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Dento-maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed Tomography Part 1: Basic Principles

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1125 - 1136, 01.04.2012

Öz

First adapted for potential clinical use in 1982 at the Mayo Clinic Biodynamics Research Laboratory, the initial interest in Cone Beam Computed Tomography CBCT was focused primarily on applications in angiography, radiotherapy and mammography. A practical cone-beam algorithm for tomographic reconstruction of 2-D projection data was first illustrated by Feldkamp in 1984, who, used a back-projection formula to directly reconstruct a three-dimensional density function from a set of two-dimensional projections. CBCT units dedicated to dento-maxillofacial radiology could not be marketed for another 15 years because economic x-ray tubes, high-quality detector systems and sufficiently powerful personal computers were unavailable. Eventually, in 1999, the first dento-maxillofacial CBCT unit, the NewTom DVT 9000, designed by Attilio Tacconi and Piero Mozzo and produced by QR, Inc. of Verona, Italy, was introduced in Europe. Revolutionary CBCT applications reached the dental market in the 2000s, marking the beginning of a new era in the field of dento-maxillofacial radiology. New technological specifications and settings include multiple field of views FOVs and voxels that can better address a variety of specific tasks. There are also several hybrid machines offering CBCT imaging along with panoramic and cephalometric radiography. CBCT possesses a number of advantages over medical CT in clinical practice, such as lower effective radiation doses, lower costs, fewer space requirements, easier image acquisition, and interactive display modes such as mutiplanar reconstruction that are applicable to maxillofacial imaging. However, the disadvantages of CBCT include higher doses than two-dimensional imaging; the inability to accurately represent the internal structure of soft tissues and soft-tissue lesions; a limited correlation with Hounsfield Units for standardized quantification of bone density; and the presence of various types of image artifacts, mainly those produced by metal restorations. In addition, liability issues related to CBCT remain unresolved

Kaynakça

  • Kamburoğlu K, Paksoy CS. Diş Hekimliğinde Di- jital Radyografi. Turkiye Klinikleri J. Dental Sci. 16:164-173,2010
  • Kamburoğlu K, Cebeci AR, Gröndahl HG. Effec- tiveness of limited cone-beam computed tomog- raphy in the detection of horizontal root fracture. Dent. Traumatol. 25:256–261,2009.
  • Noujeim M, Prihoda T, McDavid WD, Ogawa K, Seki K, Okano T, Sue T, Langlais RP. Pre-clinical evaluation of a new dental panoramic radiograp- hic system based on tomosynthesis method. Den- tomaxillofac. Radiol ;40:42-46,2011.
  • Haştar E, Çiftçi ME, Aktan AM. Dijital Panora- mik Radyografilerde Ortaya Çıkan Hataların ve Nedenlerinin Belirlenmesi: İki Merkezli Çalışma. Turkiye Klinikleri J. Dental Sci.18:170-176,2012.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Barenboim SF, Aritürk T, Kaf- fe I. Quantitative measurements obtained by micro-computed tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 37:385-391,2008.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Kurşun S, Akarslan ZZ. Dental students’ knowledge and attitudes towards cone beam computed tomography in Turkey. Dentoma- xillofac. Radiol. 40:439-443,2011.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Kolsuz E, Kurt H, Kiliç C, Özen T, Paksoy CS. Accuracy of CBCT measurements of a human skull. J. Digit. Imaging. 24:787-793, 2011.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Murat S, Kolsuz E, Kurt H, Yük- sel S, Paksoy C. Comparative assessment of subjective image quality of cross-sectional cone- beam computed tomography scans. J. Oral Sci. 53:501-508,2011.
  • Hounsfield GN. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). 1. Description of system. Br J Radiol 46:1016-1022,1973.
  • Hounsfield GN. Nobel Lecture. Computed medi- cal imaging. J Radiol 61:459–468,1980.
  • Cormack AM. Early two-dimensional reconstruc- tion (CT scanning) and recent topics stemming from it. Nobel lecture. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 4:658–664,1980.
  • Miracle AC, Mukherji SK. Cone beam CT of the head and neck, part 1: physical principles. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol 30:1088-1095,2009.
  • Angelopoulos C, Scarfe WC, Farman AG. A comparison of maxillofacial CBCT and medical CT. Atlas Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. North. Am. 20:1-17,2012.
  • Goldman LW. Principles of CT and CT Technology. J. Nucl. Med. Technol. 35:115–128,2007.
  • Robb RA. The dynamic spatial reconstructor: an x-ray video-fluoroscopic CT scanner for dynamic volume imaging of moving organs. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging.1:22–33,1982.
  • Miracle AC, Mukherji SK. [Cone beam CT of the head and neck, part 2: clinical applications]. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 30:1285-1292,2009.
  • Feldkamp LA, Davis LC, Kress JW. Practical cone- beam algorithm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1:612-619,1984.
  • Scarfe WC, Farman AG. What is cone-beam CT and how does it work ? Dent. Clin. North. Am. 52:707-730,2008.
  • Scarfe WC, Li Z, Aboelmaaty W, Scott SA, Far- man AG. Maxillofacial cone beam computed to- mography: essence, elements and steps to interp- retation. Aust. Dent. J. 57:46–60,2012.
  • Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Levin MD, Gane D. Essentials of maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography. Alpha Omegan103:62-67,2010.
  • Benavides E, Rios HF, Ganz SD, An CH, Resnik R, Reardon GT, Feldman SJ, Mah JK, Hatcher D, Kim MJ, Sohn DS, Palti A, Perel ML, Judy KW, Misch CE, Wang HL. Use of cone beam compu- ted tomography in implant dentistry: The interna- tional congress of oral implantologists consensus report. Implant Dent. 21:78-86,2012.
  • Hirsch E, Wolf U, Heinicke F, Silva MA. Dosi- metry of the cone beam computed tomography Veraviewepocs 3D compared with the 3D Accui- tomo in different field of views. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 37 :268-273,2008.
  • Pauwels R, Beinsberger J, Collaert B, Theodora- kou C, Rogers J, Walker A, Cockmartin L, Bos- mans H, Jacobs R, Bogaerts R, Horner K. SEDEN- TEXCT Project Consortium Effective dose range for dental cone beam computed tomography scanners. Eur. J. Radiol. 81:267-271,2012.
  • Qu XM, Li G, Ludlow JB, Zhang ZY, Ma XC. Ef- fective radiation dose of ProMax 3D cone-beam computerized tomography scanner with different dental protocols. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pat- hol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 110:770-776,2010.
  • Ludlow JB, Ivanovic M. Comparative dosimetry of dental CBCT devices and 64-slice CT for oral and maxillofacial radiology. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 106:106- 114,2008.
  • Loubele M, Bogaerts R, Van Dijck E, Pauwels R, Vanheusden S, Suetens P, Marchal G, Sanderink G, Jacobs R. Comparison between effective ra- diation dose of CBCT and MSCT scanners for dento-maxillofacial applications. Eur. J. Radiol. 71:461-468, 2009.
  • Jacobs R. Dental cone beam CT and its jus- tified use in oral health care. JBR-BTR 94:254- 265,2011.
  • Ludlow JB, Davies-Ludlow LE, White SC. Pati- ent risk related to common dental radiographic examinations: the impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection recom- mendations regarding dose calculation. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 139: 1237-1243,2008.
  • Mah P, Reeves TE, McDavid WD. Deriving Ho- unsfield units using grey levels in cone beam computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 39:323-335,2010.
  • Isoda K, Ayukawa Y, Tsukiyama Y, Sogo M, Matsushita Y, Koyano K. Relationship between the bone density estimated by cone-beam com- puted tomography and the primary stability of dental implants. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 23:832- 836,2012.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Murat S, Yüksel SP, Cebeci AR, Horasan S. Detection of vertical root fracture using cone-beam computerized tomography: an in vitro assessment. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 109:74-81,2010.
  • Schulze R, Heil U, Gross D, Bruellmann DD, Dra- nischnikow E, Schwanecke U, Schoemer E. Arte- facts in CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 40:265-273,2011.
  • Wright B. Contemporary medico-legal dental ra- diology. Aust. Dent. J. 57:9–15,2012.
  • Dr. Kıvanç KAMBUROĞLU
  • Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Ağız, Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi Ana Bilim Dalı, 06500 Beşevler, Ankara
  • E-posta: kamburogluk@dentistry.ankara.edu.tr, dtkivo@yahoo.com

Dentomaksillofasiyal Konik Işın Demetli Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Bölüm 1: Temel Prensipler

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1125 - 1136, 01.04.2012

Öz

Konik Işın Demetli Bilgisayarlı Tomografi KIBT , ilk kez 1982 yılında Mayo Klinik Biyodinamik Araştırmaları Laboratuvarı’nda anjiografi, radyoterapi ve mamografi uygulamalarında kullanılmıştır. İki boyutlu projeksiyon setinden direk üç boyutlu görüntü rekonstrüksiyonu yapan geri projeksiyon formülünü kullanan konik ışın algoritması ilk kez 1984 yılında Feldkamp tarafından tanımlandı. KIBT cihazlarının dentomaksillofasiyal radyoloji için kullanılabilmesi bundan ancak 15 yıl sonra gerçekleşti, çünkü; ekonomik x ışını tüpleri, yüksek kaliteli dedektör sistemleri ve yeterli kapasiteye sahip kişisel bilgisayarlar mevcut değildi. Attilio Tacconi ve Piero Mozzo’nun tasarladığı ve QR, Inc. Verona, Italy tarafından üretilen ilk dentomaksillofasiyal KIBT cihazı NewTom DVT 9000, 1999 yılında Avrupa’da tanıtıldı. Diş hekimliğinde KIBT kullanımının 2000’li yıllarda yaygınlaşması dentomaksillofasiyal radyoloji alanında yeni bir çağ başladığının göstergesiydi. Teknolojik gelişmelerin ışığında değişik büyüklüklerde görüntüleme alanı ve voksel seçenekleri ile birçok cihaz tasarımları, farklı tanısal amaçlar için kullanılabilmektedir. Ayrıca, KIBT görüntüleri ile beraber panoramik ve sefalometrik radyografların da alınabildiği hibrit cihazlar da bulunmaktadır. Medikal BT ile karşılaştırıldığında, KIBT klinik uygulamada birçok avantaja sahiptir. Bunlar arasında daha düşük efektif radyasyon dozu, az maliyet, kapladığı alanın küçük olması, daha kolay görüntü elde edilebilmesi ve maksillofasiyal görüntülemede kullanılabilen çok düzlemli rekonstrüksiyon gibi etkileşimli gösterim modlarının olması sayılabilir. Bu avantajların yanı sıra KIBT’nin dezavantajları ise iki boyutlu görüntülemeden daha yüksek dozlarda radyasyon kullanılması, yumuşak doku ve yumuşak doku lezyonlarının internal yapılarını tam olarak göstermedeki yetersizliği, kemik yoğunluğunun standardize ölçümü için kullanılan ‘Hounsfield Unit’ ile sınırlı korelasyon göstermesi, çoğunlukla metal restorasyonların neden olduğu çeşitli tiplerdeki görüntü artifaktlarıdır. Ayrıca, KIBT ile ilgili yasal sorumluluklar konusu henüz çözümlenememiştir

Kaynakça

  • Kamburoğlu K, Paksoy CS. Diş Hekimliğinde Di- jital Radyografi. Turkiye Klinikleri J. Dental Sci. 16:164-173,2010
  • Kamburoğlu K, Cebeci AR, Gröndahl HG. Effec- tiveness of limited cone-beam computed tomog- raphy in the detection of horizontal root fracture. Dent. Traumatol. 25:256–261,2009.
  • Noujeim M, Prihoda T, McDavid WD, Ogawa K, Seki K, Okano T, Sue T, Langlais RP. Pre-clinical evaluation of a new dental panoramic radiograp- hic system based on tomosynthesis method. Den- tomaxillofac. Radiol ;40:42-46,2011.
  • Haştar E, Çiftçi ME, Aktan AM. Dijital Panora- mik Radyografilerde Ortaya Çıkan Hataların ve Nedenlerinin Belirlenmesi: İki Merkezli Çalışma. Turkiye Klinikleri J. Dental Sci.18:170-176,2012.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Barenboim SF, Aritürk T, Kaf- fe I. Quantitative measurements obtained by micro-computed tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 37:385-391,2008.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Kurşun S, Akarslan ZZ. Dental students’ knowledge and attitudes towards cone beam computed tomography in Turkey. Dentoma- xillofac. Radiol. 40:439-443,2011.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Kolsuz E, Kurt H, Kiliç C, Özen T, Paksoy CS. Accuracy of CBCT measurements of a human skull. J. Digit. Imaging. 24:787-793, 2011.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Murat S, Kolsuz E, Kurt H, Yük- sel S, Paksoy C. Comparative assessment of subjective image quality of cross-sectional cone- beam computed tomography scans. J. Oral Sci. 53:501-508,2011.
  • Hounsfield GN. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). 1. Description of system. Br J Radiol 46:1016-1022,1973.
  • Hounsfield GN. Nobel Lecture. Computed medi- cal imaging. J Radiol 61:459–468,1980.
  • Cormack AM. Early two-dimensional reconstruc- tion (CT scanning) and recent topics stemming from it. Nobel lecture. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 4:658–664,1980.
  • Miracle AC, Mukherji SK. Cone beam CT of the head and neck, part 1: physical principles. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol 30:1088-1095,2009.
  • Angelopoulos C, Scarfe WC, Farman AG. A comparison of maxillofacial CBCT and medical CT. Atlas Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. North. Am. 20:1-17,2012.
  • Goldman LW. Principles of CT and CT Technology. J. Nucl. Med. Technol. 35:115–128,2007.
  • Robb RA. The dynamic spatial reconstructor: an x-ray video-fluoroscopic CT scanner for dynamic volume imaging of moving organs. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging.1:22–33,1982.
  • Miracle AC, Mukherji SK. [Cone beam CT of the head and neck, part 2: clinical applications]. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 30:1285-1292,2009.
  • Feldkamp LA, Davis LC, Kress JW. Practical cone- beam algorithm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1:612-619,1984.
  • Scarfe WC, Farman AG. What is cone-beam CT and how does it work ? Dent. Clin. North. Am. 52:707-730,2008.
  • Scarfe WC, Li Z, Aboelmaaty W, Scott SA, Far- man AG. Maxillofacial cone beam computed to- mography: essence, elements and steps to interp- retation. Aust. Dent. J. 57:46–60,2012.
  • Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Levin MD, Gane D. Essentials of maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography. Alpha Omegan103:62-67,2010.
  • Benavides E, Rios HF, Ganz SD, An CH, Resnik R, Reardon GT, Feldman SJ, Mah JK, Hatcher D, Kim MJ, Sohn DS, Palti A, Perel ML, Judy KW, Misch CE, Wang HL. Use of cone beam compu- ted tomography in implant dentistry: The interna- tional congress of oral implantologists consensus report. Implant Dent. 21:78-86,2012.
  • Hirsch E, Wolf U, Heinicke F, Silva MA. Dosi- metry of the cone beam computed tomography Veraviewepocs 3D compared with the 3D Accui- tomo in different field of views. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 37 :268-273,2008.
  • Pauwels R, Beinsberger J, Collaert B, Theodora- kou C, Rogers J, Walker A, Cockmartin L, Bos- mans H, Jacobs R, Bogaerts R, Horner K. SEDEN- TEXCT Project Consortium Effective dose range for dental cone beam computed tomography scanners. Eur. J. Radiol. 81:267-271,2012.
  • Qu XM, Li G, Ludlow JB, Zhang ZY, Ma XC. Ef- fective radiation dose of ProMax 3D cone-beam computerized tomography scanner with different dental protocols. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pat- hol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 110:770-776,2010.
  • Ludlow JB, Ivanovic M. Comparative dosimetry of dental CBCT devices and 64-slice CT for oral and maxillofacial radiology. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 106:106- 114,2008.
  • Loubele M, Bogaerts R, Van Dijck E, Pauwels R, Vanheusden S, Suetens P, Marchal G, Sanderink G, Jacobs R. Comparison between effective ra- diation dose of CBCT and MSCT scanners for dento-maxillofacial applications. Eur. J. Radiol. 71:461-468, 2009.
  • Jacobs R. Dental cone beam CT and its jus- tified use in oral health care. JBR-BTR 94:254- 265,2011.
  • Ludlow JB, Davies-Ludlow LE, White SC. Pati- ent risk related to common dental radiographic examinations: the impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection recom- mendations regarding dose calculation. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 139: 1237-1243,2008.
  • Mah P, Reeves TE, McDavid WD. Deriving Ho- unsfield units using grey levels in cone beam computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 39:323-335,2010.
  • Isoda K, Ayukawa Y, Tsukiyama Y, Sogo M, Matsushita Y, Koyano K. Relationship between the bone density estimated by cone-beam com- puted tomography and the primary stability of dental implants. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 23:832- 836,2012.
  • Kamburoğlu K, Murat S, Yüksel SP, Cebeci AR, Horasan S. Detection of vertical root fracture using cone-beam computerized tomography: an in vitro assessment. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 109:74-81,2010.
  • Schulze R, Heil U, Gross D, Bruellmann DD, Dra- nischnikow E, Schwanecke U, Schoemer E. Arte- facts in CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 40:265-273,2011.
  • Wright B. Contemporary medico-legal dental ra- diology. Aust. Dent. J. 57:9–15,2012.
  • Dr. Kıvanç KAMBUROĞLU
  • Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Ağız, Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi Ana Bilim Dalı, 06500 Beşevler, Ankara
  • E-posta: kamburogluk@dentistry.ankara.edu.tr, dtkivo@yahoo.com
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Kıvanç Kamburoğlu Bu kişi benim

Buket Acar Bu kişi benim

Elif Naz Yakar Bu kişi benim

Candan Semra Paksoy Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Kamburoğlu K, Acar B, Yakar EN, Paksoy CS. Dentomaksillofasiyal Konik Işın Demetli Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Bölüm 1: Temel Prensipler. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2012;6(1):1125-36.