Effect of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) on Wound Healing
Year 2015,
Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 578 - 591, 15.09.2015
Ahmet Altan
,
İbrahim Damlar
Mutan Aras
Cansu Alpaslan
Abstract
Since ancient times, plants used for various purposes have an important role in the improvement of human health. People rely on plants for their therapeutic and preventive purposes and their natural origin, and utilize herbal products for this reason. One of these plants is Hypericum perforatum, which has medical importance and is conventionally used. This plant, which is commonly used by people in order to accelerate the healing of burns and wounds, has been proven by studies to have a positive effect on wound healing. The purpose of this review is to present the current literature covering the effect of Hypericumperforatum on wound healing.
References
- Hunt TK. Basic principles of wound healing. J Trauma. 1990;30:122-8.
- Curtis JD, Levsten NR. Internal secretary structure in hypericu, Hypericum perforatum L. and If. balearicum L. New Phytology. 1990;114:571-80.
- Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1967.
- Kaçar O, Azkan N. Bursa’da doğal florada bulunan sarı kantaron (hypericum perforatum l.) populasyonlarında farklı yüksekliklerin hiperisin oranı üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Uludag Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2005;19:77-89.
- Walker L, Sirvent T, Gibson G, Vance N. Regional differences in hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations and five morphological traits among hypericum perforatum plants in the Northwestern United States. Can J Bot. 2001;79:1248-51.
- Güner A, Özhatay N, Ekim T, Baser KHC. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2000.
- Redvers A, Laugharne R, Kanagaratnam G, Srinivasan G. How many patients self-medicate with St John's wort? Psychiatr Bull. 2001;25:254-56.
- Klemow KM, Bartlow A, Crawford J, Kocher N, Shah J, Ritsick M. Medical attributes of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). In Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed (Eds IFF Benzie, S Wachtel-Galor S):211-238 . Boca Raton (FL), CRC Press, 2010.
- Nahrstedt A, Butterweck V. Biologically active and other chemical constituents of the herb of Hypericum perforatum L. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30:129-34.
- Schey KL, Patat S, Chignell CF, Datillo M, Wang RH, Roberts JE. Photooxidation of lens alpha- crystallin by hypericin (active ingredient in St. John's Wort). Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72:200- 3.
- Saddiqe Z, Naeem I, Maimoona A. A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131:511-21.
- Cellarova E, Daxnerova Z, Kimakova K, Haluskova J. The variability of the hypericin content in the regenerants of Hypericum perforatum. Acta Biotechnologica. 1994;14:267-74.
- Brantner A, Kartnig T, Quehenberger F. Vergleichende phytochemische untersuchungen an Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum maculatum Crantz. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 1994;62:261-76.
- Haeberlain H, Tschiersch KP, Stock S, Hoelzl J. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): Part I. Identification of an additional naphthodianthrone. Pharmazeutische Zeitung Wissenschaft. 1992;137:169-74.
- Niesel S, Schilcher H. Vergleich der Freisetzung von Hypericin und Pseudohypericin in Abhangigk.eit verschiedener Extraktionsbedingungen. Archiv der Pharmazie. 1990; 323:755.
- Falk H, Schmitzberger W. On the nature of “soluble” hypericin in Hypericum species. Monatshefte fur Chemie. 1992;123:731-39.
- Takahashi I, Nakanishi S, Kobayashi E, Nakano H, Suzuki K, Tamaoki. T. Hypericin and pseudohypericin specifically inhibit protein kinase C: possible relation to their antiretroviral activity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1989;165:207-12.
- Lavie G, Meruelo D, Aroyo K, Mandel M. Inhibition of the CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity reaction by hypericin: potential for treatment of T cell-mediated diseases. Int Immunol. 2000;12:479-86.
- Vandenbogaerde AL, Kamuhabwa A, Delaey E, Himpens BE, Merlevede WJ, de Witte PA. Photocytotoxic effect of pseudohypericin versus hypericin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998; 45:87- 94.
- Brondz I, Greibrokk T, Groth P, Aasen A. The absolute configuration of hyperforin, an antibiotic from Hypericum perforatum L., based on the crystal structure determination of its parabromobenzoate ester. Acta Chem Scand. 1983;37:263-65.
- Chatterjee SS, Bhattacharya SK, Wonnemann M, Singer A, Muller WE. Hyperforin as a possible antidepressant component of hypericum extracts. Life Sci. 1998;63:499-510.
- Chatterjee SS, Biber A, Weibezahn C. Stimulation of glutamate, aspartate and gamma- aminobutyric acid release from synaptosomes by hyperforin. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;341:11- 9.
- Schempp CM, Kirkin V, Simon-Haarhaus B, Kersten A, Kiss J, Termeer CC et al. Inhibition of tumour cell growth by hyperforin, a novel anticancer drug from St. John's wort that acts by induction of apoptosis. Oncogene. 2002;21:1242-50.
- Verotta L, Appendino G, Bombardelli E, Brun R. In vitro antimalarial activity of hyperforin, a prenylated acylphloroglucinol. A structure-activity study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007;17:1544- 8.
- Yetkin G. Türkiye’de satılan ticari kantaron yağı üzerinde fitoterapötik yönden araştırmalar (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi, 2008.
- Morales MA, Lozoya X. Calcium-antagonist effects of quercetin on aortic smooth muscle. Planta Med. 1994;60:313-17.
- Thiede HM, Walper A. Inhibition of MAO and COMT by Hypericum extracts and hypericin. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7(Suppl1):S54-6.
- Sparenberg BL, Demisch J, Holzl J. Untersuchungen uber die antidepressiven Wirkstoffe von Johanniskraut. Pharm Ztg Wiss. 1993;138:239-54.
- Berghöefer R, Höelzl J. Biflavonoids in Hypericum perforatum: Part 1. Isolation of I3',II8"- biapigenin. Planta Med. 1987;53:216-17.
- Berghöefer R, Höelzl J. Isolation of I3', II8"-biapigenin (amentoflavone) from Hypericum perforatum. Planta Med. 1989;55:91.
- Kurkin VA, Pravdivtseva OE. Flavonoids from the aerial parts of Hypericum perfortum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2007;43:620-1.
- Kim HK, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Kim. HP. Amentoflavone, a plant biflavone: anewpotential anti-inflammatory agent. Arch Pharm Res. 1998;21:406-10.
- Nielsen M, Frokjaer S, Braestrup C. High affinity of the naturally-occurring biflavonoid, amentoflavone, to brain benzodiazepine receptors in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988;37:3285-7.
- Baureithel KH, Buter KB, Engesser A, Burkard W, Schaffner W. Inhibition of benzodiazepine binding in vitro by amentoflavone, a constituent of various species of Hypericum. Pharm Acta Helv. 1997;72:153-7.
- Chatterjee SS, Noldner M, Koch E, Erdelmeier C. Antidepressant activity of hypericum perforatum and hyperforin: the neglected possibility. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1998;31:7-15.
- Scalbert A. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry. 1991;30:3875-83.
- Radusiene J, Judzentiene A, Bernotiene G. Essential oil composition and variability of Hypericum perforatum L. growing in Lithuania. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2005;33:113-24.
- Nielsen H, Arends P. Structure of the xanthone lignoid kielcorin. Phytochemistry. 1978;17:2040- 41.
- Rücker G, Manns D, Hartmann R, Bonsels U. A C50-hydroperoxide from Hypericum perforatum. Archive der Pharmzie. 1995; 328:725-30.
- Wirz A, Simmen U, Heilmann JC, Alis I, Meier B, Sticher O. Bisanthraquinone glycosides of Hypericum perforatum with binding inhibition to CRH-1 receptors. Phytochemistry. 2000;55:941- 7.
- Suntar IP, Akkol EK, Yilmazer D, Baykal T, Kirmizibekmez H, Alper M et al. Investigations on the in vivo wound healing potential of Hypericum perforatum L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127:468-77.
- Ozturk N, Korkmaz S, Ozturk Y. Wound-healing activity of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) on chicken embryonic fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 111:33-9.
- Brondz I, Greibrokk T, Groth PA, Aasen J. The relative stereochemistry of hyperforin - an antibiotic from Hypericum perforatum L. Tetrahedron Letters. 1982;23:1299-300.
- Grauds C. St. John’s Wort for depression. Pharm Times. 1997;63:40.
- Keles O, Seyyal AK, Bakirel T, Alpinar K. Screening of some Turkish plants for antibacterial activity. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2001;25:559-65.
- Tolkunova NN, Cheuva EN, Bidyuk A. Effect of medicinal plant extracts on microorganism development. Pishchevaya Promyshlennost. 2002;8:70-1.
- Bystrov NS, Dobrynin VN, Kolosov MN, Chernov BK, Chervin, II. [Structure of the chromophoric part of hyperforin]. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975;225:1327-8.
- Gurevich AI, Dobrynin VN, Kolosov MN, Popravko SA, Riabova ID. [Antibiotic hyperforin from Hypericum perforatum L]. Antibiotiki. 1971;16:510-3.
- Maisenbacher P, Kovar KA. Adhyperforin: A Homologue of Hyperforin from Hypericum perforatum. Planta Med. 1992;58:291-3.
- Schempp CM, Kiss J, Kirkin V, Averbeck M, Simon-Haarhaus B, Kremer B, et al. Hyperforin acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Planta Med. 2005;71:999-1004.
- Meruelo D, Lavie G, Lavie D. Therapeutic agents with dramatic antiretroviral activity and little toxicity at effective doses: aromatic polycyclic diones hypericin and pseudohypericin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988; 85:5230-4.
- Lavie G, Mazur Y, Lavie D, Meruelo D. The chemical and biological properties of hypericin--a compound with a broad spectrum of biological activities. Med Res Rev. 1995;15:111-9.
- Weber ND, Murray BK, North JA, Wood SG. The antiviral agent hypericin has in vitro activity against HSV-1 through non-specific association with viral and cellular membranes. Antivir Chem Chemother. 1994;5:83-90.
- Muller WE, Singer A, Wonnemann M. Hyperforin--antidepressant activity by a novel mechanism of action. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34:98-102.
- Eckert GP, Muller WE. Effects of hyperforin on the fluidity of brain membranes. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34:22-5.
- Panossian AG, Gabrielian E, Manvelian V, Jurcic K, Wagner H. Immunosuppressive effects of hypericin on stimulated human leukocytes: inhibition of the arachidonic acid release, leukotriene B(4) and Interleukin-Ialpha production, and activation of nitric oxide formation. Phytomedicine. 1996;3:19-28.
- Hölzl J, Demisch L, Gollnik B. Investigation about antidepressive and moodchanging effects of Hypericum perforatum. Planta Med. 1989;55:643.
- Kitanov GM, Blinova KF. Modern state of the chemical study of species of the genus Hypericum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 1987;23:151-66.
- Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi
Sarı Kantaronun (Hypericum Perforatum) Yara İyileşmesi Üzerine Etkisi
Year 2015,
Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 578 - 591, 15.09.2015
Ahmet Altan
,
İbrahim Damlar
Mutan Aras
Cansu Alpaslan
Abstract
Eski çağlardan beri çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılan bitkiler insan sağlığının iyileştirilmesinde de önemli bir yere sahiptir. İnsanlar bitkileri terapötik ve koruyucu amaçlarla doğal kaynaklı olması nedeni ile güvenilir görmekte ve bitkisel ürünleri bu nedenle kullanmaktadır. Tıbbi önem taşıyan ve geleneksel olarak kullanılan bu bitkilerden biri de Hypericum perforatum’dur. Halk arasında yanık ve yaraların iyileşmesini hızlandırmak amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılan bu bitkinin yara iyileşmesi üzerine olumlu etkileri yapılan çalışmalarla kanıtlanmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı Hypericum perforatum’un yara iyileşmesi üzerine etkileriyle ilgili güncel bilgileri sunmaktır
References
- Hunt TK. Basic principles of wound healing. J Trauma. 1990;30:122-8.
- Curtis JD, Levsten NR. Internal secretary structure in hypericu, Hypericum perforatum L. and If. balearicum L. New Phytology. 1990;114:571-80.
- Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1967.
- Kaçar O, Azkan N. Bursa’da doğal florada bulunan sarı kantaron (hypericum perforatum l.) populasyonlarında farklı yüksekliklerin hiperisin oranı üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Uludag Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2005;19:77-89.
- Walker L, Sirvent T, Gibson G, Vance N. Regional differences in hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations and five morphological traits among hypericum perforatum plants in the Northwestern United States. Can J Bot. 2001;79:1248-51.
- Güner A, Özhatay N, Ekim T, Baser KHC. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2000.
- Redvers A, Laugharne R, Kanagaratnam G, Srinivasan G. How many patients self-medicate with St John's wort? Psychiatr Bull. 2001;25:254-56.
- Klemow KM, Bartlow A, Crawford J, Kocher N, Shah J, Ritsick M. Medical attributes of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). In Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed (Eds IFF Benzie, S Wachtel-Galor S):211-238 . Boca Raton (FL), CRC Press, 2010.
- Nahrstedt A, Butterweck V. Biologically active and other chemical constituents of the herb of Hypericum perforatum L. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30:129-34.
- Schey KL, Patat S, Chignell CF, Datillo M, Wang RH, Roberts JE. Photooxidation of lens alpha- crystallin by hypericin (active ingredient in St. John's Wort). Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72:200- 3.
- Saddiqe Z, Naeem I, Maimoona A. A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131:511-21.
- Cellarova E, Daxnerova Z, Kimakova K, Haluskova J. The variability of the hypericin content in the regenerants of Hypericum perforatum. Acta Biotechnologica. 1994;14:267-74.
- Brantner A, Kartnig T, Quehenberger F. Vergleichende phytochemische untersuchungen an Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum maculatum Crantz. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 1994;62:261-76.
- Haeberlain H, Tschiersch KP, Stock S, Hoelzl J. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): Part I. Identification of an additional naphthodianthrone. Pharmazeutische Zeitung Wissenschaft. 1992;137:169-74.
- Niesel S, Schilcher H. Vergleich der Freisetzung von Hypericin und Pseudohypericin in Abhangigk.eit verschiedener Extraktionsbedingungen. Archiv der Pharmazie. 1990; 323:755.
- Falk H, Schmitzberger W. On the nature of “soluble” hypericin in Hypericum species. Monatshefte fur Chemie. 1992;123:731-39.
- Takahashi I, Nakanishi S, Kobayashi E, Nakano H, Suzuki K, Tamaoki. T. Hypericin and pseudohypericin specifically inhibit protein kinase C: possible relation to their antiretroviral activity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1989;165:207-12.
- Lavie G, Meruelo D, Aroyo K, Mandel M. Inhibition of the CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity reaction by hypericin: potential for treatment of T cell-mediated diseases. Int Immunol. 2000;12:479-86.
- Vandenbogaerde AL, Kamuhabwa A, Delaey E, Himpens BE, Merlevede WJ, de Witte PA. Photocytotoxic effect of pseudohypericin versus hypericin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998; 45:87- 94.
- Brondz I, Greibrokk T, Groth P, Aasen A. The absolute configuration of hyperforin, an antibiotic from Hypericum perforatum L., based on the crystal structure determination of its parabromobenzoate ester. Acta Chem Scand. 1983;37:263-65.
- Chatterjee SS, Bhattacharya SK, Wonnemann M, Singer A, Muller WE. Hyperforin as a possible antidepressant component of hypericum extracts. Life Sci. 1998;63:499-510.
- Chatterjee SS, Biber A, Weibezahn C. Stimulation of glutamate, aspartate and gamma- aminobutyric acid release from synaptosomes by hyperforin. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;341:11- 9.
- Schempp CM, Kirkin V, Simon-Haarhaus B, Kersten A, Kiss J, Termeer CC et al. Inhibition of tumour cell growth by hyperforin, a novel anticancer drug from St. John's wort that acts by induction of apoptosis. Oncogene. 2002;21:1242-50.
- Verotta L, Appendino G, Bombardelli E, Brun R. In vitro antimalarial activity of hyperforin, a prenylated acylphloroglucinol. A structure-activity study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007;17:1544- 8.
- Yetkin G. Türkiye’de satılan ticari kantaron yağı üzerinde fitoterapötik yönden araştırmalar (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi, 2008.
- Morales MA, Lozoya X. Calcium-antagonist effects of quercetin on aortic smooth muscle. Planta Med. 1994;60:313-17.
- Thiede HM, Walper A. Inhibition of MAO and COMT by Hypericum extracts and hypericin. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7(Suppl1):S54-6.
- Sparenberg BL, Demisch J, Holzl J. Untersuchungen uber die antidepressiven Wirkstoffe von Johanniskraut. Pharm Ztg Wiss. 1993;138:239-54.
- Berghöefer R, Höelzl J. Biflavonoids in Hypericum perforatum: Part 1. Isolation of I3',II8"- biapigenin. Planta Med. 1987;53:216-17.
- Berghöefer R, Höelzl J. Isolation of I3', II8"-biapigenin (amentoflavone) from Hypericum perforatum. Planta Med. 1989;55:91.
- Kurkin VA, Pravdivtseva OE. Flavonoids from the aerial parts of Hypericum perfortum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2007;43:620-1.
- Kim HK, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Kim. HP. Amentoflavone, a plant biflavone: anewpotential anti-inflammatory agent. Arch Pharm Res. 1998;21:406-10.
- Nielsen M, Frokjaer S, Braestrup C. High affinity of the naturally-occurring biflavonoid, amentoflavone, to brain benzodiazepine receptors in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988;37:3285-7.
- Baureithel KH, Buter KB, Engesser A, Burkard W, Schaffner W. Inhibition of benzodiazepine binding in vitro by amentoflavone, a constituent of various species of Hypericum. Pharm Acta Helv. 1997;72:153-7.
- Chatterjee SS, Noldner M, Koch E, Erdelmeier C. Antidepressant activity of hypericum perforatum and hyperforin: the neglected possibility. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1998;31:7-15.
- Scalbert A. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry. 1991;30:3875-83.
- Radusiene J, Judzentiene A, Bernotiene G. Essential oil composition and variability of Hypericum perforatum L. growing in Lithuania. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2005;33:113-24.
- Nielsen H, Arends P. Structure of the xanthone lignoid kielcorin. Phytochemistry. 1978;17:2040- 41.
- Rücker G, Manns D, Hartmann R, Bonsels U. A C50-hydroperoxide from Hypericum perforatum. Archive der Pharmzie. 1995; 328:725-30.
- Wirz A, Simmen U, Heilmann JC, Alis I, Meier B, Sticher O. Bisanthraquinone glycosides of Hypericum perforatum with binding inhibition to CRH-1 receptors. Phytochemistry. 2000;55:941- 7.
- Suntar IP, Akkol EK, Yilmazer D, Baykal T, Kirmizibekmez H, Alper M et al. Investigations on the in vivo wound healing potential of Hypericum perforatum L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127:468-77.
- Ozturk N, Korkmaz S, Ozturk Y. Wound-healing activity of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) on chicken embryonic fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 111:33-9.
- Brondz I, Greibrokk T, Groth PA, Aasen J. The relative stereochemistry of hyperforin - an antibiotic from Hypericum perforatum L. Tetrahedron Letters. 1982;23:1299-300.
- Grauds C. St. John’s Wort for depression. Pharm Times. 1997;63:40.
- Keles O, Seyyal AK, Bakirel T, Alpinar K. Screening of some Turkish plants for antibacterial activity. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2001;25:559-65.
- Tolkunova NN, Cheuva EN, Bidyuk A. Effect of medicinal plant extracts on microorganism development. Pishchevaya Promyshlennost. 2002;8:70-1.
- Bystrov NS, Dobrynin VN, Kolosov MN, Chernov BK, Chervin, II. [Structure of the chromophoric part of hyperforin]. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975;225:1327-8.
- Gurevich AI, Dobrynin VN, Kolosov MN, Popravko SA, Riabova ID. [Antibiotic hyperforin from Hypericum perforatum L]. Antibiotiki. 1971;16:510-3.
- Maisenbacher P, Kovar KA. Adhyperforin: A Homologue of Hyperforin from Hypericum perforatum. Planta Med. 1992;58:291-3.
- Schempp CM, Kiss J, Kirkin V, Averbeck M, Simon-Haarhaus B, Kremer B, et al. Hyperforin acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Planta Med. 2005;71:999-1004.
- Meruelo D, Lavie G, Lavie D. Therapeutic agents with dramatic antiretroviral activity and little toxicity at effective doses: aromatic polycyclic diones hypericin and pseudohypericin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988; 85:5230-4.
- Lavie G, Mazur Y, Lavie D, Meruelo D. The chemical and biological properties of hypericin--a compound with a broad spectrum of biological activities. Med Res Rev. 1995;15:111-9.
- Weber ND, Murray BK, North JA, Wood SG. The antiviral agent hypericin has in vitro activity against HSV-1 through non-specific association with viral and cellular membranes. Antivir Chem Chemother. 1994;5:83-90.
- Muller WE, Singer A, Wonnemann M. Hyperforin--antidepressant activity by a novel mechanism of action. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34:98-102.
- Eckert GP, Muller WE. Effects of hyperforin on the fluidity of brain membranes. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34:22-5.
- Panossian AG, Gabrielian E, Manvelian V, Jurcic K, Wagner H. Immunosuppressive effects of hypericin on stimulated human leukocytes: inhibition of the arachidonic acid release, leukotriene B(4) and Interleukin-Ialpha production, and activation of nitric oxide formation. Phytomedicine. 1996;3:19-28.
- Hölzl J, Demisch L, Gollnik B. Investigation about antidepressive and moodchanging effects of Hypericum perforatum. Planta Med. 1989;55:643.
- Kitanov GM, Blinova KF. Modern state of the chemical study of species of the genus Hypericum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 1987;23:151-66.
- Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi