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Siyaset Perspektifinden Toplumsal Hareketleri Anlamak: İspanya’da 15M Hareketi Örneği

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 683 - 705, 16.12.2019

Abstract

Günümüzde toplumsal hareketler dünyanın birçok
bölgesinde etkisini göstermektedir. Fakat, bu hareketleri anlamak için ekonomik
nedenler analiz edilirken, siyasi faktörler yeteri kadar incelenmemiştir. Bu
çalışmanın amacı İspanya’daki 15M Hareketini inceleyerek, toplumsal
hareketlerin ortaya çıkış nedenlerini parti sistemini inceleyerek siyasi açıdan
analiz etmektedir. Temel argümanı kitlesel protestonun ortaya çıkmasındaki
önemli faktörlerden birinin temsiliyet krizi olduğudur. Temsiliyet krizi bir
taraftan seçmen-siyasi parti arasındaki uyuşmazlıktan, diğer taraftan ise
partilerin yanıt verme ve sorumlu olma gibi parti hükümet modelinin gerekliliği
olan iki fonksiyonu dengeleyememesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Literatürde
yoğunlukla tartışıldığı gibi parti hükümet modelini meşru kılan iktidardaki
partilerin bir yandan kendi seçmenin taleplerine cevap verirken (yanıt verme)
bir yandan da toplumun ortak çıkarını korumalarıdır (sorumlu olma). Bu iki
işlev arasındaki dengenin bozulması parti hükümet modeli için bir krizi işaret
etmektedir. Makalenin temel argümanı bu çerçevede İspanya’da siyasetin bir temsiliyet
krizi içinde olduğu bu temsiliyet krizinin de hem ana akım partilerin seçmenle
bağının kopmasından hem de iktidar partilerin yanıt verme ve sorumlu olma
işlevlerini dengeleyemediklerinden kaynaklandığıdır. Bu çalışma İspanya’daki
kitlesel muhalefeti analiz ederken bugüne kadar ihmal edilen parti siyaseti
perspektifi sunmaktadır.  

References

  • Acedo. P.V. (2012). No nos representan: el manifesto de los indignados en 25 (Ediciones Temas de Hoy).
  • Alessi. Christopher and James McBride (2015). The Eurozone in Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations. February 11.
  • Bardi, L., S. Bartolini & A.H. Trechsel (2014). Responsive and Responsible? The Role of Parties in Twenty-First Century Politics. West European Politics. 37(2): 235-252.
  • Barnes, S. (1977). Representation in Italy. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
  • Bastian, Sunil and Robin Luckham (2003). Can Democracy be Designed? The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict-torn societies. (New York: St. Martin’s Press).
  • Bekkers, V., Geske Dijkstra, and Arthur Edwards (2007). Governance and the Democratic Deficit: An Evaluation. Bekkers V. et.al., (eds.). Governance and Democratic Deficit (Aldershot: Ashgate): 295-312.
  • Birch, Anthony (2007). The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy. (London: Routledge).
  • Blais, André (2000). To Vote or Not to Vote: The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice Theory (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press).
  • Blakeley, G. (2006). ‘It’s politics, stupid!’ The Spanish General Election of 2004. Parliamentary Affairs. 59(2): 331-349.
  • Chari, R. (2004). The 2004 Spanish Election: Terrorism as a Catalyst for Change?. West European Politics. 27 (5): 954-63.
  • Chari, R. and P.M. Heywood (2008). Institutitons, European Integration, and the Policy Process in Contemporary Spain B. H. Field and K. Hamnn. (eds). Democracy and Institutional Development: Spain in Comparative Theoretical Perspective (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 178-202.
  • Chari, R. (2013) The Parliamentary Elections in Spain. November 2011. Electoral Studies. 32: 377-378.
  • Chibber, P. and M. Torcal (1997). Elite Strategy, Social Cleavages, and Party Systems in A New Democracy. Comparative Political Studies. 30(1): 27-54.
  • Colomer, J.M. (2001). The 2000 general election in Spain. Electoral Studies. 20: 463-501.
  • Colomer, J.M. (2005) The General Elections in Spain, March 2004. Electoral Studies, 24: 123-160.
  • Cox and McCubbins J. Fearon (1999). Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance Przeworski et al. (eds). Democracy, Accountability and Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 55-97.
  • Dalton. R. J. (1984). Cognitive mobilization and partisan dealignment in advanced industrial democracies. The Journal of Politics. 46(01): 264-284.
  • Dalton, R. (2003). Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Decline in Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Dahl, Robert (1956). A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
  • Downs, Anthony (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row)
  • Encarnacion, O. (2008). Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship (Cambridge: Polity Press).
  • Encarnacion, O. (2009). Spain’s New Left Turn: Society Driven or Party Instigated?. South European Society and Politics, 14 (4): 399-415.
  • Ferejohn, J. (1999). Accountability and Authority: Toward a Theory of Political Accountability. Przeworski et al, (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 131-153.
  • Field, Bonnie (2009). Minority Government and Legislative Politics in a Multilevel State: Spain under Zapatero, South European Society and Politics, 14 (4): 417-434.
  • Field, B. N. and A. Botti (2013). Introduction: Political Change in Spain, from Zapatero to Rajoy B. N. Field and A. Botti, (eds.) Politics and Society in Contemporary Spain: From Zapatero to Rajoy, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 1-20.
  • Gray M. and and Caul, Miki (2000). Declining Voter Turnout in Advanced Industrial Democracies: 1950–1997. Comparative Political Studies, 33: 1091–122.
  • Gunther, R., Giacomo Sani and Goldie Shabad (1988). Spain after Franco. The Making of a Competitive Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press).
  • Hooghe, L. & G. Marks (2001). Multi-Level Governance and European Integration (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers).
  • Hopkin, J. (2005). From census to competition: the changing nature of democracy in the spanish Transition Sebastian Balfour (ed.) The Politics of Contemporary Spain. (Basingstroke: Palgrave): 6-26.
  • Katz, R. S. and Mair, P. (1995). Changing Models of Party Organization: The Emergence of Cartel Party Party Politics, 1(5): 5-28.
  • Kselman, D. (2013). Protest and Democracy in Turkey. infoLibre, June 6, https://www.infolibre.es/noticias/luces_rojas/2013/06/05/protest_and_democracy_turkey_4480_1121.html
  • Lijphart, Arendt and Carlos H. Waisman (1996). Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (London: Westview Press).
  • Magone, J.M. (2009). Contemporary Spanish Politics (New York: Routledge).
  • Mainwaring, S., A. M. Bejarano, and E.P. Leongomez (2006). The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Anders: An Overview S. Mainwaring, A. M. Bejarano, and E.P. Leongomez (eds.) Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes, (Stanford: Stanford University Press): 1-46.
  • Mair, Peter (2005). Democracy Beyond Parties Center for Study of Democracy Working Paper.
  • Mair, Peter (2009). Representative versus Responsible Government, MPIfG Working Paper, 09/8: 11.
  • Martín, Irene & Ignacio Urquizu-Sancho (2012). The 2011 General Election in Spain: The Collapse of the Socialist Party. South European Society and Politics, 17 (2): 347-363.
  • McLaren, Lauren (2008). Constructing democracy in Southern Europe: a comparative analysis of Italy, Spain, and Turkey. (London: Routledge).
  • Molina, Óscar and Alejandro Godino (2013). Economic Reforms and the Labor Market: Zapatero's Endless Period in the Wilderness B. N. Field and A. Botti (eds.), Politics and Society in Contemporary Spain: From Zapatero to Rajoy, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 101-121.
  • Norris, Pippa (1999). Introduction: The Growth of Critical Citizens? Pippa Norris, (ed.) Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 1-30.
  • Ottaviani, Jacobo (2014). Crowdsourcing youth migration from southern Europe to the UK, The Guardian, October 2.
  • Pallares,F. and M. Keating (2003). Multi-Level Electoral Competition Regional Elections and Party Systems in Spain. European Urban and Regional Studies, 10 (3): 239-255.
  • Papadopoulos, Y. (2010). Accountability and Multi-level governance: more accountability, less democracy. West European Politics, 33 (5): 1030-49.
  • Pharr, Susan J. and Putnam, Robert D. (eds.) (2000). Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries? (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Powell, C. (2003). Spanish Membership of the European Union Revisited. South European Society and Politics, 8 (1-2): 147-168.
  • Power, Timothy J. and Gasiorowski, Mark J. (1997). Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies, 30: 123-155.
  • Pridham, G. (1990). Southern European democracies on the road to consolidation: a comparative assessment of the role of political parties G. Pridham (ed.) Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe. (New York: Routledge): 1-41.
  • Rigo, I.O. (2005). Aznar’s Political Failure or Punishment for Supporting the Iraq War? Hypotheses About the Causes of the 2004 Spanish Election Results, American Behavioural Scientist, 49(4): 610-615.
  • Royo, S. (2009). After the Fiesta: The Spanish Economy Meets the Global Financial Crisis, South European Society and Politics 14 (1): 19-34.
  • RTVE. (2011). Más de seis millones de españoles han participado en el Movimiento 15M, August 8, http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20110806/mas-seis-millones-espanoles-han-participado-movimiento-15m/452598.shtml
  • Torcal, M., R. Gunther and J.R. Montero. 2002. Anti-Party Sentiments in Southern Europe R. Gunther et.al., (eds.) Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 257-290.
  • Torcal, M. and I. Lago (2008). Electoral Coordination Strikes Again: The 2008 General Elections in Spain, South European Society and Politics, 13 (3): 363-375.
  • Thomassen, J.J.A. (1984). “Empirical Research into Political Representation: Failing Democracy or Failing Models MK Jennings and TK Mann (eds.) Elections at Home and Abroad; Essays in Honour of Warren Miller (Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press).
  • Van Biezen, Ingrid (2003). Political Parties in New Democracies: Party Organisation in Southern Europe and East-Central Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Wattenberg, M. (2002). Where Have All the Voters Gone? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
  • Woodworth, P. (2004). Spain Changes Course: Aznar’s Legacy, Zapatero’s Prospects. World Policy Journal, 21 (2): 7-26.

A Political Reconsideration of Social Movements: The Case 15M Movement in Spain

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 683 - 705, 16.12.2019

Abstract



The contemporary wave of protests and occupy-style mobilisations has
been very influential in different parts of the world. Yet, though the economic
accounts are available, not many studies have looked at the political factors
behind the social movements. Analysing the case of 15M Movement in Spain, this
paper aims to explain the emergence of protest movements from a political
perspective by providing a party politics account. It contends that one of the
central factors behind mass protests, if not the only one, has been the crisis
of representation resulting not only from the lack of voter-party congruence,
but also from the failure of political parties to meet the demands of
responsiveness and responsibility – the core requisite of the party government
model. After all what legitimizes the party government model has been governing
party’s ability to balance the demands of responsiveness and responsibility at
the same time. As such, in accounting for the question of what factors brought
about popular disaffection in Spain, it provides a rather neglected party
politics perspective.




References

  • Acedo. P.V. (2012). No nos representan: el manifesto de los indignados en 25 (Ediciones Temas de Hoy).
  • Alessi. Christopher and James McBride (2015). The Eurozone in Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations. February 11.
  • Bardi, L., S. Bartolini & A.H. Trechsel (2014). Responsive and Responsible? The Role of Parties in Twenty-First Century Politics. West European Politics. 37(2): 235-252.
  • Barnes, S. (1977). Representation in Italy. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
  • Bastian, Sunil and Robin Luckham (2003). Can Democracy be Designed? The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict-torn societies. (New York: St. Martin’s Press).
  • Bekkers, V., Geske Dijkstra, and Arthur Edwards (2007). Governance and the Democratic Deficit: An Evaluation. Bekkers V. et.al., (eds.). Governance and Democratic Deficit (Aldershot: Ashgate): 295-312.
  • Birch, Anthony (2007). The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy. (London: Routledge).
  • Blais, André (2000). To Vote or Not to Vote: The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice Theory (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press).
  • Blakeley, G. (2006). ‘It’s politics, stupid!’ The Spanish General Election of 2004. Parliamentary Affairs. 59(2): 331-349.
  • Chari, R. (2004). The 2004 Spanish Election: Terrorism as a Catalyst for Change?. West European Politics. 27 (5): 954-63.
  • Chari, R. and P.M. Heywood (2008). Institutitons, European Integration, and the Policy Process in Contemporary Spain B. H. Field and K. Hamnn. (eds). Democracy and Institutional Development: Spain in Comparative Theoretical Perspective (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 178-202.
  • Chari, R. (2013) The Parliamentary Elections in Spain. November 2011. Electoral Studies. 32: 377-378.
  • Chibber, P. and M. Torcal (1997). Elite Strategy, Social Cleavages, and Party Systems in A New Democracy. Comparative Political Studies. 30(1): 27-54.
  • Colomer, J.M. (2001). The 2000 general election in Spain. Electoral Studies. 20: 463-501.
  • Colomer, J.M. (2005) The General Elections in Spain, March 2004. Electoral Studies, 24: 123-160.
  • Cox and McCubbins J. Fearon (1999). Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance Przeworski et al. (eds). Democracy, Accountability and Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 55-97.
  • Dalton. R. J. (1984). Cognitive mobilization and partisan dealignment in advanced industrial democracies. The Journal of Politics. 46(01): 264-284.
  • Dalton, R. (2003). Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Decline in Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Dahl, Robert (1956). A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
  • Downs, Anthony (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row)
  • Encarnacion, O. (2008). Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship (Cambridge: Polity Press).
  • Encarnacion, O. (2009). Spain’s New Left Turn: Society Driven or Party Instigated?. South European Society and Politics, 14 (4): 399-415.
  • Ferejohn, J. (1999). Accountability and Authority: Toward a Theory of Political Accountability. Przeworski et al, (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 131-153.
  • Field, Bonnie (2009). Minority Government and Legislative Politics in a Multilevel State: Spain under Zapatero, South European Society and Politics, 14 (4): 417-434.
  • Field, B. N. and A. Botti (2013). Introduction: Political Change in Spain, from Zapatero to Rajoy B. N. Field and A. Botti, (eds.) Politics and Society in Contemporary Spain: From Zapatero to Rajoy, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 1-20.
  • Gray M. and and Caul, Miki (2000). Declining Voter Turnout in Advanced Industrial Democracies: 1950–1997. Comparative Political Studies, 33: 1091–122.
  • Gunther, R., Giacomo Sani and Goldie Shabad (1988). Spain after Franco. The Making of a Competitive Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press).
  • Hooghe, L. & G. Marks (2001). Multi-Level Governance and European Integration (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers).
  • Hopkin, J. (2005). From census to competition: the changing nature of democracy in the spanish Transition Sebastian Balfour (ed.) The Politics of Contemporary Spain. (Basingstroke: Palgrave): 6-26.
  • Katz, R. S. and Mair, P. (1995). Changing Models of Party Organization: The Emergence of Cartel Party Party Politics, 1(5): 5-28.
  • Kselman, D. (2013). Protest and Democracy in Turkey. infoLibre, June 6, https://www.infolibre.es/noticias/luces_rojas/2013/06/05/protest_and_democracy_turkey_4480_1121.html
  • Lijphart, Arendt and Carlos H. Waisman (1996). Institutional design in new democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (London: Westview Press).
  • Magone, J.M. (2009). Contemporary Spanish Politics (New York: Routledge).
  • Mainwaring, S., A. M. Bejarano, and E.P. Leongomez (2006). The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Anders: An Overview S. Mainwaring, A. M. Bejarano, and E.P. Leongomez (eds.) Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes, (Stanford: Stanford University Press): 1-46.
  • Mair, Peter (2005). Democracy Beyond Parties Center for Study of Democracy Working Paper.
  • Mair, Peter (2009). Representative versus Responsible Government, MPIfG Working Paper, 09/8: 11.
  • Martín, Irene & Ignacio Urquizu-Sancho (2012). The 2011 General Election in Spain: The Collapse of the Socialist Party. South European Society and Politics, 17 (2): 347-363.
  • McLaren, Lauren (2008). Constructing democracy in Southern Europe: a comparative analysis of Italy, Spain, and Turkey. (London: Routledge).
  • Molina, Óscar and Alejandro Godino (2013). Economic Reforms and the Labor Market: Zapatero's Endless Period in the Wilderness B. N. Field and A. Botti (eds.), Politics and Society in Contemporary Spain: From Zapatero to Rajoy, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 101-121.
  • Norris, Pippa (1999). Introduction: The Growth of Critical Citizens? Pippa Norris, (ed.) Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 1-30.
  • Ottaviani, Jacobo (2014). Crowdsourcing youth migration from southern Europe to the UK, The Guardian, October 2.
  • Pallares,F. and M. Keating (2003). Multi-Level Electoral Competition Regional Elections and Party Systems in Spain. European Urban and Regional Studies, 10 (3): 239-255.
  • Papadopoulos, Y. (2010). Accountability and Multi-level governance: more accountability, less democracy. West European Politics, 33 (5): 1030-49.
  • Pharr, Susan J. and Putnam, Robert D. (eds.) (2000). Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries? (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Powell, C. (2003). Spanish Membership of the European Union Revisited. South European Society and Politics, 8 (1-2): 147-168.
  • Power, Timothy J. and Gasiorowski, Mark J. (1997). Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies, 30: 123-155.
  • Pridham, G. (1990). Southern European democracies on the road to consolidation: a comparative assessment of the role of political parties G. Pridham (ed.) Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe. (New York: Routledge): 1-41.
  • Rigo, I.O. (2005). Aznar’s Political Failure or Punishment for Supporting the Iraq War? Hypotheses About the Causes of the 2004 Spanish Election Results, American Behavioural Scientist, 49(4): 610-615.
  • Royo, S. (2009). After the Fiesta: The Spanish Economy Meets the Global Financial Crisis, South European Society and Politics 14 (1): 19-34.
  • RTVE. (2011). Más de seis millones de españoles han participado en el Movimiento 15M, August 8, http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20110806/mas-seis-millones-espanoles-han-participado-movimiento-15m/452598.shtml
  • Torcal, M., R. Gunther and J.R. Montero. 2002. Anti-Party Sentiments in Southern Europe R. Gunther et.al., (eds.) Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 257-290.
  • Torcal, M. and I. Lago (2008). Electoral Coordination Strikes Again: The 2008 General Elections in Spain, South European Society and Politics, 13 (3): 363-375.
  • Thomassen, J.J.A. (1984). “Empirical Research into Political Representation: Failing Democracy or Failing Models MK Jennings and TK Mann (eds.) Elections at Home and Abroad; Essays in Honour of Warren Miller (Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press).
  • Van Biezen, Ingrid (2003). Political Parties in New Democracies: Party Organisation in Southern Europe and East-Central Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Wattenberg, M. (2002). Where Have All the Voters Gone? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
  • Woodworth, P. (2004). Spain Changes Course: Aznar’s Legacy, Zapatero’s Prospects. World Policy Journal, 21 (2): 7-26.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Şebnem Yardımcı Geyikçi 0000-0001-6444-5920

Publication Date December 16, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 21 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yardımcı Geyikçi, Ş. (2019). A Political Reconsideration of Social Movements: The Case 15M Movement in Spain. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(3), 683-705.