Siyaset Perspektifinden Toplumsal Hareketleri Anlamak: İspanya’da 15M Hareketi Örneği

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 683 - 705, 16.12.2019

Şebnem Yardımcı Geyikçi

Abstract

Günümüzde toplumsal hareketler dünyanın birçok
bölgesinde etkisini göstermektedir. Fakat, bu hareketleri anlamak için ekonomik
nedenler analiz edilirken, siyasi faktörler yeteri kadar incelenmemiştir. Bu
çalışmanın amacı İspanya’daki 15M Hareketini inceleyerek, toplumsal
hareketlerin ortaya çıkış nedenlerini parti sistemini inceleyerek siyasi açıdan
analiz etmektedir. Temel argümanı kitlesel protestonun ortaya çıkmasındaki
önemli faktörlerden birinin temsiliyet krizi olduğudur. Temsiliyet krizi bir
taraftan seçmen-siyasi parti arasındaki uyuşmazlıktan, diğer taraftan ise
partilerin yanıt verme ve sorumlu olma gibi parti hükümet modelinin gerekliliği
olan iki fonksiyonu dengeleyememesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Literatürde
yoğunlukla tartışıldığı gibi parti hükümet modelini meşru kılan iktidardaki
partilerin bir yandan kendi seçmenin taleplerine cevap verirken (yanıt verme)
bir yandan da toplumun ortak çıkarını korumalarıdır (sorumlu olma). Bu iki
işlev arasındaki dengenin bozulması parti hükümet modeli için bir krizi işaret
etmektedir. Makalenin temel argümanı bu çerçevede İspanya’da siyasetin bir temsiliyet
krizi içinde olduğu bu temsiliyet krizinin de hem ana akım partilerin seçmenle
bağının kopmasından hem de iktidar partilerin yanıt verme ve sorumlu olma
işlevlerini dengeleyemediklerinden kaynaklandığıdır. Bu çalışma İspanya’daki
kitlesel muhalefeti analiz ederken bugüne kadar ihmal edilen parti siyaseti
perspektifi sunmaktadır.  

Keywords

Toplumsal hareketler, siyasi partiler, İspanya, parti hükümeti

A Political Reconsideration of Social Movements: The Case 15M Movement in Spain

Abstract

The contemporary wave of protests and occupy-style mobilisations has
been very influential in different parts of the world. Yet, though the economic
accounts are available, not many studies have looked at the political factors
behind the social movements. Analysing the case of 15M Movement in Spain, this
paper aims to explain the emergence of protest movements from a political
perspective by providing a party politics account. It contends that one of the
central factors behind mass protests, if not the only one, has been the crisis
of representation resulting not only from the lack of voter-party congruence,
but also from the failure of political parties to meet the demands of
responsiveness and responsibility – the core requisite of the party government
model. After all what legitimizes the party government model has been governing
party’s ability to balance the demands of responsiveness and responsibility at
the same time. As such, in accounting for the question of what factors brought
about popular disaffection in Spain, it provides a rather neglected party
politics perspective.

Keywords

Social movement, political parties, Spain, party government

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