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EU Energy Policies and Turkic States in the Shadow of Russia-Ukraine War

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: Özel, 43 - 66, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1363881

Abstract

Despite some differences of opinion in the fight against the political and economic crisis caused by the Russia-Ukraine War, the European Union (EU) is trying to carry out the process within the framework of cooperation. In this period when geopolitical concerns have risen again, the perceived threat to border security and the crisis caused by dependence on Russia for energy have made it necessary for the EU to determine short, medium and long-term strategies. The Union, which has committed to achieving climate neutrality by 2050 by fulfilling its commitments under the Paris Agreement with the European Green Deal adopted in 2019, has updated its energy policies with the start of the Russia-Ukraine War. The updated new policies include many topics, from energy saving to a gradual transition to green energy, from taking measures to ensure price control to making new agreements with alternative exporters. Turkic States are among the prominent actors in ensuring EU energy security during the crisis period. This study focuses on the energy crisis that emerged from the Russia-Ukraine war and the role of the Turkic States in the measures taken by the EU to combat the crisis.

References

  • Abatay, B. (2023, 21 Nisan). Karadeniz gazı Türkiye’nin enerjide dışa bağımlılığına ne kadar çözüm olabilir?. BBC Tükçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce-/articles/cnl92vnqwpzo
  • Aslanlı, K. (2022). İran-Azerbaycan geriliminde Kazakistan formülü. https://iramcenter.org/iran-azerbaycan-geriliminde-kazakistan-formulu-841
  • Assenova, M., Cohen A., & Hill, W. A. (2023). Kazakhstan could lead Central Asia in mitigating the world’s energy and food shortages. Central Asıan Government Polıcıes on Energy and Food Exports. Atlantic Council.
  • Bozkurt, E. (2023, 11 Ocak). BTC'den 2006'dan bu yana akan petrol 4 milyar varili aştı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/btcden-2006dan-bu-yana-akan-petrol-4-milyar-varili-asti/2784754.
  • BP (2021). Statistical review of world energy 2021 70th edition. https://www.bp.com-/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/-bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf.
  • Busıness Türkmenıstan (2023, 25 Temmuz). Türkmenistan, Trans-Hazar doğalgaz boru hattı projesine olan bağlılığını teyit etti. https://business.com.tm/tr/post/-10543/-turkmenistan-podtverdil-priverzhennost-proektu-transkaspiiskogo-gazoprovoda Council of the EU (2022, December 19). Council agrees on temporary mechanism to limit excessive gas prices. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en-/press/press-releases/2022/-12/19/council-agrees-on-temporary-mechanism-to-limit-excessive-gas-prices/.
  • Council of the European Union (2023, March 29). Legıslatıve acts and other instruments. 2023/0087(NLE), Brussels, 29 March 2023 (OR. en) 7617/23.
  • Demir, A. (1993). Enerji ve çevre ilişkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 48(1), 35-46.
  • Donald, V. K. & Manuel, F. (2014). Globalization and energy: An anthropological perspective. Journal of Globalization Studies, 5(2), 19-38.
  • EIA (2022, November 16). Frequently asked questions on energy security. https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security
  • Ener, M. ve Ahmedov, O. (2007). Türkiye-Azerbaycan petrol-doğalgaz boru hattı projelerinin ülke ekonomileri ve Avrupa Birliği açısından önemi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 117-136. http://acikerisim.comu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500-.12428/968.
  • Energy Institute (2023). Statistical Review of World Energy, 72nd edition. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review.
  • Erkul Kaya, Nuran (2022). EU gas buyers on horns of dilemma as Russia insists payments in rubles. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/eu-gas-buyers-on-horns-of-dilemma-as-russia-insists-payments-in-rubles/2577516.
  • EU (2022). Informal meeting of the heads of state or government Versailles declaration 10 and 11 March 2022. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/54773/-20220311versailles-declaration-en.pdf
  • European Commıssıon (2021). Fit for 55': delivering the EU's 2030 climate target on the way to climate neutrality. Brussels, 14.7.2021 COM(2021) 550 final.
  • European Commission (2015). Energy Unıon package. Brussels, COM(2015) 80 final.
  • European Commission (2022). REPowerEU Plan. Brussels, 18.5.2022 COM(2022) 230 final.
  • European Council (2022). Special meeting of the European Council. Brussels, 31 May 2022 (OR. en) EUCO 21/22 CO EUR 19 CONCL 4.
  • European Council (2023). Energy prices and security of supply. https://www.consilium.europa.-eu/en/policies/energy-prices-and-security-of-supply/
  • European Council (t.y.). EU restrictive measures against Russia over Ukraine (since 2014). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/
  • European Parliament (2023, Feb 21). EU energy security and the war in Ukraine: from sprint to marathon. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI-(2023)739362.
  • Eurostat (2023, April 19). EU gas consumption decreased by 17.7%. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat-/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230419-1
  • Eurostat (2023, June 19). Mar '23: EU slashes Russian oil; emergency stocks up. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230619-3
  • Eurostat (2023, March 3). EU trade with Russia continues to decline. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230303-1
  • France24 (2022). France to restart all nuclear reactors by winter amid energy crunch. https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220902-france-to-restart-all-nuclear-reactors-by-winter-amid-energy-crunch.
  • Garcıa, M. H. (2015). Turkish stream as an alternative for gas transit through Ukraine (Çev. Satomi Ortega). http://www.ieee.es/en
  • Guzman, L.P.& Majkut, J. (2023, January 17). U.S. LNG remapping energy security. https://features.csis.org/us-lng-remapping-energy-security/.
  • Henderson, J. & Chyong, K. (2023). Russian gas pipeline exports to Europe matter anymore. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University, New York.
  • Henderson, J. & Chyong, K. (2023a). Do future Russian gas pipeline exports to Europe matter anymore?. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Energy Insight, 131, 1-28.
  • Hudson, M. C. (2001). The october war: A retrospective by Richard B. Parker. Middle East Journal, 55 (4), 697-699.
  • IEA (2019). Energy security. https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/ensuring-energy-security.
  • Karabulut, B. (2016). Enerji güvenliğine küresel ölçekte bir bakış. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 31-54.
  • Kardaś, S. (2023). Keepıng the lıghts on: The EU’s energy relatıonshıps sınce Russıa’s invasıon of Ukraıne. https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Keeping-the-lights-on-The-EUs-energy-relationships-since-Russias-invasion-of-Ukraine-01.pdf.
  • Kazakistan.kz (2023, 20 Haziran). Kazakistan, Almanya’ya petrol ihracatını 5 kat artıracak. https://www.kazakistan.kz/kazakistan-almanyaya-petrol-ihracatini-5-kat-artiracak/
  • Mitchell, T. (2009). Carbon democracy. Economy and Society, 38(3), 399-432.
  • Official Journal of the European Union (2022). Councıl Regulatıon (EU). 2022/1854 of 6 October 2022 on an emergency intervention to address high energy prices.
  • Overland, I. (2016). Energy: The missing link in globalization. Energy Research & Social Science, 14, 122–130. Özsoy, B., Sipahi, E. B. ve Sayın, Y. (2022). Orta Asya’da enerji politikaları ve küresel rekabet bağlamında Türkiye’nin rolü üzerine bir değerlendirme. Gazi Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 15(30), 303-328.
  • Pannier, B. (2022, September 13). Europe’s wait for Turkmen natural gas continues. https://www.fpri.org/article/2022/09/europes-wait-for-turkmen-natural-gas-continues/
  • Pavy, J. (2023). Is the energy crisis behind us?. https://www.euronews.com/-2023/06/04/is-the-energy-crisis-behind-us.
  • Podobnik, B. (2006). Global energy shifts: Fostering sustainability in a turbulent age. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Romano, V. (2022). EU signs ‘strategic partnership’ with Kazakhstan on green hydrogen, raw materials. https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/eu-signs-strategic-partnership-with-kazakhstan-on-green-hydrogen-raw-materials/.
  • The European Council on Foreign Relations (2023). Deals database. https://ecfr.eu/special/energy-deals-tracker/.
  • Vladislav, S. & Ouyang, C.S. (2013). Analysis of post-soviet Central Asia’s oil & gas pipeline issues. Journal of Eurasian Affairs. https://www.geopolitica.-ru/en/article/analysis-post-soviet-central-asias-oil-gas-pipeline-issues.
  • Yergin, D. (2006). Ensuring energy security. Foregin Affairs, 85(2), 69-75.

Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Gölgesinde AB Enerji Politikaları ve Türk Devletleri

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: Özel, 43 - 66, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1363881

Abstract

Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının ortaya çıkardığı siyasi ve ekonomik kriz ile mücadelede kimi görüş ayrılıklarına karşın Avrupa Birliği (AB), içinde bulunduğu süreci iş birliği çerçevesinde yürütmeye çalışmaktadır. Jeopolitik kaygıların yeniden yükseldiği bu dönemde sınır güvenliğine yönelik algılanan tehdit ve enerjide Rusya’ya olan bağımlılığın neden olduğu kriz AB’nin kısa, orta ve uzun vadeli stratejiler belirlemesini gerekli kılmıştır. 2019 yılında kabul ettiği Avrupa Yeşil Anlaşması ile Paris Anlaşması kapsamındaki taahhütleri yerine getirerek 2050 yılına kadar iklim nötrlüğünü sağlamayı taahhüt eden Birlik, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın başlaması ile enerji politikalarını güncellemiştir. Güncellenen yeni politikalar içerisinde enerji tasarrufundan kademeli bir şekilde yeşil enerjiye geçiş, fiyat kontrolünün sağlayacak önlemlerin alınmasından alternatif ihracatçılar ile yeni anlaşmaların yapılmasına kadar birçok başlık yer almaktadır. Kriz döneminde AB enerji güvenliğinin sağlanmasında öne çıkan aktörler arasında Türk Devletleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Rusya-Ukrayna savaşından hareketle ortaya çıkan enerji krizine ve AB’nin krizle mücadele için almış olduğu önlemlerde Türk Devletleri’nin rolüne odaklanmaktadır.

References

  • Abatay, B. (2023, 21 Nisan). Karadeniz gazı Türkiye’nin enerjide dışa bağımlılığına ne kadar çözüm olabilir?. BBC Tükçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce-/articles/cnl92vnqwpzo
  • Aslanlı, K. (2022). İran-Azerbaycan geriliminde Kazakistan formülü. https://iramcenter.org/iran-azerbaycan-geriliminde-kazakistan-formulu-841
  • Assenova, M., Cohen A., & Hill, W. A. (2023). Kazakhstan could lead Central Asia in mitigating the world’s energy and food shortages. Central Asıan Government Polıcıes on Energy and Food Exports. Atlantic Council.
  • Bozkurt, E. (2023, 11 Ocak). BTC'den 2006'dan bu yana akan petrol 4 milyar varili aştı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/btcden-2006dan-bu-yana-akan-petrol-4-milyar-varili-asti/2784754.
  • BP (2021). Statistical review of world energy 2021 70th edition. https://www.bp.com-/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/-bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf.
  • Busıness Türkmenıstan (2023, 25 Temmuz). Türkmenistan, Trans-Hazar doğalgaz boru hattı projesine olan bağlılığını teyit etti. https://business.com.tm/tr/post/-10543/-turkmenistan-podtverdil-priverzhennost-proektu-transkaspiiskogo-gazoprovoda Council of the EU (2022, December 19). Council agrees on temporary mechanism to limit excessive gas prices. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en-/press/press-releases/2022/-12/19/council-agrees-on-temporary-mechanism-to-limit-excessive-gas-prices/.
  • Council of the European Union (2023, March 29). Legıslatıve acts and other instruments. 2023/0087(NLE), Brussels, 29 March 2023 (OR. en) 7617/23.
  • Demir, A. (1993). Enerji ve çevre ilişkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 48(1), 35-46.
  • Donald, V. K. & Manuel, F. (2014). Globalization and energy: An anthropological perspective. Journal of Globalization Studies, 5(2), 19-38.
  • EIA (2022, November 16). Frequently asked questions on energy security. https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security
  • Ener, M. ve Ahmedov, O. (2007). Türkiye-Azerbaycan petrol-doğalgaz boru hattı projelerinin ülke ekonomileri ve Avrupa Birliği açısından önemi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 117-136. http://acikerisim.comu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500-.12428/968.
  • Energy Institute (2023). Statistical Review of World Energy, 72nd edition. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review.
  • Erkul Kaya, Nuran (2022). EU gas buyers on horns of dilemma as Russia insists payments in rubles. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/eu-gas-buyers-on-horns-of-dilemma-as-russia-insists-payments-in-rubles/2577516.
  • EU (2022). Informal meeting of the heads of state or government Versailles declaration 10 and 11 March 2022. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/54773/-20220311versailles-declaration-en.pdf
  • European Commıssıon (2021). Fit for 55': delivering the EU's 2030 climate target on the way to climate neutrality. Brussels, 14.7.2021 COM(2021) 550 final.
  • European Commission (2015). Energy Unıon package. Brussels, COM(2015) 80 final.
  • European Commission (2022). REPowerEU Plan. Brussels, 18.5.2022 COM(2022) 230 final.
  • European Council (2022). Special meeting of the European Council. Brussels, 31 May 2022 (OR. en) EUCO 21/22 CO EUR 19 CONCL 4.
  • European Council (2023). Energy prices and security of supply. https://www.consilium.europa.-eu/en/policies/energy-prices-and-security-of-supply/
  • European Council (t.y.). EU restrictive measures against Russia over Ukraine (since 2014). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/
  • European Parliament (2023, Feb 21). EU energy security and the war in Ukraine: from sprint to marathon. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI-(2023)739362.
  • Eurostat (2023, April 19). EU gas consumption decreased by 17.7%. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat-/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230419-1
  • Eurostat (2023, June 19). Mar '23: EU slashes Russian oil; emergency stocks up. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230619-3
  • Eurostat (2023, March 3). EU trade with Russia continues to decline. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230303-1
  • France24 (2022). France to restart all nuclear reactors by winter amid energy crunch. https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220902-france-to-restart-all-nuclear-reactors-by-winter-amid-energy-crunch.
  • Garcıa, M. H. (2015). Turkish stream as an alternative for gas transit through Ukraine (Çev. Satomi Ortega). http://www.ieee.es/en
  • Guzman, L.P.& Majkut, J. (2023, January 17). U.S. LNG remapping energy security. https://features.csis.org/us-lng-remapping-energy-security/.
  • Henderson, J. & Chyong, K. (2023). Russian gas pipeline exports to Europe matter anymore. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University, New York.
  • Henderson, J. & Chyong, K. (2023a). Do future Russian gas pipeline exports to Europe matter anymore?. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Energy Insight, 131, 1-28.
  • Hudson, M. C. (2001). The october war: A retrospective by Richard B. Parker. Middle East Journal, 55 (4), 697-699.
  • IEA (2019). Energy security. https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/ensuring-energy-security.
  • Karabulut, B. (2016). Enerji güvenliğine küresel ölçekte bir bakış. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 31-54.
  • Kardaś, S. (2023). Keepıng the lıghts on: The EU’s energy relatıonshıps sınce Russıa’s invasıon of Ukraıne. https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Keeping-the-lights-on-The-EUs-energy-relationships-since-Russias-invasion-of-Ukraine-01.pdf.
  • Kazakistan.kz (2023, 20 Haziran). Kazakistan, Almanya’ya petrol ihracatını 5 kat artıracak. https://www.kazakistan.kz/kazakistan-almanyaya-petrol-ihracatini-5-kat-artiracak/
  • Mitchell, T. (2009). Carbon democracy. Economy and Society, 38(3), 399-432.
  • Official Journal of the European Union (2022). Councıl Regulatıon (EU). 2022/1854 of 6 October 2022 on an emergency intervention to address high energy prices.
  • Overland, I. (2016). Energy: The missing link in globalization. Energy Research & Social Science, 14, 122–130. Özsoy, B., Sipahi, E. B. ve Sayın, Y. (2022). Orta Asya’da enerji politikaları ve küresel rekabet bağlamında Türkiye’nin rolü üzerine bir değerlendirme. Gazi Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 15(30), 303-328.
  • Pannier, B. (2022, September 13). Europe’s wait for Turkmen natural gas continues. https://www.fpri.org/article/2022/09/europes-wait-for-turkmen-natural-gas-continues/
  • Pavy, J. (2023). Is the energy crisis behind us?. https://www.euronews.com/-2023/06/04/is-the-energy-crisis-behind-us.
  • Podobnik, B. (2006). Global energy shifts: Fostering sustainability in a turbulent age. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Romano, V. (2022). EU signs ‘strategic partnership’ with Kazakhstan on green hydrogen, raw materials. https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/eu-signs-strategic-partnership-with-kazakhstan-on-green-hydrogen-raw-materials/.
  • The European Council on Foreign Relations (2023). Deals database. https://ecfr.eu/special/energy-deals-tracker/.
  • Vladislav, S. & Ouyang, C.S. (2013). Analysis of post-soviet Central Asia’s oil & gas pipeline issues. Journal of Eurasian Affairs. https://www.geopolitica.-ru/en/article/analysis-post-soviet-central-asias-oil-gas-pipeline-issues.
  • Yergin, D. (2006). Ensuring energy security. Foregin Affairs, 85(2), 69-75.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Bahar Özsoy 0000-0002-6667-6789

Early Pub Date October 30, 2023
Publication Date October 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: Özel

Cite

APA Özsoy, B. (2023). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Gölgesinde AB Enerji Politikaları ve Türk Devletleri. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(Özel), 43-66. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1363881