Gelir Dağılımı ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Kuznet Eğrisi'ni Tamamlayıcı Ülkeler Arası Bir Yatay Kesit Çalışma

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 235 - 250, 31.12.2017

Abdullah Keskin

Abstract

Bu çalışma, yatay
kesit veri kullanılarak gelir dağılımı ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi
analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca ülkelerin GSYİH büyüme oranını
maksimize eden Gini katsayısını araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada, bu iki değişken
arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmek için 105 ülkeye ait veriler kullanılarak
doğrusal olmayan bir regresyon denklemi tahmin edilmektedir. Bu ilişki Gelir
Dağılımı-Büyüme Eğrisi (IGC) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Regresyon modeli önce
2001 yılı verileriyle tahmin edilmekte, daha sonra 2011 verileriyle süreç
yinelenmektedir. GSYİH büyüme oranını maksimize eden Gini katsayısı 2001 yılı
verileriyle 0,436 ve 2011 yılı verileriyle 0,464 olarak tahmin edilmiştir.  Ayrıca IGC, Kuznet Eğrisiyle
karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki bulgular, genel kanının aksine, ekonomik
büyüme oranını artırmak için gelişmekte olan ülkelerin gelir dağılımı
eşitsizliğini azaltan politikalar uygulaması gerektiği, gelişmiş ülkelerin ise
gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğini azaltan politikalardan uzak durması gerektiği
sonucuna varmaktadır. 

Keywords

Gelir Dağılımı, Gini Katsayısı, Ekonomik Büyüme Oranı, Gelir Dağılımı-Büyüme Eğrisi, Kuznets Eğrisi

Income Distribution and Economic Growth: A Complementary Cross Country Study to the Kuznets Curve

Abstract

This study aims to
analyze the relationship between income distribution and economic growth using
cross country data. The study also investigates whether there is a certain
level of Gini coefficient which maximizes GDP growth rate. The available data
on Gini coefficients and GDP growth rates of 105 countries is used to test a
nonlinear relationship between these two variables, namely Inequality-Growth
Curve (IGC). The model is first estimated for 2001 and then the estimation is
repeated for 2011. The Gini coefficient which maximizes GDP growth rate is
estimated as 0,436 for 2001 and 0,464 for 2011. Also, IGC is compared with
Kuznets Curve. This paper suggests that, being opposite to the common sense,
developing countries should reduce income inequality to increase their GDP
growth rates while developed countries should increase.

Keywords

Income Distribution, Gini Coefficient, Economic Growth Rate, Inequality-Growth Curve, Kuznets Curve

References

• Adelman, I. and Robinson, S. 1989. Income Distribution and Development, H. Chenery and T.N. Srinivisan (Eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, New York: North Holland.
• Aghion, P., Caroli, E. and Garcia-Penalosa, C. 1999. Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of New Growth Theories, Journal of Economic Literature, 37(4), 1615-1660.
• Alesina, A. and Perotti, R. 1996. Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment, European Economic Review, 40, 1203-1228.
• Alesina, A. and Rodrik, D. 1994. Distributive Policies and Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 109(2), pp. 465-490.
• Barro, R.J. 2000. Inequality and Growth in A Panel of Countries, Journal of Economic Growth, March, Boston, 5(1), 5-32.
• Benabou, R. 1996. Inequality and Growth, NBER Working Paper, No: 5658.
• Benhabib, J. and Rustichini, A. 1991. Social Conflict, Growth and Income Distribution, Department of Economics, New York University.
• Bertola, G. 1993. Factor Shares and Savings in Endogenous Growth, American Economic Review, 83, 1184-1199.
• Birdsall, N. 2007. Income Distribution: Effects on Growth and Development, Center for Global Development Working Paper 118, Center for Global Development, Washington, D.C.
• Brueckner, M. and Lederman, D. 2015. Effects of Income Inequality on Aggregate Output, World Bank Policy Discussion Paper 7317.
• Clarke, G.R.G. 1995. More Evidence On Income Distribution and Growth, Journal of Development Economics, 47(2), 403-427.
• Cornia, G.A. and Court, J. 2004. Inequality, Growth and Poverty in the Era of Liberalization and Globalization, UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265039268 (Access Date: 16.04.2017). Dadkhah, K.M. 2006. Income Distribution and Economic Growth in the United States: 1947 – 2001, Available at: ftp://ftp.soc.uoc.gr/students/aslanidis/My%20documents/papers/Dadkhah%20(2002).pdf (Access Date: 24.03.2017).
• Deininger, K. and Squire, L. 1996. A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality, World Bank Economic Review, 10, 565-591.
• Deininger, K. and Squire, L. 1997. Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Reexamining the Links, Finance and Development, March, 38-41.
• Deininger, K. and Squire, L. 1998. New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Inequality and Growth, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 57, 259-287.
• Derviş, K. 2007. Küreselleşme, Büyüme ve Gelir Dağılımı, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar, Kasım: 27, 1-9.
• Forbes, K. 2000. A Reassessment of the Relationship Between Inequality and Growth, The American Economic Review, September, 90(4), 869-887.
• Galor, O. 2000. Income Distribution and the Process of Development, European Economic Review, 56, 118-137.
• Galor, O. and Zeira, J. 1993. Income Distribution and Macroeconomics, Review of Economic Studies 60: 35-52.
• Gottschalk, P. and Smeeding, T.M. 1997. Cross-National Comparison of Earnings and Income Inequality, Journal of Economic Literature, 25, 633-687.
• Kaldor, N. 1956. Alternative Theories of Distribution, Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), 94-100.
• Keefer, P. and Knack, S. 2000. Polarization, Politics and Property Rights: Links Between Inequality and Growth, Policy Research Working Paper No: 2418, August, Washington DC: The World Bank.
• Keskin, A. 2010. Income Distribution and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Study, Turgut Ozal International Conference on Economics, 15-16 April 2010, 704-720. Available at:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdullah_Keskin/publication/265147531_INCOME_DISTRIBUTION_AND_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_A_CROSS_COUNTRY_STUDY/links/56aa833f08aed5a01358a230.pdf
• Krongkaew, M. and Mat Zin, R.H. 2006. Income Distribution and Sustainable Economic Development in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis, Paper presented at the Conference on “Economic Openness and Income Inequality: Policy Options for Developing Countries in the New Millennium” organized by the International Development Economics Associates (IDEAS) and the Shanghai Administration Institute (SAI), in Shanghai, China, 25-28 August. Kuznets, S. 1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality, American Economic Review, 45(1): 1-28.
• Kuznets, S. 1963. Quantitative Aspects of the Economic Growth of Nations, III: The Distribution of Income by Size, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 11, 1-92.
• Li, H., Squire, L. and Zou, H. 1998. Explaining International and Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality, Economic Journal, 108, 26–43.
• Perkins, D.H., Radelet, S. and Snodgrass, D.R. 2001. Economics of Development, 5. Edition, Norton Company, New York.
• Perotti, R. 1996. Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What Data Say, Journal of Economic Growth, June, 1(2), 149-187.
• Persson, T. and Tabellini, G. 1994. Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Theory and Evidence, American Economic Review 84, 600-621.
• Samanta, S.K. and Heyse, A. 2006. Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis, Indian Journal of Economics and Business, December, 5(2), 243-254.
• Thorbecke, E. and Charumilind, C. 2002. Economic Inequality and Its Socioeconomic Impact, World Development, 30(9), 1477-1495.
• Wells, D.C. 1988. The Theory of Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen”, B.S. KATZ ve R.E.
• ROBBINS (Ed.), Modern Economic Classics – Evolutions Through Time, Garland Reference Library of Social Science, Cilt: 424, Garland Publishing Inc., New York.
• World Bank 1999. World Development Report, 1998-1999, Washington: World Bank.
• World Bank 2001. World Development Report, 2000-2001, Washington: World Bank.
• World Bank 2000. World Development Indicators 2000, Washington: World Bank.