Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Çin’in Uluslararası Kimlik Trilemması: Gelişmekte olan Ülke, Bölgesel Güç ya da Büyük Güç?

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 83 - 102, 30.04.2019

Abstract

Çin
dış politikasında sabit bir ülke kimliğinden ziyade aynı anda farklı birçok
kimlik benimsemektedir. Çin Üçüncü Dünya ile ilişkilerinde hala gelişmekte olan
ülke kimliğini kullanırken, periferisinde bölgesel güç rolünü oynamaktadır.
Uluslararası alanda ise büyük güçlere atfedilen uluslararası sorumluluk
prensibini üstlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda Çin’in gelişmekte olan ülke mi, bölgesel
güç mü ya da küresel anlamda büyük güç mü olduğu konusunda kesinlik yoktur.
Çin’in dış politikada birden çok kimliğe aynı anda bürünmesi, uluslararası
ilişkiler akademisi tarafından tartışılan küresel kimliklerin bir ya da
birkaçının benimsenmesi sonucudur. Uluslararası kimlik tartışmalarının odak
noktası ise düşük profil stratejisinin temel taşlarından biri olan “juebu
dangtou” yani asla “lider olma/liderlik yapma” prensibidir. Bu çalışma da, Çin
akademisindeki uluslararası kimlik tartışmalarını, gelişmekte olan ülke,
bölgesel güç ve büyük güç kimliği olarak üç kategoride ele alacağım. Çalışmanın
temel önermesi, Xi Jinping’in “başarı için mücadele” stratejisinin
şekillenmesinde akademideki kimlik tartışmalarının etkili olduğudur. Ayrıca bu
tartışmalar Çin’in hangi siyasi coğrafya üzerinden etki alanı yaratmak
isteyeceğini gözlemlemek için de oldukça yararlıdır.

References

  • Bell, D. A. (2010). Reconciling socialism and Confucianism? reviving tradition in China. Dissent, 57(1), 91-99. doi: 10.1353/dss.0.0114
  • Callahan, W. A. (2015). History, tradition and the China Dream: socialist modernization in the world of great harmony. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(96), 983-1001. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2015.1030915
  • Chan, G. (2014). Capturing China’s international identity: social evolution and its missing links. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(2), 261-281. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pou030
  • Chen, Z. (2005). Nationalism, internationalism and Chinese foreign policy. Journal of Contemporary China, 14(42), 35-53. doi: 10.1080/1067056042000300772
  • China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) (2013). Important Speech of Xi Jinping at Peripheral Diplomacy Work Conference. Retrieved from http://www.cciced.net/cciceden/ NEWSCENTER/Latest EnvironmentalandDevelopmentNew s/201310/t20131030_82626.html., on March 5, 2018.
  • Xinhuanet (2015, April 12). China, Africa have always been community of common destiny. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/04/c1348 86013.htm.,on March 9, 2018.
  • Chu S., & Hong, J. (2013). Changing and unchanging elements in the global order and China's strategy. Contemporary International Relations, 3, 18-21.
  • Deng, X. (1994b). Seize the opportunity to develop the economy, 24 December 1990. In D. Xiaoping. Selected works of Deng Xiaoping, Vol. III. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
  • Deng. X. (1994a). Deng Xiaoping wenhuan (Selected works of Deng Xiaoping) (Vol. 3). Beijing People Press.
  • Irvine, R. (2017). Nationalists or internationalists? China’s international relations experts debate the future. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(106), 586-600 doi: 10.1080/1067056042000300772
  • Jin, C. (2001). The US global strategy in the post-cold war era and its implications for China‐United States Relations: A Chinese perspective. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(27), 309-315. doi: 10.1080/10670560125619
  • Jin, C. (2017). Beijing, Washington jointly shape new order in Asia-Pacific region. Global Times. Retrieved from http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/10669 95.shtml., on September, 21, 2018.
  • Kawashima, S. (2011). The development of the debate over “hiding one's talents and biding one's time” (taoguan yanghui) China's foreign-policy doctrine. Asia-Pacific Review, 18(2), 14-36. doi: 10.1080/13439006.2011.641751
  • Leggett, J. A., Logan, J., & Mackey, A. (2008). China’s greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation policies congressional research service. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34659.pdf., on March 3, 2018.
  • Li, C., & Xu, L. (December 4, 2014). Chinese enthusiasm and American cynicism over the new type of great power relations. Brookings. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/chinese-enthusiasm-and-american-cynicism-over-the-new-type-of-great-power-relations/., on March 10, 2018.
  • Li, S. (2014). China’s dual-identity dilemma and its countermeasures. In S. Binhong (Ed.), The world in 2020 according to China: Chinese foreign policy elites discuss emerging trends in International Politics (pp. 51-68). Brill.
  • Niu, X. (2015). On China's international identity a horizontal analysis. Contemporary International Relations, 25(1), 39-65.
  • Pu, X. (2017). Controversial identity of a rising China. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 10(2), 131-149. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pox004
  • Qin, Y. (2010). International society as a process: institutions, identities, and China’s peaceful rise. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(2), 129-153. doi: 10.1093/cjip/poq007
  • Qin, Y. (2011). Chinese culture and its implications for foreign-policy making. China International Studies, 5, 45-65.
  • Qin, Y. (2014). Continuity through change: Background knowledge and China’s international strategy. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(3), 285-314. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pou034
  • Ranade, J. (May, 2014). China’s new policy of peripheral diplomacy. CCAS. Retrieved from https://ccasindia.org/issue_policy.php?ipid=14., on March 6, 2017
  • Shambaugh, D. (2011). Coping with a conflicted China. The Washington Quarterly, 34(1), 7-27. doi: 10.1080/0163660X.2011.537974
  • Shambaugh, D. L. (2013). China goes global: the partial power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Shi, Y. (2014). China’s contemporary foreign strategy: ideology, basic platform, current challenges, and Chinese characteristics. In S. Binhong (Ed.), The world in 2020 according to China: Chinese foreign policy elites discuss emerging trends in International Politics. (pp. 34-51). Brill.
  • Sorensen, C. T. (2015). The significance of Xi Jinping’s Chinese dream for Chinese foreign policy: from tao guang yang hui to fen fa you wei. Journal of China and International Relations, 3(1), 66. doi: 10.5278/ojs.jcir.v3i1.1146
  • Tang, S. (2001). Zailun zhongguo de dazhanlue (On China’s grand strategy). Zhanlue yu Guanli (Strategy and Management), 4, 29-37.
  • Terhalle, M., & Depledge, J. (2013). Great-power politics, order transition, and climate governance: insights from international relations theory. Climate Policy, 13(5), 572-588. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2013.818849
  • Wang, J. (2011a). The International Positioning of China and the Strategic Principle of" Keeping a low profile but playing a due role. International Studies, 2, 4-20.
  • Wang, J. (2011b). China’s search for a grand strategy- a rising great power find its ways. Foreign Affairs, 90, 68-79.
  • -Watts, J. (March, 2009). Consuming nations should pay for carbon dioxide emissions, not manufacturing countries, says China. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ 2009/mar/17/climate-change-china., on February 27, 2017.
  • Wei, L., & Qin, Y. (2008). Structures, processes, and the socialization of power: China and regional cooperation in East Asia. In R.S. Ross & Z. Feng (Eds.), China's ascent: power, security, and the future of international politics. (pp.115-138). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Wu, X. (2001). Four contradictions constraining China's foreign policy behavior. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(27), 293-301. doi: 10.1080/10670560124142
  • Xi, J. (October, 2013). Let the sense of community of common destiny take deep root in neighbouring countries. October. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.fmprc.gov.cn /mfa_eng/wjb _663304 /wjbz_663308/activities_663312/t1093870.shtml, on March 7, 2017.
  • Xu, J., & Du, Z. (2015). The dominant thinking sets in Chinese foreign policy research: a criticism. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 8(3), 251-279. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pov002
  • Yan, X. (2006). The rise of China and its power status. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1(1), 5-33. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pol002
  • Yan, X. (2011). Ancient Chinese thought, modern Chinese power. Princeton University Press.
  • Yan, X. (2011). International leadership and norm evolution. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 4(3), 233-264. doi:10.1093/cjip/por013
  • Yan, X. (2014). From keeping a low profile to striving for achievement. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(2), 153-184. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pou027
  • Yan, X. (2016). Political leadership and power redistribution. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 9(1), 1-26. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pow002
  • Ye, Z. (2010). Inside China's grand strategy: the perspective from the People's Republic. University Press of Kentucky.
  • Zhang Y., & Tang S. (2005). China’s regional strategy. In D. L. Shambaugh (Ed.), Power shift: China and Asia’s new dynamics. (pp. 48-68). University of California Press.
  • Zhang, Y. (2011). Emerging force: China in the region and the world. Global Asia, 6(4), 18-21.
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). Role of regional institutions in East Asia. In Zhang, Y., F. Kimura and S. Oum (Eds.), Moving toward a new development model for East Asia- The role of domestic policy and regional cooperation. (pp. 337-365). ERIA Research Project Report 2011-10.
  • Zhao, T. (2006). Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-under-Heaven’(Tian-xia,). Social Identities, 12(1), 29-41. doi: 10.1080/13504630600555559

China’s International Identity Trilemma: Developing Country, Regional Power or Great Power?

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 83 - 102, 30.04.2019

Abstract

China
has adopted many different identities concurrently, rather than a fixed country
identity in its foreign policy. China still uses the identity of being a
developing country in its relations with the third world, while playing the
role of being a regional power in its periphery. On the other hand, it assumes
the principle of international responsibility that is attributed to the Great Powers
in the international arena. In this context, there is no certainty whether
China is a developing country, a regional power or a global power. China's
simultaneous possession of multiple identities in foreign policy is the result
of the adoption of one or more of the global identities discussed by the
International Relations Academy. The focus of the International identity debate
is the principle of “never take lead”, (juebu dangtou), which is one of the
cornerstones of keeping low profile strategy. In this study, I will discuss the
international identity debate in the Chinese Academy in three categories:
developing country, regional power and great power. The main argument of the
study is that the identity discussions at the Academy are effective in shaping
Xi Jinping's “strive for achievement” strategy. These discussions are also very
useful to observe which political geography China would like to create an
impact on.

References

  • Bell, D. A. (2010). Reconciling socialism and Confucianism? reviving tradition in China. Dissent, 57(1), 91-99. doi: 10.1353/dss.0.0114
  • Callahan, W. A. (2015). History, tradition and the China Dream: socialist modernization in the world of great harmony. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(96), 983-1001. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2015.1030915
  • Chan, G. (2014). Capturing China’s international identity: social evolution and its missing links. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(2), 261-281. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pou030
  • Chen, Z. (2005). Nationalism, internationalism and Chinese foreign policy. Journal of Contemporary China, 14(42), 35-53. doi: 10.1080/1067056042000300772
  • China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) (2013). Important Speech of Xi Jinping at Peripheral Diplomacy Work Conference. Retrieved from http://www.cciced.net/cciceden/ NEWSCENTER/Latest EnvironmentalandDevelopmentNew s/201310/t20131030_82626.html., on March 5, 2018.
  • Xinhuanet (2015, April 12). China, Africa have always been community of common destiny. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/04/c1348 86013.htm.,on March 9, 2018.
  • Chu S., & Hong, J. (2013). Changing and unchanging elements in the global order and China's strategy. Contemporary International Relations, 3, 18-21.
  • Deng, X. (1994b). Seize the opportunity to develop the economy, 24 December 1990. In D. Xiaoping. Selected works of Deng Xiaoping, Vol. III. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
  • Deng. X. (1994a). Deng Xiaoping wenhuan (Selected works of Deng Xiaoping) (Vol. 3). Beijing People Press.
  • Irvine, R. (2017). Nationalists or internationalists? China’s international relations experts debate the future. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(106), 586-600 doi: 10.1080/1067056042000300772
  • Jin, C. (2001). The US global strategy in the post-cold war era and its implications for China‐United States Relations: A Chinese perspective. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(27), 309-315. doi: 10.1080/10670560125619
  • Jin, C. (2017). Beijing, Washington jointly shape new order in Asia-Pacific region. Global Times. Retrieved from http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/10669 95.shtml., on September, 21, 2018.
  • Kawashima, S. (2011). The development of the debate over “hiding one's talents and biding one's time” (taoguan yanghui) China's foreign-policy doctrine. Asia-Pacific Review, 18(2), 14-36. doi: 10.1080/13439006.2011.641751
  • Leggett, J. A., Logan, J., & Mackey, A. (2008). China’s greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation policies congressional research service. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34659.pdf., on March 3, 2018.
  • Li, C., & Xu, L. (December 4, 2014). Chinese enthusiasm and American cynicism over the new type of great power relations. Brookings. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/chinese-enthusiasm-and-american-cynicism-over-the-new-type-of-great-power-relations/., on March 10, 2018.
  • Li, S. (2014). China’s dual-identity dilemma and its countermeasures. In S. Binhong (Ed.), The world in 2020 according to China: Chinese foreign policy elites discuss emerging trends in International Politics (pp. 51-68). Brill.
  • Niu, X. (2015). On China's international identity a horizontal analysis. Contemporary International Relations, 25(1), 39-65.
  • Pu, X. (2017). Controversial identity of a rising China. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 10(2), 131-149. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pox004
  • Qin, Y. (2010). International society as a process: institutions, identities, and China’s peaceful rise. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(2), 129-153. doi: 10.1093/cjip/poq007
  • Qin, Y. (2011). Chinese culture and its implications for foreign-policy making. China International Studies, 5, 45-65.
  • Qin, Y. (2014). Continuity through change: Background knowledge and China’s international strategy. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(3), 285-314. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pou034
  • Ranade, J. (May, 2014). China’s new policy of peripheral diplomacy. CCAS. Retrieved from https://ccasindia.org/issue_policy.php?ipid=14., on March 6, 2017
  • Shambaugh, D. (2011). Coping with a conflicted China. The Washington Quarterly, 34(1), 7-27. doi: 10.1080/0163660X.2011.537974
  • Shambaugh, D. L. (2013). China goes global: the partial power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Shi, Y. (2014). China’s contemporary foreign strategy: ideology, basic platform, current challenges, and Chinese characteristics. In S. Binhong (Ed.), The world in 2020 according to China: Chinese foreign policy elites discuss emerging trends in International Politics. (pp. 34-51). Brill.
  • Sorensen, C. T. (2015). The significance of Xi Jinping’s Chinese dream for Chinese foreign policy: from tao guang yang hui to fen fa you wei. Journal of China and International Relations, 3(1), 66. doi: 10.5278/ojs.jcir.v3i1.1146
  • Tang, S. (2001). Zailun zhongguo de dazhanlue (On China’s grand strategy). Zhanlue yu Guanli (Strategy and Management), 4, 29-37.
  • Terhalle, M., & Depledge, J. (2013). Great-power politics, order transition, and climate governance: insights from international relations theory. Climate Policy, 13(5), 572-588. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2013.818849
  • Wang, J. (2011a). The International Positioning of China and the Strategic Principle of" Keeping a low profile but playing a due role. International Studies, 2, 4-20.
  • Wang, J. (2011b). China’s search for a grand strategy- a rising great power find its ways. Foreign Affairs, 90, 68-79.
  • -Watts, J. (March, 2009). Consuming nations should pay for carbon dioxide emissions, not manufacturing countries, says China. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ 2009/mar/17/climate-change-china., on February 27, 2017.
  • Wei, L., & Qin, Y. (2008). Structures, processes, and the socialization of power: China and regional cooperation in East Asia. In R.S. Ross & Z. Feng (Eds.), China's ascent: power, security, and the future of international politics. (pp.115-138). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Wu, X. (2001). Four contradictions constraining China's foreign policy behavior. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(27), 293-301. doi: 10.1080/10670560124142
  • Xi, J. (October, 2013). Let the sense of community of common destiny take deep root in neighbouring countries. October. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.fmprc.gov.cn /mfa_eng/wjb _663304 /wjbz_663308/activities_663312/t1093870.shtml, on March 7, 2017.
  • Xu, J., & Du, Z. (2015). The dominant thinking sets in Chinese foreign policy research: a criticism. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 8(3), 251-279. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pov002
  • Yan, X. (2006). The rise of China and its power status. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1(1), 5-33. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pol002
  • Yan, X. (2011). Ancient Chinese thought, modern Chinese power. Princeton University Press.
  • Yan, X. (2011). International leadership and norm evolution. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 4(3), 233-264. doi:10.1093/cjip/por013
  • Yan, X. (2014). From keeping a low profile to striving for achievement. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(2), 153-184. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pou027
  • Yan, X. (2016). Political leadership and power redistribution. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 9(1), 1-26. doi: 10.1093/cjip/pow002
  • Ye, Z. (2010). Inside China's grand strategy: the perspective from the People's Republic. University Press of Kentucky.
  • Zhang Y., & Tang S. (2005). China’s regional strategy. In D. L. Shambaugh (Ed.), Power shift: China and Asia’s new dynamics. (pp. 48-68). University of California Press.
  • Zhang, Y. (2011). Emerging force: China in the region and the world. Global Asia, 6(4), 18-21.
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). Role of regional institutions in East Asia. In Zhang, Y., F. Kimura and S. Oum (Eds.), Moving toward a new development model for East Asia- The role of domestic policy and regional cooperation. (pp. 337-365). ERIA Research Project Report 2011-10.
  • Zhao, T. (2006). Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-under-Heaven’(Tian-xia,). Social Identities, 12(1), 29-41. doi: 10.1080/13504630600555559
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Nilgün Eliküçük Yıldırım 0000-0002-4006-1401

Publication Date April 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Eliküçük Yıldırım, N. (2019). China’s International Identity Trilemma: Developing Country, Regional Power or Great Power?. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 83-102.