, Mayıs 4, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020 https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/brexit-role-migration-upcoming-eureferendum.
  • Stubb, Alexander C-G. “A Categorization of Differentiated Integration.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34, no 2 (1996): 283-295.
  • The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR). “Vast Majority of EU Workers would be Barred from UK under Migration Advisory Committee Proposals.” Ekim 9, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/pressreleases/vast-majority-of-eu-workers-would-be-barred-from-uk-undermigration-advisory-committee-proposals-finds-ippr
  • Turhan, Ebru. “Thinking out of The Accession Box: The Potential and Limitations of Internal and External Differentiated Integration between Turkey and the EU.” CIFE Policy Paper, no 58, (2017):1-8. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2, 2020. https://www.cife.eu/Ressources/FCK/files/publications/policy%20paper/CIFE_ Policy_Paper_58_Thinking_out_of_The_Accession_Box_EU_Turkey_Ebru_Turhan_2017_1.pdf
  • Walker, Neil. “Sovereignty and Differentiated Integration in the European Union.” European Law Journal 4, no 4 (1998): 355-88.
  • Wallace, Hellen. Flexibility: A Tool of Integration or a Restraint on Disintegration?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Wright, Robert. “Priti Patel Dismisses Concerns over Immigration Reforms.” Financial Times, Şubat 19, 2020. Erişim Tarihi, Mart 2, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/9f8524ae-52fb-11ea-8841-482eed0038b1
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayselin Yıldız This is me 0000-0001-8845-2367

Publication Date August 13, 2021
Submission Date March 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20

Cite

Chicago Yıldız, Ayselin. “BREXIT, GÖÇ VE AVRUPA BÜTÜNLEŞME SÜRECİ”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, August (August 2021): 69-94. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.978770.

320px-Cc_by-nc-nd_icon.svg.png

Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) is licenced under the Creative Commons License of CC BY-NC-ND license.