Phytochrome Photoreceptors in Plants

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 107 - 114, 30.06.2018

Zeynel Dalkılıç

https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.329081

Cited By: 2

Öz

Organisms
sense and respond to light. Besides light provides energy for photosynthesis,
it does also give plants information about their environment. In addition to
other pigments in plants, chromophores which are sensitive to light exist.
Nowadays discovered photoreceptors reached at 16 in plants. Of these
phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, and UVR8 can be mentioned. Among
others phytochromes, sense both red (R) and far-red (FR) light, are discovered
first and effective in plant growth and development. Phytochromes play
important roles in seed dormancy, germination, seedling growth, flowering, and
maturity or senescence phases in plants. Phytochromes firstly occur in P_r
form. P_r, which is not biologically active, after it absorbs red
light during day time, P_r form is converted to P_fr form,
which is biologically active. P_fr form reaches high level via
accumulation during the day, its level decreases through conversion and
disintegration during the night. P_r/P_fr ratio provides
photoperiod lenght perception in plants. Phytochromes can be investigated in
two groups such as Type I (labile to light) and Type II (stabile to light).
According to another view, phytochromes contain four modes of action namely,
LFR (low fluence response), VLFR (very low fluence response), HIR (high
irradiance response), and R/FR (red/far-red ratio). Unraveling the molecular
structures of plant phytochromes might provide to understand communication
mechanism of the phytochromes. Using cheaper and high-throughput next
nucleotide sequencing technologies, ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq methods might help to
description of phytochromes in genomic level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

plant., phytochrome, phyA, phyB, phyC, phyD, phyE, photoreceptor

Bitkilerdeki Fitokrom Işık Algılayıcıları

Öz

Canlılar ışığı algılar ve tepki verir. Işık fotosentez
için enerji kaynağı sağlamasının yanında, bitkilere çevrelerindeki durum
hakkında da bilgi verir. Bitkilerde diğer pigmentlere ek olarak kromofor ismi
verilen ışığa duyarlı pigmentler de bulunur. Günümüzde bitkilerde keşfedilen ışık
algılayıcılarının sayısı 16’ya ulaşmıştır. Bunlar arasında fitokromlar,
kriptokromlar, fototropinler ve UVR8 sayılabilir. Bunlardan kırmızı (R) ve
kırmızı ötesi (FR) ışığı algılayan fitokromlar hem ilk keşfedilenlerdir hem de
bitki büyüme ve gelişmesinde etkilidir. Fitokromlar bitkilerde tohum
dinlenmesi, çimlenmesi, fide büyümesi, çiçeklenme ve yaşlanma gibi safhalarda
önemli rol oynarlar. Fitokromlar öncelikle P_r formunda oluşur.
Biyolojik olarak aktif olmayan P_r, gündüz kırmızı ışığı absorbe
ettikten sonra aktif olan P_fr’ye dönüşür. Gündüz birikerek yüksek
seviyeye ulaşan P_fr formu, dönüşüm ve parçalanma yoluyla gece
azalır. P_r/P_fr oranı, bitkinin fotoperiyodun uzunluğunu
algılayabilmesini sağlar. Fitokromlar ışığa göre değişken olan Tip I ve ışığa
karşı göreceli olarak kararlı olan Tip II şeklinde 2 grupta incelenebilir. Diğer
bir görüşe göre fitokromlarda düşük ışık şiddetine tepki veren LFR formu, çok
düşük ışık şiddetine tepki veren VLFR formu, yüksek ışık şiddetine tepki veren
HIR formu ve kırmızı/kırmızı ötesi oranına tepki veren R/FR formu olarak 4 grup
tepki modu bulunur. Bitki fitokromunun yapısının çözülmesi, fitokromların
haberleşme mekanizmasının anlaşılmasını sağlayabilecektir. Daha ekonomik, yüksek
çıktılı yeni generasyon baz dizileme teknolojileri, ChIP-seq ve RNA-seq yöntemlerinin
kullanımı yoluyla fitokromun genom seviyesinde tanımlanmasına yardım edebilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

fitokrom, phyA, phyB, phyC, phyD, phyE, bitki, fotoreseptör

Kaynakça

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