Sporun Toplumsal İşlevi: Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 27 - 36, 31.12.2020

Hüsnü Bilir

Abstract

Spor politik, ekonomik, kurumsal, tarihsel ve kültürel boyutları da olan toplumsal bir olgudur. Bu yönüyle sosyolojiyle yakından bağlantılı olan spor, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında spor sosyolojisinin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte sosyolojik teoriler çerçevesinde ele alınmaya başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda literatürde iki temel sosyolojik teori ön plana çıkmaktadır: işlevselci teori ve çatışma teorisi. En önemli temsilcileri Talcott Parsons ve Robert K. Merton olan işlevselci teori toplumu bir işlevler bütünü olarak tasavvur etmekte ve toplumsal sistemi oluşturan alt sistemlerin her birinin belli bir işlevi yerine getirdiğini savunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda spor da toplumu bir araya getiren bütünleştirici bir olgu olarak ele alınabilir. Karl Marx ve Max Weber gibi isimleri çalışmalarına dayanan çatışma teorisi ise, toplumu sınıflar arasındaki çatışma temelinde ele almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, sporun toplumdaki mevcut eşitsizlikleri ve güç ilişkilerini yansıttığı ve bu durumu pekiştirdiği söylenebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, işlevselci teorinin ve çatışma teorisinin temel özelliklerini kısaca göstermek ve bu teoriler çerçevesinde sporu ele alarak, sporun toplumsal işlevlerini incelemektir.

Keywords

Spor sosyolojisi, Sporun toplumsal işlevleri, İşlevselci teori, Çatışma teorisi

The Social Role of Sport: A Sociological Approach

Abstract

Sport is a cultural phenomenon which has also economic, social, institutional and historical dimensions. It has a close relationship with sociology in this respect and it started to be examined within the framework of sociological theories with the emergence of sport sociology in the second half of the twentieth century. Two main sociological theories stand out in this context: the functionalist theory and the conflict theory. The functionalist theory whose main proponents are Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton conceives the society as a body of functions, and argues that each sub-system which constitute social system has specific functions. Sport, in this direction, could be addressed as a cohesive phenomenon which keeps the society together. The conflict theory based on the works of Karl Marx and Max Weber discussed society in the basis of class conflicts. In this regard, it’s safe to say that sport reflects the existing inequalities and power relations in any society and strengthens this situation. The aim of this paper is to reveal the key features of the functionalist and conflicts theories, and examine the social functions of sport by discussing sport within the framework of these particular theories.

Keywords

Sport sociology, The social functions of sport, The functionalist theory, The conflict theory

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