<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>j for med</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Adli Tıp Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1018-5275</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2149-0570</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Adli Tıp Kurumu</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Forensic Biology</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Adli Biyoloji</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Başa isabet eden kinetik enerjisi yüksek ateşli silah mermi  yaralanmalarında oluşan indirekt mandibula kırıkları</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Indirect fractures of the mandible due to high velocity bullets  striking the head</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kolusayın</surname>
                                    <given-names>Özdemir</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkiye</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20190401">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2019</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>33</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>9</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20190101">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2019</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20190115">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2019</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1985, Turkish Journal of Forensic Medicine</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1985</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Turkish Journal of Forensic Medicine</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>1977-1987 yılları arasında Adli Tıp Kurumu Morg ihtisas Dairesi’nde incelenen 1522 adet kafatası içerisinde 222 adet ateşli silah mermi isabeti olan vaka tespit edilmiş, bunlar arasındaki 31 kafatasında su tazyiki olayı görülenlerin 5 adedinde mermi isabeti olmadan gelmiş indirekt mandibula kırıkları bulunmuştur. Daima mandibula korpusunda ve etrafında oluştuğu dikkati çeken bu kırıkların oluş mekanizması araştırılmıştır. Kinetik enerjisi yüksek mermi çekirdeği kafaya isabet ettiğinde, taşıdığı kinetik enerjiyi, kıvamı nispeten yumuşak beyin dokusu ile beyin omurilik sıvısının her bir molekülüne eşit olarak ilettiği varsayılmaktadır. Kafatası cidarının her noktasına eşit olarak etki eden bu enerjinin, kafatasını dağıtırken temporo-mandibular eklemleri dışa açıp mandibulada bir gerginlik yarattığı ve bu gerilme kuvvetinin mandibulanın esneklik sınırını aştığında, aynı anatomik özellikleri taşıyan her iki ramus mandibulada meydana çıkan indirekt kırıkların, morfolojik yapısı nedeniyle, korpus ve çevresinde oluştuğu hipotezi ileri sürülmüştür. Ateşli silah türü ve mermi giriş deliği lokalizasyonunun değişmesi halinde dahi, kırıkların yerinin değişmediği saptanmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>When a person is shot through the head with a high velocity bullet his skull is broken into a number of bone fragments as the bullet’s kinetic energy is transferred to the brain tissue. This is well known in forensic medical practice and is called the “explosive effect”. This sign is helpful in determining the range of fire and kind of firearm and origin of death under some circumstances. In a ten-year study, from 1977 to 1987, 1522 skulls were examined in the Mortuary Section of the Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey. Among these 1522 skulls, 222 carried the signs of firearm bullets. Thirty-one of the 222 skulls were broken into 8-30 bone fragments and, even after restoration, wide areas were seen lacking bone. During the examination of these 31 skulls, 5 indirect lower jaw fractures were observed. There was no evidence of the bullet’s striking on or around these indirect fractures, so an attempt was made to find and explain the mechanism of this fracture. The explosive effect in the skull of a high velocity bullet causes cranial and facial bones to break into many fragments. During the transfer of the bullet’s kinetic energy to brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, every molecule carries the same amount of energy. This equal energy which tends to explode the skull affects both lower jaw joints temporomandibular joints, TMJs with the same amount of strength and forcing the equal forces, right and lower TMJs to open outwards, distending the mandible. When this effective force overcomes the distention strength of the mandible, the indirect fracture occurs in the middle part of the lower jaw the body of the mandible . The localization of the bullet entrance hole and the kind of firearm doesn’t change the site of fracture. The occurrence of this fracture at or around the body of the mandible is due to the same anatomical features of the rami of the mandible and the equal amount of extension force affecting the right and left mandibular condyles.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Yüksek hızlı mermiler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   İntrakranyal elemanların hidrostatik basıncında artış</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   Mandibulanın indirekt kırıkları</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>High velocity bullets</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   Increase of hydrostatic pressure of the intracranial elements</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   Indirect fractures of the mandible</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Antony, I.R.  1970  J. Neurosurg., 32, 647-653.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clemedson, C.J., Falconer, B., Frankenberg. L., Jönsson, A., Wennerstrand, J.  1973  Z.Rechtsmed., 73, 103-114.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cleveland, F.P.  1977  in Forensic Pathology  Gisher, S.R., Petty, C.S., eds  US Department of Justice, US Government</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Printing Office, Washington D.C. Francis, C.D.Jr., Rich, M.N.  1967  J. Trauma, 7, 619-625.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">George, B.J., Roger, A.B.  1970  J. Neurosurg., 32, 642-645.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gordon, I, Shapiro, H.A.  1980  Forensic Medicine, A Guide to Principles, pp. 340-354, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gordon, I., Shapiro, H.A.  1980  Forensic Medicine, A Guide to Principles, pp. 341-356, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gök, Ş.  1983  Adli Tıp, 5. baskı, s. 209-241, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kinght, B.  1977  in Farensic Medicine  Tedesehi, C.G., Eck- ert, C.W.,eds , Volume I, pp.510-526, WB Saunders Co., Phila- delphia, London, Toronto.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mason J.K.  1978  in Forensic Medicine for Lawyers, pp. 113, John Wright&amp; Sons Ltd., Bristol.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özen, C.  1983  Kısa Adli Tıp, s. 137-146, Taş Matbaası, İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Petty, S.C.  1980  in Modern Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Forensic Science  Curran, I.W., McCarry, A.L., Petty, S.C., eds  pp.415-472, FA Davis Co., Philadelphia.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Scott, R.  1983  Clin. Lab. Med., 3, 273 -274.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sellier, K.  1986  in Forensic Science Progress  Maehly, A., Williams, R.L., eds  pp. 91 -115, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Hei- delberg, New York, Tokyo.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Simpson, K.  1985  in Forensic Medicine, pp. 71-86, English Language Book Society, Edward Arnold, London.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
