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Biseps tendiniti nedeniyle tenodez veya tenotomi uygulanan hastalarda bisipital olukların radyolojik analizi: oluk morfolojisi ile tendon patolojisi arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 6, 855 - 860, 26.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1744141

Abstract

Amaç: Biseps brakii kasının uzun başı, omuz eklemi içerisinde ayrı bir kemik oluğu boyunca uzanan belirgin bir tendinöz segmente sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, biseps tendonu patolojisi nedeniyle cerrahi tedavi uygulanmış hastalar ile asemptomatik sağlıklı bireyler arasında bisipital oluk morfolojisinin değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırılmasıdır. Hipotezimize göre, biseps tendiniti tanısı alan bireylerde, tendon problemlerinin gelişimine katkıda bulunabilecek şekilde, anlamlı derecede daha dar, daha derin ve genel olarak daha küçük bisipital olukların mevcut olduğu öngörülmüştür.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2015 ile Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasını kapsayan dönemde, kurumumuzun omuz artroskopisi arşivi retrospektif olarak incelendi. Biseps tendonu patolojisi nedeniyle cerrahi tedavi uygulanmış ve preoperatif manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) ile bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) görüntüleri mevcut olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Tüm katılımcılarda bisipital oluk morfolojisi; Total Açılma Açısı (TOA), Medial Duvar Açısı (MWA), oluk genişliği, oluk derinliği ve BT ile MRG üzerinden hesaplanan bisipital oluk hacmi gibi parametreler kullanılarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Çalışma grubunda ortalama bisipital oluk genişliği 10.26 mm, ortalama derinlik 6.50 mm ve ortalama Total Açılma Açısı (TOA) 75.73° olarak ölçüldü. Ortalama Medial Duvar Açısı (MWA) 51.23°, BT ile hesaplanan ortalama oluk hacmi 0.704 mm³, MRG ile hesaplanan ortalama oluk hacmi ise 0.623 mm³ idi. Buna karşılık, kontrol grubunda ortalama oluk genişliği 11.62 mm, ortalama derinlik 5.52 mm, ortalama TOA 90.98°, ortalama MWA 44.42°, ortalama BT hacmi 0.918 mm³ ve ortalama MRG hacmi 0.794 mm³ olarak saptandı. Çalışma ve kontrol grupları arasında oluk genişliği, derinliği, TOA, MWA ve hem BT hem de MRG ile ölçülen hacim parametreleri açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar bulundu (sırasıyla p = 0.010, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001 ve 0.001).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, biseps tendonu problemi olan hastaların, asemptomatik bireylere kıyasla bisipital oluk morfolojisinde belirgin farklılıklar gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu farklılıklar; daha dar bir oluk genişliği, daha derin bir oluk yapısı, daha küçük bir Total Açılma Açısı (TOA), daha büyük bir Medial Duvar Açısı (MWA) ve hem BT hem de MRG görüntülemelerinde daha düşük hacim ölçümlerini içermektedir. Özellikle volumetrik analiz, oluğun tanımlanmasında yeni ve güvenilir bir yöntem sunmakta olup, gelecekte klinik uygulamalarda risk değerlendirmesi ve cerrahi planlama açısından faydalı olabilir.

References

  • Guevara-Alvarez A, Valencia-Ramón E, Lopez-Villers A, et al. Reinforcements and augmentations with the long head of the biceps tendon in shoulder surgery: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev. 2025; 10(5):297-308. doi:10.1530/EOR-2024-0122
  • Diplock B, Hing W, Marks D. The long head of biceps at the shoulder: a scoping review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):232. doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06346-5
  • Rauck RC, Jahandar A, Kontaxis A, et al. The role of the long head of the biceps tendon in posterior shoulder stabilization during forward flexion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(6):1254-1260. doi:10.1016/j.jse. 2021.12.026
  • Aydin M, Capkin S, Surucu S, Karahasanoglu R, Yilmaz M. The effect of biceps tenotomy on superior humeral migration in arthroscopic repaired full-thickness supraspinatus tears. JSES Int. 2023;7(5):768-773. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2023.05.012
  • Goetti P, Denard PJ, Collin P, Ibrahim M, Hoffmeyer P, Lädermann A. Shoulder biomechanics in normal and selected pathological conditions.EFORT Open Rev. 2020;5(8):508-518. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.5.200006
  • Ardebol J, Ghayyad K, Pak T, et al. Long head of biceps tendon management in the setting of massive rotator cuff tears. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2024;4(4):662-667. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.08.003
  • Lalehzarian SP, Agarwalla A, Liu JN. Management of proximal biceps tendon pathology. World J Orthop. 2022;13(1):36-57. doi:10.5312/wjo.v13.i1.36
  • Canavan K, Zai Q, Bruni D, Alexander J, Oude Nijhuis KD, Ring D. Long head of biceps tendinopathy is associated with age and cuff tendinopathy on MRI obtained for evaluation of shoulder pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2025;483(5):869-877. doi:10.1097/CORR.0000000000003342
  • Varacallo MA, Mair SD. Proximal biceps tendinitis and tendinopathy. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023.
  • Gallinet D, Antoni M; ReSurg, Berhouet J, Charousset C, Guery J. MRI findings and clinical testing for preoperative diagnosis of long head of the biceps pathology. J Exp Orthop. 2024;11(4):e70050. doi:10.1002/jeo2. 70050
  • Alraddadi A, Aldebasi B, Alnufaie B, et al. The association between a rotator cuff tendon tear and a tear of the long head of the biceps tendon: chart review study. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0300265. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300265
  • Varacallo MA, Seaman TJ, Mair SD. Biceps Tendon Dislocation and Instability. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023.
  • Kao JT, Chiu CH, Hsu KY, Chang SS, Chan YS, Chen AC. Arthroscopic diagnosis of long head of biceps tendon instability in refractory anterior shoulder pain: a comparison study between pulley tear and non-tear lesions. Biomed J. 2023;46(1):163-169. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.003
  • Song HS, Kim H. Anatomical analysis of bicipital groove and ıts spur formation using 3D-CT: A retrospective observational study. Life (Basel). 2024;14(12):1529. doi:10.3390/life14121529
  • Baumann AN, Talaski GM, Fiorentino A, et al. Examining the dimensions of the bicipital groove: a human cadaveric study. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50895. doi:10.7759/cureus.50895
  • Gerhardinger K, Klute L, Pfeifer C, et al. Is the tendon-to-groove ratio associated with elevated risk for LHB tendon disorders?-A new approach of preoperative MR-graphic analysis for targeted diagnosis of tendinopathy of the long head of biceps. J Clin Med. 2024;13(10):2860. doi:10.3390/jcm13102860
  • Pfahler M, Branner S, Refior HJ. The role of the bicipital groove in tendopathy of the long biceps tendon. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999;8(5): 419-424. doi:10.1016/s1058-2746(99)90070-8
  • Tang X, Zhang J, Zhang J, He Y. Correlation between the morphological features of the biceps groove and injuries to the biceps pulley and the long head tendon of the biceps. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):377. doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06497-5
  • Yoo JC, Iyyampillai G, Park D, Koh KH. The influence of bicipital groove morphology on the stability of the long head of the biceps tendon. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2017;25(2):2309499017717195. doi: 10.1177/2309499017717195
  • Abboud JA, Bartolozzi AR, Widmer BJ, DeMola PM. Bicipital groove morphology on MRI has no correlation to intra-articular biceps tendon pathology. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19(6):790-794. doi:10.1016/j.jse. 2010.04.044
  • Rajani S, Man S. Review of bicipital groove morphology and its analysis in north Indian population. ISRN Anat. 2013;2013:243780. doi:10.5402/ 2013/243780
  • Dejour DH, Mazy D, Pineda T, Cance N, Dan MJ, Giovannetti de Sanctis E. Patellar instability: current approach. EFORT Open Rev. 2025;10(6): 378-387. doi:10.1530/EOR-2025-0051
  • Martinique VB, Alessandra C, Sylvain G, et al. Prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in an 1162 retrospective cohort study using CT scans. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):555. doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07579-8
  • Wedatilake T, Palmer A, Fernquest S, et al. Association between hip joint impingement and lumbar disc disease in elite rowers. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021;7(4):e001063. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001063
  • Vaswani R, White AE, Feingold J, Ranawat AS. Hip-spine syndrome in the nonarthritic patient. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(10):2930-2938. doi:10. 1016/j.arthro.2022.04.015

Morphometric and volumetric analysis of the bicipital groove in patients with biceps tendinitis: a comparative radiological study

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 6, 855 - 860, 26.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1744141

Abstract

Aims: The relationship between bicipital groove morphology and biceps tendon pathology remains controversial, and few studies have evaluated volumetric parameters. To investigate whether patients with biceps tendinitis have distinct morphometric and volumetric features of the bicipital groove compared with asymptomatic individuals.
Methods: This retrospective study included 36 patients who underwent surgical treatment for biceps tendon pathology (tenodesis or tenotomy) and 66 asymptomatic controls with available shoulder MRI and CT scans. Exclusion criteria were prior shoulder surgery or fracture, labral lesions, adhesive capsulitis, inflammatory arthritis, advanced osteoarthritis, inadequate imaging quality, and prior corticosteroid injection. Radiological parameters included total opening angle (TOA), medial wall angle (MWA), groove width, groove depth, and groove volume measured on CT and MRI. Volumetric analysis was performed using OsiriX software. Inter- and intra-observer reliability was tested with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).
Results: Compared with controls, patients with biceps tendon pathology had significantly narrower groove width (10.26 vs 11.62 mm, p=0.010), greater depth (6.50 vs 5.52 mm, p=0.001), smaller TOA (75.73° vs 90.98°, p=0.001), larger MWA (51.23° vs 44.42°, p=0.001), and lower groove volumes on both CT (0.704 vs 0.918 mm³, p=0.001) and MRI (0.623 vs 0.794 mm³, p=0.001). No significant differences were found between tenodesis and tenotomy subgroups, or between male and female patients. ICC values indicated excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability (0.84–0.91).
Conclusion: Patients with biceps tendinitis exhibit a narrower, deeper, and smaller bicipital groove compared to asymptomatic individuals, suggesting that groove morphology may represent a potential risk factor for tendon pathology. Volumetric analysis provides a novel and reliable tool for characterizing this anatomy. However, due to the limited sample size, group heterogeneity, and retrospective design, these results should be interpreted as preliminary and hypothesis-generating.

References

  • Guevara-Alvarez A, Valencia-Ramón E, Lopez-Villers A, et al. Reinforcements and augmentations with the long head of the biceps tendon in shoulder surgery: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev. 2025; 10(5):297-308. doi:10.1530/EOR-2024-0122
  • Diplock B, Hing W, Marks D. The long head of biceps at the shoulder: a scoping review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):232. doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06346-5
  • Rauck RC, Jahandar A, Kontaxis A, et al. The role of the long head of the biceps tendon in posterior shoulder stabilization during forward flexion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(6):1254-1260. doi:10.1016/j.jse. 2021.12.026
  • Aydin M, Capkin S, Surucu S, Karahasanoglu R, Yilmaz M. The effect of biceps tenotomy on superior humeral migration in arthroscopic repaired full-thickness supraspinatus tears. JSES Int. 2023;7(5):768-773. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2023.05.012
  • Goetti P, Denard PJ, Collin P, Ibrahim M, Hoffmeyer P, Lädermann A. Shoulder biomechanics in normal and selected pathological conditions.EFORT Open Rev. 2020;5(8):508-518. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.5.200006
  • Ardebol J, Ghayyad K, Pak T, et al. Long head of biceps tendon management in the setting of massive rotator cuff tears. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2024;4(4):662-667. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.08.003
  • Lalehzarian SP, Agarwalla A, Liu JN. Management of proximal biceps tendon pathology. World J Orthop. 2022;13(1):36-57. doi:10.5312/wjo.v13.i1.36
  • Canavan K, Zai Q, Bruni D, Alexander J, Oude Nijhuis KD, Ring D. Long head of biceps tendinopathy is associated with age and cuff tendinopathy on MRI obtained for evaluation of shoulder pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2025;483(5):869-877. doi:10.1097/CORR.0000000000003342
  • Varacallo MA, Mair SD. Proximal biceps tendinitis and tendinopathy. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023.
  • Gallinet D, Antoni M; ReSurg, Berhouet J, Charousset C, Guery J. MRI findings and clinical testing for preoperative diagnosis of long head of the biceps pathology. J Exp Orthop. 2024;11(4):e70050. doi:10.1002/jeo2. 70050
  • Alraddadi A, Aldebasi B, Alnufaie B, et al. The association between a rotator cuff tendon tear and a tear of the long head of the biceps tendon: chart review study. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0300265. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300265
  • Varacallo MA, Seaman TJ, Mair SD. Biceps Tendon Dislocation and Instability. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023.
  • Kao JT, Chiu CH, Hsu KY, Chang SS, Chan YS, Chen AC. Arthroscopic diagnosis of long head of biceps tendon instability in refractory anterior shoulder pain: a comparison study between pulley tear and non-tear lesions. Biomed J. 2023;46(1):163-169. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.003
  • Song HS, Kim H. Anatomical analysis of bicipital groove and ıts spur formation using 3D-CT: A retrospective observational study. Life (Basel). 2024;14(12):1529. doi:10.3390/life14121529
  • Baumann AN, Talaski GM, Fiorentino A, et al. Examining the dimensions of the bicipital groove: a human cadaveric study. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50895. doi:10.7759/cureus.50895
  • Gerhardinger K, Klute L, Pfeifer C, et al. Is the tendon-to-groove ratio associated with elevated risk for LHB tendon disorders?-A new approach of preoperative MR-graphic analysis for targeted diagnosis of tendinopathy of the long head of biceps. J Clin Med. 2024;13(10):2860. doi:10.3390/jcm13102860
  • Pfahler M, Branner S, Refior HJ. The role of the bicipital groove in tendopathy of the long biceps tendon. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999;8(5): 419-424. doi:10.1016/s1058-2746(99)90070-8
  • Tang X, Zhang J, Zhang J, He Y. Correlation between the morphological features of the biceps groove and injuries to the biceps pulley and the long head tendon of the biceps. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):377. doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06497-5
  • Yoo JC, Iyyampillai G, Park D, Koh KH. The influence of bicipital groove morphology on the stability of the long head of the biceps tendon. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2017;25(2):2309499017717195. doi: 10.1177/2309499017717195
  • Abboud JA, Bartolozzi AR, Widmer BJ, DeMola PM. Bicipital groove morphology on MRI has no correlation to intra-articular biceps tendon pathology. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19(6):790-794. doi:10.1016/j.jse. 2010.04.044
  • Rajani S, Man S. Review of bicipital groove morphology and its analysis in north Indian population. ISRN Anat. 2013;2013:243780. doi:10.5402/ 2013/243780
  • Dejour DH, Mazy D, Pineda T, Cance N, Dan MJ, Giovannetti de Sanctis E. Patellar instability: current approach. EFORT Open Rev. 2025;10(6): 378-387. doi:10.1530/EOR-2025-0051
  • Martinique VB, Alessandra C, Sylvain G, et al. Prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in an 1162 retrospective cohort study using CT scans. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):555. doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07579-8
  • Wedatilake T, Palmer A, Fernquest S, et al. Association between hip joint impingement and lumbar disc disease in elite rowers. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021;7(4):e001063. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001063
  • Vaswani R, White AE, Feingold J, Ranawat AS. Hip-spine syndrome in the nonarthritic patient. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(10):2930-2938. doi:10. 1016/j.arthro.2022.04.015
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Orthopaedics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Zafer Güneş 0000-0001-7501-0180

Eralp Erdogan 0000-0002-4292-3837

Cem Nuri Aktekin 0000-0001-5240-8516

Publication Date October 26, 2025
Submission Date July 16, 2025
Acceptance Date October 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 6

Cite

AMA Güneş Z, Erdogan E, Aktekin CN. Morphometric and volumetric analysis of the bicipital groove in patients with biceps tendinitis: a comparative radiological study. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. October 2025;7(6):855-860. doi:10.38053/acmj.1744141

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