From Smallpox Epidemic to Covid-19 Pandemic; Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Refusal

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 4, 243 - 250, 30.12.2021

Adnan Barutçu , Ezgi Çay , Nurdan Evliyaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.975632

Cited By: 1

Öz

Epidemic diseases caused by microorganisms have taken an important place in human history since ancient times. Vaccines play an important role in the prevention of epidemics. The emergence of the smallpox vaccine idea by Dr. Edward Jenner for the first time in 1798 brought along the refusal of the vaccine by the circles offering unscientific reasons. In vaccine rejection or vaccine hesitancy; Many factors such as people's past experience with vaccines, superstitions about vaccines, and lack of knowledge about vaccines play a role. The benefits and possible side effects of vaccines have been discussed in many scientific studies and still continue to be discussed. In our world, which has witnessed many epidemics, the Covid-19 pandemic caused by the globally devastating Coronavirus; It has led to a reconsideration of the importance of vaccines and the epidemics seen in human history. In this review; Epidemics witnessed by human history from past to present, the history of vaccines, the concepts of vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy, and the reasons that reveal these concepts are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vaccine, epidemic, pandemic, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal, covid-19

Çiçek Hastalığı Epidemisinden Covid-19 Pandemisine; Aşı Kararsızlığı ve Aşı Reddi

Öz

Eski zamanlardan günümüze kadar mikroorganizmaların neden olduğu salgın hastalıklar insanlık tarihinde önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Salgın hastalıkların önlenmesinde aşılar önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. İlk kez 1798 yılında Dr Edward Jenner tarafından Çiçek aşısı fikrinin ortaya çıkması, bilimsel olmayan nedenler sunan çevrelerce aşı reddini de beraberinde getirmiştir Aşı reddi veya aşı kararsızlığında; kişilerin aşılarla ilgili geçmiş tecrübeleri, aşılar ile ilgili hurafeler, aşılar hakkında yeterince bilgi sahibi olunmaması gibi birçok faktör rol almaktadır. Aşıların yararları ve olası yan etkileri bilimsel çevrelerce birçok çalışmada ele alınmış ve hala da ele alınmaya devam etmektedir. Birçok salgına tanıklık etmiş Dünya’mızda son olarak küresel boyutta yıkıcı olan Coronavirus’ün neden olduğu Covid-19 pandemisi; beraberinde aşıların önemini ve insanlık tarihinin gördüğü salgınları yeniden gözden geçirmeye neden olmuştur. Bu derlemede; geçmişten günümüze insanlık tarihinin tanık olduğu salgınlar, aşıların tarihçesi, aşı reddi ve aşı kararsızlığı kavramları, bu kavramları ortaya çıkaran nedenler ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aşı, epidemi, pandemi, aşı kararsızlığı, aşı reddi, covid-19

Kaynakça

• 1. Center for Disease Control – Vaccines and Immunization. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm (Accessed: 01 July 2021)
• 2. Plotkin SA. Vaccines: past, present and future. Nat Med. 2005;11(4 Suppl):S5-S11. doi:10.1038/nm1209
• 3. Plotkin S. History of vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(34):12283-12287. doi:10.1073/pnas.1400472111
• 4. Riedel S. Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2005;18(1):21-25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028
• 5. Ginglen JG, Doyle MQ. Immunization. [Updated 2021 Feb 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459331/
• 6. World Health Organization – Immunization Covarage. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage (Accessed: 07 July 2021)
• 7. Center for Disease Control – Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practise. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html (Accessed: 08 July 2021)
• 8. Watts S. Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1997.
• 9. Barbieri R, Signoli M, Chevé D, Costedoat C, Tzortzis S, Aboudharam G et al. Yersinia pestis: the Natural History of Plague. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;34(1):e00044-19. Published 2020 Dec 9. doi:10.1128/CMR.00044-19
• 10. Arora N, Schuenemann VJ, Jäger G, Peltzer A, Seitz A, Herbig A et al. Origin of modern syphilis and emergence of a pandemic Treponema pallidum cluster. Nat Microbiol. 2016;2:16245. Published 2016 Dec 5. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.245
• 11. World Health Organization – Ebola Virus Disease. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/ebola#tab=tab_1- (Accessed: 11 July 2021)
• 12. Murray MJ. Ebola Virus Disease: A Review of Its Past and Present. Anesth Analg. 2015;121(3):798-809. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000866
• 13. World Health Organization – Cholera. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera (Accessed:11 July 2021)
• 14. A timeline of HIV and AIDS. Available from: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/history/hiv-and-aids-timeline (Accessed: 11 July 2021)
• 15. World Health Organization – The Global Health Observatory. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/hiv-aids (Accessed: 11 July 2021)
• 16. Center for Disease Control – Influenza. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html (Accessed:13 July 2021)
• 17. Center for Disease Control – History of 1918 Flu. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm (Accessed: 13 July 2021)
• 18. Center for Disease Control – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/sars/index.html (Accessed: 13 July 2021)
• 19. Center for Disease Control - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/index.html (Accessed: 13 July 2021)
• 20. Report of the SAGE Working Group on vaccine hesitancy, SAGE, 2014. p.11-12.
• 21. Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ. 2011;342:c7452. Published 2011 Jan 5. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452
• 22. Institute of Medicine (US) Immunization Safety Review Committee. Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2004.
• 23. Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD. Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine. 2014;32(29):3623-3629. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085
• 24. Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M. Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(8):513-520. doi:10.7326/M18-2101
• 25. Watad A, Bragazzi NL, McGonagle D, Adawi M, Bridgewood C, Damiani G et al. Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) demonstrates distinct autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease associations according to the adjuvant subtype: Insights from an analysis of 500 cases. Clin Immunol. 2019;203:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2019.03.007
• 26. Guimarães LE, Baker B, Perricone C, Shoenfeld Y. Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity. Pharmacol Res. 2015;100:190-209. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003
• 27. Shi S, Zhu H, Xia X, Liang Z, Ma X, Sun B. Vaccine adjuvants: Understanding the structure and mechanism of adjuvanticity. Vaccine. 2019;37(24):3167-3178. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.055
• 28. Lindblad EB. Aluminium compounds for use in vaccines. Immunol Cell Biol. 2004;82(5):497-505. doi:10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01286.x
• 29. Mitkus RJ, King DB, Hess MA, Forshee RA, Walderhaug MO. Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination. Vaccine. 2011;29(51):9538-9543. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.124
• 30. Karwowski MP, Stamoulis C, Wenren LM, Faboyede GM, Quinn N, Gura KM et al. Blood and Hair Aluminum Levels, Vaccine History, and Early Infant Development: A Cross-Sectional Study. Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(2):161-165. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.09.003
• 31. Tozzi AE, Bisiacchi P, Tarantino V, De Mei B, D’Elia L, Chiarotti F et al. Neuropsychological performance 10 years after immunization in infancy with thimerosal-containing vaccines. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):475-482. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0795
• 32. Argüt N, Yetim A, Gökçay G. Aşı Kabulünü Etkileyen Faktörler. Çocuk Dergisi. 2016;16(1):16-24. doi:10.5222/j.child.2016.016
• 33. Basch CH, Zybert P, Reeves R, Basch CE. What do popular YouTubeTM videos say about vaccines?. Child Care Health Dev. 2017;43(4):499-503. doi:10.1111/cch.12442
• 34. Blankenship EB, Goff ME, Yin J, Tse ZTH, Fu K-W, Liang H et al. Sentiment, Contents, and Retweets: A Study of Two Vaccine-Related Twitter Datasets. Perm J. 2018;22:17-138. doi:10.7812/TPP/17-138
• 35. Basch CH Ed.D., M.P.H, MacLean SA B.A. A content analysis of HPV related posts on instagram [published correction appears in Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020 Jun 2;16(6):1471]. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(7-8):1476-1478. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1560774
• 36. CDC - History of Measles - Pre Vaccine Era. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html (Accessed: 21.07.2021)
• 37. CDC - History of Measles - Measles Elimination. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html (Accessed: 21.07.2021)
• 38. Trueta J, Wilson KAB, Agerholm M. Handbook on poliomyelitis, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, III, 1956.
• 39. Sabin AB. Paralytic consequences of poliomyelitis infection in different parts of the world and in different population groups. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1951;41(10):1215-1230. doi:10.2105/ajph.41.10.1215
• 40. World Health Organization - Vaccines and Immunization. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization (Accessed: 23 July 2021)
• 41. World Health Organization - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov (Accessed: 24 July 2021)
• 42. World Health Organization – Speechs. Available from: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19 (Accessed: 24 July 2021)
• 43. World Health Organization- Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed: 24 July 2021)
• 44. Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: An overview. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;889:173644. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173644
• 45. Izda V, Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. COVID-19: A review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clin Immunol. 2021;222:108634. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108634
• 46. Barello S, Nania T, Dellafiore F, Graffigna G, Caruso R. 'Vaccine hesitancy' among university students in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(8):781-783. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00670-z
• 47. Lin Y, Hu Z, Zhao Q, Alias H, Danaee M, Wong LP. Understanding COVID-19 vaccine demand and hesitancy: A nationwide online survey in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(12):e0008961. Published 2020 Dec 17. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008961
• 48. Freeman D, Loe BS, Chadwick A, Vaccari C, Waite F, Rosebrock L et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: the Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II [published online ahead of print, 2020 Dec 11]. Psychol Med. 2020;1-15. doi:10.1017/S0033291720005188
• 49. World Health Organization- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public (Accessed: 27 July 2021)
• 50. Cudjoe TKM, Kotwal AA. "Social Distancing" Amid a Crisis in Social Isolation and Loneliness. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(6):E27-E29. doi:10.1111/jgs.16527
• 51. World Health Organization - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) - Vaccines safety. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines-safety (Accessed: 27 July 2021)