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BREXİT’İN BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK SİYASAL SİSTEMİ İLE ETKİLEŞİMİ

Year 2021, Volume: 20 , 155 - 185, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.978801

Abstract

Bu makale Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği’nden (AB) ayrılma sürecinde yaşananları Birleşik Krallık siyasal sisteminin özellikleri çerçevesinde analiz etmektedir. Bu çerçevede bu makalenin ele aldığı temel araştırma sorusu, Avrupa Birliği’nden çıkmanın ilk- ve şimdilik tek- örnek olayı olarak Brexit’i meydana getiren faktörlerin ne kadarının Birleşik Krallık’ın kendi tarihsel ve siyasal özelliklerinden kaynaklanan biricik öğeler, ne kadarının diğer ülkeler için de genellenebilir öğeler olduğudur. Bu makale öncelikle Birleşik Krallık’ın 2. Dünya Savaşından sonra vuku bulan siyasi tarihini, sonra da AB’den ayrılma referandumuna giden süreç ile ayrılmanın gerçekleşmesine kadarki süreci birbirleri ile etkileşim içerisinde analiz etmektedir. Bu çerçevede, Birleşik Krallık’ın imparatorluğun dağılmasından sonraki
yeni bir kimlik oluşturma süreci içerisinde hem Avrupa hem de dünyanın geri kalanı ile sürdürdüğü ilişkiler ve Avrupa Toplulukları’na üye olduktan sonra bütünleşme
sürecine yönelik gösterdiği tepkiler Birleşik Krallık’ın kendisine has faktörler olarak tespit edilmiştir. Makale, bu tarihsel faktörlerin bugün küresel olarak popülizmin
güçlendiği siyasi ortamla birleşmesinin bir sonucu olarak Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği’nden ayrılmasının -şimdilik- ağırlıklı olarak sadece bu ülkeye özgü bir tecrübe
olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

References

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  • De Vries, Catherine E., Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
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  • Franco-British Summit Joint Declaration on European Defence, St Malo, Aralık 4, 1998. Erişim tarihi: Haziran 03, 2014. http://www.atlanticcommunity.org/SaintMalo%20Declaration%20Text.html
  • Gowland, David ve Arthur Turner Reluctant European: Britain and European Integration 1945-1998, London: Longman , 2014.
  • Hill, Christopher “United Kingdom: Sharpening Contradictions”, içinde The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy, editör Christopher Hill, 68-89. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
  • HM Government, The Future relationship with the EU: The UK’s approach to negotiations, February 2020
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  • Johns, Owen, ’Boris Johnson’s Brexit dream is to shred workers rights and social protections’ , The Guardian, 18 October 2019 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/18/boris-johnsonbrexit-dream-shred-workers-rights
  • Kinnvall, Catarina, ‘Ontological Insecurities and Postcolonial Imaginaries: The Emotional Appeal of Populism’, Humanity and Society 42, No. 2, (2018): 523-543.
  • Leconte, Celine, Understanding Euroscepticism, Basingstoke ve New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2010
  • Lis, Jonathan, ‘The only way to stop the catastrophe of a No-deal Brexit? Revoke Article 50’, The Guardian, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/07/stop-catastrophe-nodeal-brexit-revoke-article-50
  • Macshane, Denis, Brexit: How Britain Left Europe. London and New York: I.B. Taurus, 2016.
  • Maddow, Oliver, ‘ Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and the Eurosceptic Tradition in Britain’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15, No 2 (2013): 210-227,
  • Manners, Ian, ‘Political Psychology of European Integration: The (Re)production of Identity and Difference in The Brexit Debate, Political Psychology 39, No.6 (2018): 1213-1232
  • Margaret Thatcher Foundation, MT’s Private Files for 1988-(5) the Bruges Speech I, (tarih verilmemiş) https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1988CAC5
  • Mudde, Cas. Populist Radial Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Cas Mudde ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Populism in Europe and the Americas, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Oliver, Tim ve David Allen, “Foreign policy”, içinde Europeanization of British Politics, eds Ian Bache and Andrew Jordan, 187-200. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006
  • O’Toole, Fintan, Heroic Failure: Brexit and The Politics of Pain, London: Head of Zeus, 2018.
  • Politico, ‘Trump Trip II: No Happy Ending For May’ Temmuz 13, 2018 Erişim tarihi: Nisan 14, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-uk-visit-trip-nohappy-ending-for-theresa-may-brexit/
  • Politico, ‘Boris and Donald A Very Special Relationship’, Aralık 12, 2019 Erişim tarihi Nisan 14, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-uk-visittrip-no-happy-ending-for-theresa-may-brexit/
  • Salmela, Mikko ve Christian von Scheve, ‘Emotional Dynamics of Right- and Leftwing Political Populism’, Humanity and Society 42, No 4 (2018): 434-454
  • Self, Robert, British Foreign and Defence Policy since 1945, New York and Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • StephenTierney, ‘ Brexit and the English Question’ içinde The Law and Politics of Brexit, ed. Federico Fabbrini, 95-114. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Szczerbiak Alekz ve Paul Taggart, ‘ Introduction: Opposing Europe? The Politics of Euroscepticism in Europe içinde eds.Alekz Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart,Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism, 1-11. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008
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  • Taggart, Paul Populism, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press 2000
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  • The Guardian, ‘Government rejects Brexit petition to revoke article 50 signed by 5.8 million people’. Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/27/government-rejectspetition-to-cancel-brexit-signed-by-58-million-people
  • The Guardian, ‘Ireland dismisses suggestion it should quit EU and join UK’ , Ocak 26, 2019, Erişim tarihi Nisan 15, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/26/john-humphrys-suggestsireland-could-quit-eu-and-join-uk
  • The Guardian, ‘Spain says it could take independent Scottland years to win EU membership’, 17 September 2014, Erişim tarihi Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/sep/17/spain-independent-scotlandyears-eu-membership
  • The Independent, ‘It would be extremely difficult for independent Scotland to join EU says European Commission Chief Jose Manual Barosso’, 16 Şubat 2014, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scottishindependence-eu-bid-extremely-difficult-says-jose-manuel-barroso9131925.html
  • The Independent, ‘Scottish Independence: the Full Text of David Cameron’s “No Going Back” Speech’, 16 September 2014, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/scottish-independence/scottishindependence-full-text-of-david-camerons-no-going-back-speech9735902.html;
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The Interaction of Brexit with the British Political System

Year 2021, Volume: 20 , 155 - 185, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.978801

Abstract

This article analyses the process leading up to Brexit within the framework of the political system of the United Kingdom (UK). Within this framework, the main
research question of the article is ‘to what extend are the factors that led up to the first- and so far the only- case of exiting the European Union (EU) peculiar to the
history and the political system of the UK and to what extend can they be generalized for other member states. This article analyses the political history of the UK after the Second World War, the process leading up to the exit referandum and the process until the actual exit from the EU within a process of interaction. Also within this
framework, the article identifies the relationship of the UK with both Europe and the rest of the world in its process of re-defining its post-war identity as a declining
empire, as well as the UK’s reactions to the process of integration in Europe as (so far) unique factors that led the UK towards exiting the Union.

References

  • Andrew Glencross, Why the UK Voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2017.
  • Andy Beckett, ‘The Campain to stop Brexit has never found the right words, The Guardian, 19 October 2019, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/19/campaign-stopbrexit-remainers
  • Bache, Ian ve Andrew Jordan, ‘Britain in Europe and Europe in Britain’, içinde The Europeanization of British Politics, editörler. Ian Bache and Andrew Jordan, 3-33. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2006.
  • Baker, David, Andrew Gamble, Nick Randall ve David Seawright ‘ Euroscepticism in the British Party System: ‘A Source of Fascination, Perplexity and Sometimes Frustration’ içinde Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: vol 1Case Studies and Country Surveys derleyenler Alex Szczezerbiak and Paul Taggart, 93-116. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • BBC, ‘Boris Johnson returns to power with big majority’, 13 December 2019 Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50765773
  • BBC, ‘EU Deal gives UK special status says Cameron’, 20 Şubat 2016, Erişim tarihi: Mart 5, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-35616768
  • BBC, ‘The people’s vote march: In pictures’, 20 October 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45926996, (13 Nisan 2020 tarihinde görüldü);
  • BBC ‘UK European Election Results’, (tarih verilmemiş). Erişim tarihi: 8 Mart 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/events/vote2014/eu-uk-results;
  • Bloomberg, ‘Johnson: Irish Sea Border “Over my Dead body”’, 13 August 2020, Erişim tarihi; Ekim 25, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020- 08-13/johnson-says-irish-sea-border-over-my-dead-body-as-checks-loom
  • Brown, Gordon, Beyond the Crash: Overcoming the First Crisis of Globalization, New York: Free Press, 2010.
  • Buller, Jim ve Martin J. Smith, ‘Civil Service Attitudes Towards the European Union’, içinde Britain For and Against Europe: British Politics and the Question of European Integration, editörler. David Baker ve David Seawright, 165-184. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)
  • Connelly, Tony, Brexit and Ireland: the Dangers, the Opportunities and the Inside Story of the Irish Response, Milton Keynes: Penguin, 2017.
  • De Vries, Catherine E., Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
  • Douglas- Scott, Sionaidh ‘Brexit and the Scottish Question’, içinde The Law and Politics of Brexit, derleyen Federico Fabbrini, 115- 137 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Doyle, John ve Eilleen Connolly ‘Brexit and the Northern Ireland Question’ içinde The Law and Politics of Brexit ed. Federico Fabbrini, 139-159. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018.
  • Drea, Eoin, ‘Brexit is a rupture in Anglo-EU Relations. But it obscures a much bigger Tragedy for Ireland’. Euronews, Ocak 30, 2020, Erişim tarihi Nisan 15, 2020. https://www.euronews.com/2020/01/30/brexit-is-a-rupture-in-anglo-eurelations-but-it-obscures-bigger-tragedy-for-ireland-view
  • Dunbabin, J.P.D. The Cold War: The Great Powers and Their Allies. Oxon and New York: Routledge 2015
  • EU Observer, “Cameron's EU plan to scrap 'ever closer union' and limit migration” 17.03.2014 Erişim tarihi: Haziran 5, 2014. http://euobserver.com/news/123487,
  • EU Observer, “Cameron's EU plan to scrap 'ever closer union' and limit migration” 17.03.2014 Erişim tarihi: Haziran 5, 2014 http://euobserver.com/news/123487
  • EU Observer, “Central Bank Chief: EU needs a more European UK”, 24.05.2013, Erişim tarihi: Haziran 5, 2014 http://euobserver.com/economic/120227
  • European Commission, Press Statement by Michel Barnier following Round 6 of the negotiations for a new partnership between the European Union and the United Kingdom, 23 Temmuz 2020 Erişim tarihi: Ekin 25, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_1400
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  • Fontana, Cary ve Craig Parsons, ‘“One woman’s Prejudice”; Did Margaret Thatcher Cause Britains’s Anti-Europeanism?, Journal of Common Market Studies 53, No. 1 (2015): 89-105
  • Forster, Anthony, “Britain” , içinde , The Foreign Policies of European Union Member States, eds.Ian Manners and Richard G. Whitman, 44-63 Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
  • Franco-British Summit Joint Declaration on European Defence, St Malo, Aralık 4, 1998. Erişim tarihi: Haziran 03, 2014. http://www.atlanticcommunity.org/SaintMalo%20Declaration%20Text.html
  • Gowland, David ve Arthur Turner Reluctant European: Britain and European Integration 1945-1998, London: Longman , 2014.
  • Hill, Christopher “United Kingdom: Sharpening Contradictions”, içinde The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy, editör Christopher Hill, 68-89. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
  • HM Government, The Future relationship with the EU: The UK’s approach to negotiations, February 2020
  • HM Government, The Future relationship with the EU: The UK’s approach to negotiations, February 2020
  • Johns, Owen, ’Boris Johnson’s Brexit dream is to shred workers rights and social protections’ , The Guardian, 18 October 2019 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/18/boris-johnsonbrexit-dream-shred-workers-rights
  • Kinnvall, Catarina, ‘Ontological Insecurities and Postcolonial Imaginaries: The Emotional Appeal of Populism’, Humanity and Society 42, No. 2, (2018): 523-543.
  • Leconte, Celine, Understanding Euroscepticism, Basingstoke ve New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2010
  • Lis, Jonathan, ‘The only way to stop the catastrophe of a No-deal Brexit? Revoke Article 50’, The Guardian, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/07/stop-catastrophe-nodeal-brexit-revoke-article-50
  • Macshane, Denis, Brexit: How Britain Left Europe. London and New York: I.B. Taurus, 2016.
  • Maddow, Oliver, ‘ Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and the Eurosceptic Tradition in Britain’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15, No 2 (2013): 210-227,
  • Manners, Ian, ‘Political Psychology of European Integration: The (Re)production of Identity and Difference in The Brexit Debate, Political Psychology 39, No.6 (2018): 1213-1232
  • Margaret Thatcher Foundation, MT’s Private Files for 1988-(5) the Bruges Speech I, (tarih verilmemiş) https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1988CAC5
  • Mudde, Cas. Populist Radial Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Cas Mudde ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Populism in Europe and the Americas, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Oliver, Tim ve David Allen, “Foreign policy”, içinde Europeanization of British Politics, eds Ian Bache and Andrew Jordan, 187-200. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006
  • O’Toole, Fintan, Heroic Failure: Brexit and The Politics of Pain, London: Head of Zeus, 2018.
  • Politico, ‘Trump Trip II: No Happy Ending For May’ Temmuz 13, 2018 Erişim tarihi: Nisan 14, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-uk-visit-trip-nohappy-ending-for-theresa-may-brexit/
  • Politico, ‘Boris and Donald A Very Special Relationship’, Aralık 12, 2019 Erişim tarihi Nisan 14, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-uk-visittrip-no-happy-ending-for-theresa-may-brexit/
  • Salmela, Mikko ve Christian von Scheve, ‘Emotional Dynamics of Right- and Leftwing Political Populism’, Humanity and Society 42, No 4 (2018): 434-454
  • Self, Robert, British Foreign and Defence Policy since 1945, New York and Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • StephenTierney, ‘ Brexit and the English Question’ içinde The Law and Politics of Brexit, ed. Federico Fabbrini, 95-114. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Szczerbiak Alekz ve Paul Taggart, ‘ Introduction: Opposing Europe? The Politics of Euroscepticism in Europe içinde eds.Alekz Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart,Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism, 1-11. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008
  • Taggart Paul ve Aleks Szczerbiak , ‘Coming in from the Cold? Euroscepticism, Government Participation nnd Party Positions on Europe’, Journal of Common Market Studies 51, No. 1 (2013): 17-37
  • Taggart, Paul Populism, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press 2000
  • Thatcher, Margaret, ‘Speech to the College of Europe (The Bruges Speech)’, 20th September, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, (1988) https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107332 .
  • Terzi, Özlem, ‘Birleşik Krallık’nin Dış Politikası’ içinde Karşılaştırmalı Dış Politika Analizi, derleyen Faruk Sönmezoğlu, 213-228. İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 2014.
  • The Guardian, ‘ European election Results: UKIP sweeps to victory in the UK’, 26 May 2014, Erişim tarihi: Mart 8, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2014/may/26/european-electionresults-ukip-victory-uk-live ,.
  • The Guardian, ‘Government rejects Brexit petition to revoke article 50 signed by 5.8 million people’. Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/27/government-rejectspetition-to-cancel-brexit-signed-by-58-million-people
  • The Guardian, ‘Ireland dismisses suggestion it should quit EU and join UK’ , Ocak 26, 2019, Erişim tarihi Nisan 15, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/26/john-humphrys-suggestsireland-could-quit-eu-and-join-uk
  • The Guardian, ‘Spain says it could take independent Scottland years to win EU membership’, 17 September 2014, Erişim tarihi Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/sep/17/spain-independent-scotlandyears-eu-membership
  • The Independent, ‘It would be extremely difficult for independent Scotland to join EU says European Commission Chief Jose Manual Barosso’, 16 Şubat 2014, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scottishindependence-eu-bid-extremely-difficult-says-jose-manuel-barroso9131925.html
  • The Independent, ‘Scottish Independence: the Full Text of David Cameron’s “No Going Back” Speech’, 16 September 2014, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 13, 2020. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/scottish-independence/scottishindependence-full-text-of-david-camerons-no-going-back-speech9735902.html;
  • Wheeler, Nicholas ve Tim Dunne, “Good International Citizenship: A Third Way for British Foreign policy”, International Affairs 74, No, 4 (1998): 847-870
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özlem Terzi This is me 0000-0002-5400-5443

Publication Date August 13, 2021
Submission Date April 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20

Cite

Chicago Terzi, Özlem. “BREXİT’İN BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK SİYASAL SİSTEMİ İLE ETKİLEŞİMİ”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, August (August 2021): 155-85. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.978801.