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A PARTIAL LEAST SQUARE MODELLING FOR ANALYSIS THE IMPACT OF WELFARE TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP CLIMATE IN OECD COUNTRIES

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 625 - 654, 30.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.743075

Abstract

Socio-economic issues in countries all over the world affect the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The impact of socio-economic issues and developments on individuals' lives conceptualizes welfare. In this sense, the relationship between the welfare of the countries and the entrepreneurial climate is the object of interest. This study aims to investigate the impact of socio-economic welfare on entrepreneurial climate in OECD countries with the PLS-SEM method by using OECD's Better Life Index and Worldbank Ease of Doing Business Index for 2020. This study contributes to previous literature by reversing the analysis of the relationships between entrepreneurship and well-being. The model established with the assumption that all sub-indicators of the better life index positively impact the ease of doing business, only correlated with income, employment, and education indicators. However, there is only a positive and significant relationship between the education variable and ease of doing business at p <,001 level among these correlations. According to results, the duration in education, education level of the working-age population, and the increase in the PISA averages of the countries increase the ease of doing business in terms of entrepreneurship climate

Thanks

I'd like to thank Dr. Harun YILDIZ for his fruitful training, endless support and friendship.

References

  • Abreu, M., Oner, O., Brouwer, A., & van Leeuwen, E. (2019). Well-being effects of self-employment: A spatial inquiry, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 34(4), pages 589-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.11.00
  • Ahl, H., & Tillmar, M. (2015). Swedish welfare state retrenchment and the call for women's entrepreneurship to fill the void. In 4th European Conference on Politics and Gender. pp. 11-13.
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2015). Is happiness conducive to entrepreneurship? Exploring subjective well-being–entrepreneurship relationship across major European cities. Henley Centre for Entrepreneurship.
  • Bagozzi, R.P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
  • Barclay, D. W., Higgins, C. A., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as illustration. Technology Studies 2: 285-309.
  • Begley, T. M., Wee-Liang, T., & Schoch, H. (2005). Politico-economic factors associated with interest in starting a business: A multi-country study. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 29(1), 35–55.
  • Başol, O. (2018). OECD Ülkelerinde Yaşam Tatmini Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. "İş, Güç" Endüstrı İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 20(3), 67-86.
  • Carree, M., van Stel, A., Thurik, R., & Wennekers, S. (2002). Economic Development and Business Ownership: An Analysis Using Data of 23 OECD Countries in the Period 1976–1996. Small Business Economics 19, 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019604426387
  • Castaño, M. S., Méndez, M. T., & Galindo, M. Á. (2015). The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1496-1500.
  • Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. Pp. 295-336 in Macoulides, G. A., ed. Modern methods for business research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. Pp. 307-341 in R. H. Hoyle, ed. Statistical strategies for small sample research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Decancq, K. (2017). Measuring Multidimensional Inequality in the OECD Member Countries with a Distribution-Sensitive Better Life Index. Social Indicators Research, 131, 1057-1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1289-2
  • Dülgeroğlu, İ., & Başol, O. (2017). İş Stresi ve Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi Algısının Yansımaları: Satış Temsilcileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(2), 293-304
  • Erdoğan, E., & Genç, K. G. (2019). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Geçici/Gündelik Çalışma. Pp. 55-91 in Metin, O., ed. Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Seçme Yazılar-III. Sakarya Yayınevi, Sakarya.
  • Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Gilbert, N., & Terrell, P. (2012). Dimensions of social welfare policy. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.
  • Grafland, J. (2019). When Does Economic Freedom Promote Well Being? On the Moderating Role of Long‑Term Orientation. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02230-9
  • Gürbüz, A. K. (20109). Analitik Yaklaşımın Teori Üretme Kapasitesi: Girişimcilik Ve Refah Teorisi Örneği, C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), pp. 113-125
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SE). Sage Publications, TO: U.SA.
  • Henrekson, M. & Roine, J. (2007). Promoting Entrepreneurship in the Welfare State, in: Audretsch, D. B., Grilo, I., & A. Roy Thurik (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy, Pp. 64-93, Edward Elgar Publishing, MA: U.S.A.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing (AIM), 20, 277-320
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion For Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modelling, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), pp. 115-135.
  • Islam, S.M.N., Clarke, M. (2002). The Relationship between Economic Development and Social Welfare: A New Adjusted GDP Measure of Welfare. Social Indicators Research, 57, 201–229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014481414637
  • Iyigun, M. F., & Owen, A. L. (1998). Risk, Entrepreneurship, and Human Capital Accumulation, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 88, 454–457
  • Kasparian, J. & Rolland, A. (2012). OECD's 'Better Life Index': can any country be well ranked?, Journal of Applied Statistics, 39:10, 2223-2230, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2012.706265 Kwong, K., & Wong, K. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(Technical Note 1), 1-32.
  • Leal-Rodríguez, A. L., & Sanchís-Pedregosa, C. (2019). Could the Ease of Doing Business Index be considered a predictor of countries' socio-economic wealth? An empirical analysis using PLS-SEM, Journal of International Studies. 12(4), 229-243. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-4/15 Mizobuchi, H. (2013). Measuring World Better Life Frontier: A Composite Indicator for OECD Better Life Index. Social Indicators Research, 118, 987–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0457-x Mizobuchi, H. (2016). Incorporating Sustainability Concerns in the Better Life Index: Application of Corrected Convex Non-parametric Least Squares Method. Social Indicators Research, 131, 947–971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1282-9 Mizobuchi, H. (2017). Measuring Socio-economic Factors and Sensitivity of Happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 463–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9733-1
  • Naudé, W., Amorós, J. & Oscar Cristi, (2014). "Surfeiting, the appetite may sicken": entrepreneurship and happiness, Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(3), 523-540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9492-x
  • Neergaard, H., & Thrane, C. (2011). The Nordic Welfare Model: barrier or facilitator of women's entrepreneurship in Denmark?, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 88-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261111140189 Nikolaev, B. (2014), Economic Freedom and Quality of Life: Evidence from the OECD's Your Better Life Index, Journal of Private Enterprise, 29, Issue Fall 2014, 61-96
  • OECD (2011). How's Life: Measuring well-being, OECD Publishing. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264121164-en OECD (2020). "Better Life Index", OECD Social and Welfare Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00823-en (accessed on 25 April 2020).
  • Özdemir, M. Ç. (2017). Bütüncül Sosyal Politika Modeli. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol:117, Issue:230, pp 27-44.
  • Pennings, J. M. (1982). The urban quality of life and entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 25(1), 63-79.
  • Retsikas, K. (2017) The gift of future time, South East Asia Research, 25:3, 284-300, https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967828X17719761 Ribes-Giner, G., Moya-Clemente, I., Cervelló-Royo, R., & Perello-Marin, M. R. (2019). Well-being indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries. Quality & Quantity, 53, 915–.933 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0796-4 Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Editor's Comments: A Critical Look at the Use of PLS-SEM. MIS Quarterly. iii-xiv.
  • Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com Schubert, C. (2015). What Do We Mean When We Say That Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Policy) Increase "Welfare"?, Journal of Economic Issues, 49:1, 1-22, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2015.1013859
  • Spicker, P. (2015). Social Policy Themes and Approaches 3rd ed, Bristol: The Policy Press, UK
  • Stanton, E. A. (2007). The Human Development Index: A History, Working Papers wp127, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. U.S.A.
  • Şahinoğlu, T. K., & Yakut, G. S. (2019). Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Özgürlüklerin Ekonomik Performansa Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (30) , 1-20.
  • Tamvada, J. P. (2010). Entrepreneurship and welfare. Small Business Economics, 34(1), 65-79.
  • Vial, V., Hanoteau, J., & Prévot, F. (2011). Does Entrepreneurship Improve Economic Well-Being?. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 31(4). 1-5
  • Wiklund, J, Nikolaev, B., Shir, N., Foo, M., & Bradley, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future, Journal of Business Venturing, 34/4,579-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.01.002
  • World Bank (2020). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. The World Bank, Washington DC, U.S.A. https://doi.org/ 10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2

OECD ÜLKELERİNDE REFAHIN GİRİŞİMCİLİĞE ETKİSİNİN EN KÜÇÜK KISMİ KARELER YÖNTEMİ MODELLEMESİ İLE ANALİZİ

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 625 - 654, 30.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.743075

Abstract

Tüm dünyada ülkelerin sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri onların girişimcilik iklimlerini etkilemektedir. Sosyo-ekonomik sorun ve gelişmelerin bireylerin üzerindeki etkisi ise refahı kavramsallaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle ülkelerin refah düzeyleri ile girişimcilik arasındaki ilişki araştırma konusudur. Bu çalışma, OECD ülkelerinde sosyo-ekonomik yönleriyle refahın girişimcilik iklimi üzerindeki etkisini 2020 yılı OECD Daha İyi Yaşam Endeksi ve Dünya Bankası İş Yapma Kolaylığı Endeksi verileri ve Kısmı En Küçük Kareler- Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli yöntemi ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma önceki literatüre girişimcilik ve refaha olan etkisinin tersi boyutunu incelemek suretiyle literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır. Daha İyi Yaşam Endeksinin tüm alt başlıkları ile girişimcilik iklimini etkilemesi üzerine kurulan modelde yalnızca, gelir, eğitim ve istihdam başlıkları ile İş yapma Kolaylığı Endeksi arasında korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Fakat bu korelasyonda, p <,001 düzeyinde yalnızca eğitim değişkeni ile pozitif ve anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre eğitimde geçen süre, çalışma çağındaki nüfusun eğitim seviyesi ve ülkelerin PISA ortalamalarının yükselmesi, iş yapma kolaylığı açısından girişimciliği iklimini olumlu etkilemektedir.

References

  • Abreu, M., Oner, O., Brouwer, A., & van Leeuwen, E. (2019). Well-being effects of self-employment: A spatial inquiry, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 34(4), pages 589-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.11.00
  • Ahl, H., & Tillmar, M. (2015). Swedish welfare state retrenchment and the call for women's entrepreneurship to fill the void. In 4th European Conference on Politics and Gender. pp. 11-13.
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2015). Is happiness conducive to entrepreneurship? Exploring subjective well-being–entrepreneurship relationship across major European cities. Henley Centre for Entrepreneurship.
  • Bagozzi, R.P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
  • Barclay, D. W., Higgins, C. A., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as illustration. Technology Studies 2: 285-309.
  • Begley, T. M., Wee-Liang, T., & Schoch, H. (2005). Politico-economic factors associated with interest in starting a business: A multi-country study. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 29(1), 35–55.
  • Başol, O. (2018). OECD Ülkelerinde Yaşam Tatmini Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. "İş, Güç" Endüstrı İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 20(3), 67-86.
  • Carree, M., van Stel, A., Thurik, R., & Wennekers, S. (2002). Economic Development and Business Ownership: An Analysis Using Data of 23 OECD Countries in the Period 1976–1996. Small Business Economics 19, 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019604426387
  • Castaño, M. S., Méndez, M. T., & Galindo, M. Á. (2015). The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1496-1500.
  • Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. Pp. 295-336 in Macoulides, G. A., ed. Modern methods for business research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. Pp. 307-341 in R. H. Hoyle, ed. Statistical strategies for small sample research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Decancq, K. (2017). Measuring Multidimensional Inequality in the OECD Member Countries with a Distribution-Sensitive Better Life Index. Social Indicators Research, 131, 1057-1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1289-2
  • Dülgeroğlu, İ., & Başol, O. (2017). İş Stresi ve Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi Algısının Yansımaları: Satış Temsilcileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(2), 293-304
  • Erdoğan, E., & Genç, K. G. (2019). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Geçici/Gündelik Çalışma. Pp. 55-91 in Metin, O., ed. Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Seçme Yazılar-III. Sakarya Yayınevi, Sakarya.
  • Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Gilbert, N., & Terrell, P. (2012). Dimensions of social welfare policy. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.
  • Grafland, J. (2019). When Does Economic Freedom Promote Well Being? On the Moderating Role of Long‑Term Orientation. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02230-9
  • Gürbüz, A. K. (20109). Analitik Yaklaşımın Teori Üretme Kapasitesi: Girişimcilik Ve Refah Teorisi Örneği, C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), pp. 113-125
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SE). Sage Publications, TO: U.SA.
  • Henrekson, M. & Roine, J. (2007). Promoting Entrepreneurship in the Welfare State, in: Audretsch, D. B., Grilo, I., & A. Roy Thurik (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy, Pp. 64-93, Edward Elgar Publishing, MA: U.S.A.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing (AIM), 20, 277-320
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion For Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modelling, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), pp. 115-135.
  • Islam, S.M.N., Clarke, M. (2002). The Relationship between Economic Development and Social Welfare: A New Adjusted GDP Measure of Welfare. Social Indicators Research, 57, 201–229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014481414637
  • Iyigun, M. F., & Owen, A. L. (1998). Risk, Entrepreneurship, and Human Capital Accumulation, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 88, 454–457
  • Kasparian, J. & Rolland, A. (2012). OECD's 'Better Life Index': can any country be well ranked?, Journal of Applied Statistics, 39:10, 2223-2230, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2012.706265 Kwong, K., & Wong, K. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(Technical Note 1), 1-32.
  • Leal-Rodríguez, A. L., & Sanchís-Pedregosa, C. (2019). Could the Ease of Doing Business Index be considered a predictor of countries' socio-economic wealth? An empirical analysis using PLS-SEM, Journal of International Studies. 12(4), 229-243. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-4/15 Mizobuchi, H. (2013). Measuring World Better Life Frontier: A Composite Indicator for OECD Better Life Index. Social Indicators Research, 118, 987–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0457-x Mizobuchi, H. (2016). Incorporating Sustainability Concerns in the Better Life Index: Application of Corrected Convex Non-parametric Least Squares Method. Social Indicators Research, 131, 947–971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1282-9 Mizobuchi, H. (2017). Measuring Socio-economic Factors and Sensitivity of Happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 463–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9733-1
  • Naudé, W., Amorós, J. & Oscar Cristi, (2014). "Surfeiting, the appetite may sicken": entrepreneurship and happiness, Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(3), 523-540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9492-x
  • Neergaard, H., & Thrane, C. (2011). The Nordic Welfare Model: barrier or facilitator of women's entrepreneurship in Denmark?, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 88-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261111140189 Nikolaev, B. (2014), Economic Freedom and Quality of Life: Evidence from the OECD's Your Better Life Index, Journal of Private Enterprise, 29, Issue Fall 2014, 61-96
  • OECD (2011). How's Life: Measuring well-being, OECD Publishing. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264121164-en OECD (2020). "Better Life Index", OECD Social and Welfare Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00823-en (accessed on 25 April 2020).
  • Özdemir, M. Ç. (2017). Bütüncül Sosyal Politika Modeli. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol:117, Issue:230, pp 27-44.
  • Pennings, J. M. (1982). The urban quality of life and entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 25(1), 63-79.
  • Retsikas, K. (2017) The gift of future time, South East Asia Research, 25:3, 284-300, https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967828X17719761 Ribes-Giner, G., Moya-Clemente, I., Cervelló-Royo, R., & Perello-Marin, M. R. (2019). Well-being indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries. Quality & Quantity, 53, 915–.933 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0796-4 Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Editor's Comments: A Critical Look at the Use of PLS-SEM. MIS Quarterly. iii-xiv.
  • Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com Schubert, C. (2015). What Do We Mean When We Say That Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Policy) Increase "Welfare"?, Journal of Economic Issues, 49:1, 1-22, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2015.1013859
  • Spicker, P. (2015). Social Policy Themes and Approaches 3rd ed, Bristol: The Policy Press, UK
  • Stanton, E. A. (2007). The Human Development Index: A History, Working Papers wp127, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. U.S.A.
  • Şahinoğlu, T. K., & Yakut, G. S. (2019). Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Özgürlüklerin Ekonomik Performansa Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (30) , 1-20.
  • Tamvada, J. P. (2010). Entrepreneurship and welfare. Small Business Economics, 34(1), 65-79.
  • Vial, V., Hanoteau, J., & Prévot, F. (2011). Does Entrepreneurship Improve Economic Well-Being?. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 31(4). 1-5
  • Wiklund, J, Nikolaev, B., Shir, N., Foo, M., & Bradley, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future, Journal of Business Venturing, 34/4,579-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.01.002
  • World Bank (2020). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. The World Bank, Washington DC, U.S.A. https://doi.org/ 10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Reserch Articles
Authors

Ufuk Bingöl 0000-0003-1834-842X

Publication Date October 30, 2020
Submission Date May 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bingöl, U. (2020). A PARTIAL LEAST SQUARE MODELLING FOR ANALYSIS THE IMPACT OF WELFARE TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP CLIMATE IN OECD COUNTRIES. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(2), 625-654. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.743075

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