Land Shortages for Cemeteries in Cities and Practices for Solution: Cases from the World and Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 749 - 764, 25.12.2020

Gülizar Çakır Sümer

Abstract

Kentlerde Mezarlık Alan Yetersizliği ve Çözüme Yönelik Uygulamalar: Dünyadan ve Türkiye’den Örnekler

Abstract

Kentleşme hızının artması, kentlerde çözülmesi gereken sorunları da çoğaltmaktadır. Pek çok kentsel işlev için yetersiz kalan ve pahalılaşan kent toprağında, giderek büyüyen bir ihtiyaç olarak mezarlık alanlarına daha fazla yer ayrılması gerekmektedir. Bu durumda, mezarlıkların hızlı bir biçimde dolması kentler ve özellikle de büyük metropoller için giderek ağırlaşan ve acil çözüm bekleyen sorunlardan biri haline gelmektedir. Bu noktada kent yönetimleri yeni arayışlar içerisine girerek artan mezarlık alanı ihtiyacını çözmeye yönelik politikalar geliştirmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın konusu büyük kentlerde artan mezarlık alan sıkıntısı ve buna yönelik politikaların değerlendirilmesidir. Bu bağlamda dünyanın farklı kentlerinde artan mezarlık alan ihtiyacını çözmeye yönelik sürecin ne yönde ilerlediği, büyük kentler üzerinden ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma literatür taramasına dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak kentlerde mezarlık alan ihtiyacı artmaktadır. Bu sorunu çözmede mezarların tekrar kullanılması, yer altı ve yer üstü çok katlı mezarlıkların oluşturulması, kremasyonun teşvik edilmesi, kalabalık kentlerde ölü gömmenin yasaklanması gibi politikalara ağırlık verildiği görülmektedir.

Keywords

Mezarlık alanlar, mezarlık yetersizliği, kentleşme ve mezarlıklar, mezarlık politikaları

References

• aeon (2016). Rethinking architecture for the dead: views from the world’s tallest cemetery. https://aeon.co/videos/rethinking-architecture-for-the-dead-views-from-the-world-s-tallest-cemetery. Afla, M. R. M. (2012). Sustainability of urban cemeteries and the transformation of malay burial practices in Kuala Lumpur metropolitan region. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 71, 808-829. Akan, N. (2018). Mezarlıkların imar planlarındaki yeri, yeni mezar alanlarına yönelik ihtiyaç analizi ve mezarlık bilgi sistemi: İstanbul Örneği (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisan Tezi). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul. BBC (2018). Dhaka, a city with no room fort he dead. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42894803. BBC (2018). Dhaka, A city with no room fort he dead. (04.03.2020). https://www.bbc.com /news/world-asia-42894803. Burk, G. (2019).We’re running out of space to bury our dead–it’s time to re-use graves. https://metro.co.uk/ 2019/07/03/were-running-out-of-space-to-bury-our-dead-its-time-to-re-use-graves-10032054. Burke, K. (2020). Italy’s northern cemeteries full, coronavirus victims’ coffins transported by army. https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/italys-northern-cemeteries-full-coronavirus-victims-coffins-transported-by-army--c-754008. Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2018). Mezarlık hizmetleri. https://www.bursa.bel.tr/ mezarlik-hizmetleri/ sayfa/ 269. Caplan-Bricker, N. (2019). Boston’s other housing crisis: the cemeteries. Boston Magazine. Cohen, D. (2019). Britain’s burial crisis–and how to solve it. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content /88bdc01c-29a0-11e9-a5ab-ff8ef2b976c7. Dambudzo, J. (2012). The state of cemeteries in south African cities, http://www.lgknowledgehub.org.za/Central%20Document%20Library/State%20of%20Cemeteries%20Report%20-%20March-2013.pdf. Estrin, D. (2016). Berlin's graveyards are being converted for use by the living, Public Radio International (PRI). (18.02.2020), https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-08-08/berlins-graveyards-are-being-converted-use-living. eVolo (2018). Vertical cemetery. (07.02.2020).http://www.evolo.us/ vertical-cemetery/. Foreground (2020). Rethinking the landscape of death. (17.02.2020), https://www.foreground.com.au/environment/urban-burial-cemetery-landscapes. Glazer, A. (2016). Reviving burial in tunnels. Procedia Engineering, 165, 740-746. (10.02.2020), https://www. researchgate.net/publication/311941133_Reviving_Burial_in_Tunnels. Guardian (2015). Death in the city: what happens when all our cemeteries are full. (07.02.2020) .https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/21/death-in-the-city-what-happens-cemeteries-full-cost-dying. Güler, Ç. ve Çobanoğlu, Z. (1996). Mezarlıklar tesisi, ölü defin ve nakil işleri. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü yayını. Hariyono, W. P. (2015). Vertical cemetery. Procedia Engineering,118, 201-214. (11.03.2020), https://www. researchgate.net/publication/283172554_Vertical_Cemetery. İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2020). Cenaze işlemleri. (20.04.2020). https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/ CenazeIslemleri/ 25/87. Kong, L. (2012). No place, new places: death and its rituals in urban Asia. Urban Studies, 49(2), 415–433, (02.07.2020), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0042098011 402231. Lehrer, J. D. (1974). Cemetery land use and the urban planner, Urban Law Annual, 7, 181-197. (17.02.2020), https://openscholarshipwustl.edu/law_urbanlaw/vol7/iss1/8. Maitland City Council (2013). Cemetery strategy. (12.03.2020), https://www.maitland.nsw.gov.au/document/ cemetery-strategy. McManus, J. (2015). The world is running out of burial space, (10.02.2020), https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-31837964. Meier, A. C. (2019). When cemeteries became natural sanctuaries. JSTOR Daily. (11.04.2019). Mezarlık yerlerinin inşaası ile cenaze nakil ve defin işlemleri hakkında yönetmelik. (2010). Resmî Gazete Tarihi: 19.01.2010 Resmî Gazete Sayısı: 27467. Milliyet (2020). İstanbul’da 20 yıl sonra mezar yeri yok. (20.01.2020), https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/ istanbulda-20-yil-sonra-mezar-yeri-yok-6126146. Mumford, L. (2007). Tarih boyunca kent (çev. Gürol Koca, Tamer Tosun). İstanbul: Ayrıntı yayınları. Mytum, H. (1989). Public health and private sentiment: the development of cemetery architecture and funerary monuments from the eighteenth century onwards. World Archaeology, 21(2), 283-297.(17.04.2020), https://www.jstor.org /stablepdf/124914.pdf. NSW Government (2017). Metropolitan Sydney cemetery capacity report, (05.03.2020), https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au /data/assets/pdf_file/0014/143402/CCNSW-Metropolitan-Sydney-Cemetery-Capacity-Report.pdf. Peled, S. (2020). Paris cemetery nearing full capacity due to coronavirus: 'there are more deaths than we can bury. (07.04.2020), https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/. premium-paris-cemetery-nearing-capacity-as-coronavirus-deaths-mount-1.8747479. Perera, C. ve Briggs, C. (2008). Guidelines for the effective conduct of mass burials following mass disasters: post-asian tsunemi disaster experience in retrospect. Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology, 4, 1-8. Quamruzzaman, A. (2009). Graveyards and urbanization the case of Dhaka city, SSRN Electronic Journal,1-24. Ryan, K. ve Steinmetz, C. (2017). Housing the dead: what happens when a city runs out of space?, (10.02.2020), https://theconversation.com/housing-the-dead-what-happens-when-a-city-runs-out-of-space-70121. SALGA-South African Local Government Association. (2016). Good practices in cemeteries management. (27.02.2020), www.salga.org.za>documents>publications. Scalenghe, R. ve Pantani, O. L. (2019). Connecting existing cemeteries saving good soils (for livings), sustainability 2020, 12(93), (18.02.2020), https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/ 12/1/93/htm. Scharf, I. (2017). Jerusalem cemetery goes deep underground with tunnel burials, The Times Of Israel. (02.03.2020), https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalem-cemetery-goes-deep-underground-with-tunnel-burials/. Song, S. (2017). Architecture of afterlife: future cemetery in metropolis (Degree of Doctor). University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. The Nation (2013). An excursion into two worlds of the dead- special report, (10.02.2020), https://thenationonlineng.net/like-the-living-the-dead-also-have-two-worlds/. Thedore, T. (2019). Vancouver cemetery looks to add more bodies to one grave in sustainability move,(02.03.2020), https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/vancouver-cemetery- looks-to-add-more-bodies-to-one-grave-in-sustainability-move-1.4657594. Town of Colma (2020). Cemeteries, (17.02.2020), https://www.colma.ca.gov/ departments/ cemeteries/. TÜİK (2018). Ölüm istatistikleri. (21.04.2020), http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id = 1060. Türkiye Belediyeler Birliği (2017). İnanç ve kültür ekseninde mezarlıklar. Türkiye Belediyeler Birliği Dergisi, 825-826, 18-29. Umumi Hıfzıssıhha Kanunu (1930). (02.03.2020), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/ 1.3.1593.pdf Uzielli, J ve O’Brien, L. (2016). What happens when cemetery space runs out?. The Current CBC Radio, (26.03.2020), https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-december-12-2016-1.3889638/what-happens-when-cemetery-space-runs-out-1.3889836. Van Steen, P. J. M ve Pellenbarg, P. H. (2006). Death and space ın the Netherlands. Royal Dutch Geographical Society Knag, (16.04.2020), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/ 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00369.x. Yiming, G. (2016). Soaring cemetery prices: too expensive to die, (11.03.2020), http://www.china.org.cn/china/2016-04/06/content_38184972.htm.