Bu çalışmada bimastoidal beyin sapı stimulasyonu için yüksek akımlı ve
kısa süreli akım veren bir stimulator kullanıldı. Stimulasyon için anod sağ
tarafta olmak üzere yüzeyel halka elektrodlar her iki mastoid proçesin
posterior köşesine yerleştirildi. Kayıtlama için yüzeyel halka elektrodlar
soleus ve tibialis anterior kaslarına yerleştirildi. Beyin sapının elektriksel
uyarımı ile piramidal yolun direkt olarak serviko-meduller bileşke düzeyinden
uyartıldığı düşünülmektedir.
Ackerman H, Scholz E, Koehler W, Dichgaus J. Influence of posture and voluntary background contraction upon compound muscle action potentials from anterior tibia and soleus muscle following transcranial magnetic stimulation electroenceph. Clin Neurophysiol. 1991; 81:71¬-80.
Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;1:1106-1107.
Berardelli A. Electrical and magnetic spinal and cortical stimulation in man. Current Opinion in Neurology. 1991;4(5):770-776.
Ertekin C, Ertaş M, Efendi H, et al. A stable late soleus response elicited by cortical stimulation during voluntary ankle dorsiflexion. Electroencep Clin. Neurophysiol. 1995;97:275-283. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(95)00038-z
Day BL, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD. Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. II. Multiple descending volleys. Brain. 1987;110:1191-1210.
Dimitrijevic MR, Kofler M, Mckay WB, Sherwood AM, Van der Linden C, Lissens MA. Early and late lower limb motor evoked potential elicited by transcranial magnetic motor cortex stimulation. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1992;85:365-373.
Ertaş M, Ertekin C, Efendi H, Uysal H. Controversies in calculations of central motor delay. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17(10):1225-1226. doi:10.1002/mus.880171018
Ertekin C, Hansen MV, Larsson LE, Sjodahl R. Examination of the descending pathway of the external anal sphincter and pelvic floor muscles by transcranial cortical stimulation. Electroencep. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1990;75:500-¬510. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(90)90137-9
Ertekin C, Zileli M, Ertaş M. Motor Evoked Potansiyeller. İzmir: Klinik Nörofizyoloji Derneği Yayınları; 1992.
Ghez C. The control of movement. İçinde: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed. Principles of Neural Science. 3. Baskı. Elsevier Science Publishing; 1991:534-547.
Jankowska E, Tanaka R. Neuronal mechanism of the disynaptic inhibition evoked in primate spinal motoneurones from the corticospinal tract. Brain Research. 1974:75;163-166. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90778-1
Lundberg A, Malmgren K, Schomburg ED. Reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents. 3-secondary spindle afferents and the FRA: a new hypothesis. Exp. Brain Res. 1987:65;294-¬306. doi:10.1007/bf00236301
Merton PA, Morton HB. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in intact man. Nature. 1980;285:227.
Meunier S, Morin C. Changes in pre synaptic inhibition of I-A fiber's to soleus motoneurones during voluntary dorsiflexion of the foot. Exp. Brain Res. 1989;76:510-518. doi:10.1007/bf00248907
Mills KR, Murray NMF, Hess CW. Magnetic and electrical transcranial brain stimulation: Physiological mechanism and clinical applications. Neurosurgery. 1987;20:164-168.
Rothwell JC, Gandevia JC, Burhe D. Activation of fusimotor neurons by motor cortical stimulation in human subjects. J. Physiol, (lond). 1990;431:743-756.
Ugawa Y, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. Percutaneus electrical stimulation of corticospinal pathways at the level of the pyramidal decussation in humans. Ann. Neurol. 1991;29:418-427. doi:10.1002/ana.410290413
Brainstem Motor Evoked Potential
Year 1997,
Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 27 - 29, 30.01.1997
In this study we used an electrical stimulator which gives high
voltage, short time duration for bimastoidal brainstem stimulation. Each of the
surface electrod pairs was placed at the posterior edge of each mastoid
process. The anodal electrod was right side. Surface EMG electrod pairs were
placed over the long axis of anterior tibial muscle and belly of the soleus
muscle for recording. The electical brainstem stimulation is considered to
activate the corticospinal tract directly near the cervico-medullary junction.
Ackerman H, Scholz E, Koehler W, Dichgaus J. Influence of posture and voluntary background contraction upon compound muscle action potentials from anterior tibia and soleus muscle following transcranial magnetic stimulation electroenceph. Clin Neurophysiol. 1991; 81:71¬-80.
Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;1:1106-1107.
Berardelli A. Electrical and magnetic spinal and cortical stimulation in man. Current Opinion in Neurology. 1991;4(5):770-776.
Ertekin C, Ertaş M, Efendi H, et al. A stable late soleus response elicited by cortical stimulation during voluntary ankle dorsiflexion. Electroencep Clin. Neurophysiol. 1995;97:275-283. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(95)00038-z
Day BL, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD. Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. II. Multiple descending volleys. Brain. 1987;110:1191-1210.
Dimitrijevic MR, Kofler M, Mckay WB, Sherwood AM, Van der Linden C, Lissens MA. Early and late lower limb motor evoked potential elicited by transcranial magnetic motor cortex stimulation. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1992;85:365-373.
Ertaş M, Ertekin C, Efendi H, Uysal H. Controversies in calculations of central motor delay. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17(10):1225-1226. doi:10.1002/mus.880171018
Ertekin C, Hansen MV, Larsson LE, Sjodahl R. Examination of the descending pathway of the external anal sphincter and pelvic floor muscles by transcranial cortical stimulation. Electroencep. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1990;75:500-¬510. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(90)90137-9
Ertekin C, Zileli M, Ertaş M. Motor Evoked Potansiyeller. İzmir: Klinik Nörofizyoloji Derneği Yayınları; 1992.
Ghez C. The control of movement. İçinde: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed. Principles of Neural Science. 3. Baskı. Elsevier Science Publishing; 1991:534-547.
Jankowska E, Tanaka R. Neuronal mechanism of the disynaptic inhibition evoked in primate spinal motoneurones from the corticospinal tract. Brain Research. 1974:75;163-166. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90778-1
Lundberg A, Malmgren K, Schomburg ED. Reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents. 3-secondary spindle afferents and the FRA: a new hypothesis. Exp. Brain Res. 1987:65;294-¬306. doi:10.1007/bf00236301
Merton PA, Morton HB. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in intact man. Nature. 1980;285:227.
Meunier S, Morin C. Changes in pre synaptic inhibition of I-A fiber's to soleus motoneurones during voluntary dorsiflexion of the foot. Exp. Brain Res. 1989;76:510-518. doi:10.1007/bf00248907
Mills KR, Murray NMF, Hess CW. Magnetic and electrical transcranial brain stimulation: Physiological mechanism and clinical applications. Neurosurgery. 1987;20:164-168.
Rothwell JC, Gandevia JC, Burhe D. Activation of fusimotor neurons by motor cortical stimulation in human subjects. J. Physiol, (lond). 1990;431:743-756.
Ugawa Y, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. Percutaneus electrical stimulation of corticospinal pathways at the level of the pyramidal decussation in humans. Ann. Neurol. 1991;29:418-427. doi:10.1002/ana.410290413
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