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Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women with Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 91 - 99, 25.09.2014
https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.47284

Abstract

Objectives: Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasite which is the causative agent of trichomoniasis. Our aim is to show the frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis and other microorganisms among women with vaginal discharge and their husbands attending Kirkuk hospitals during the period from the beginning of July 2007 till the end of May 2008.Materials & Methods: Laboratory investigations included vaginal, cervical swabs and urine for direct examination; culture of swabs and urine on appropriate media was applied and blood samples for serological test were carried out.Results: In women with vaginal discharges, the rate of T. vaginalis was 2.8%. The associated organisms were Candida albicans 8.0%, Neisseria gonorrhoea 0.8%. The mixed infections of T. vaginalis and C. albicans were 1.6%. The frequency of co-infection of T. vaginalis and associated Escherichia coli was 1.6%, Staphylococcus aureus 0.8%, and proteus 0.4%.The highest frequency of pathogenic microorganisms in vaginal swabs was Staph. aureus 12.4%, followed by E. coli 11.6% and C. albicans 8.0%. The rate of pathogenic agents in urine samples was lower than those in vaginal swabs. In urethral discharge, the rate of N. gonorrhea was 35.0% while E. coli was 5.0%. The highest rate of infections in vaginal swabs and urine was at the age group 15-29 years of age. Conclusions: The pathogenic infections associated with trichomoniasis are more common in females than males, their rate were highest among 15-29 years of age. The rate of gonorrhea was high in urethral discharge.

References

  • 1- Sood S. and Kapil A. An update on Trichomonas vaginalis. Indian J. Sex Transm Dis 2008;29(2):7-14.
  • 2- Guaschino S, De Seta F, Piccoli M, Maso G. Aetiology of preterm labour: bacterial vaginosis. BJOG 2008;115(5): 674.
  • 3- Razzak M, Al-Charrakh A, Al-Greitty BH. Relationship between lactobacilli and opportunistic bacterial pathogens associated with vaginitis. North AmJMedSci 2011; 3(4): 185-192.
  • 4- Ioannis M. and Florian B. Diagnosis of vaginal discharge by wet mount microscopy: A Simple and Underrated Method. Obst. & Gynec. Survey 2011; 66(6): 359-368.
  • 5- Egan MF, Lipsky MS. Diagnosis of vaginitis. J Am Fam Phys 2000; 62(5):1095-1104.
  • 6-Center for Disease Control (2012) Safe use of 10% potassium hydroxide in screening for STI.BCCDC Communicable Disease. http:// www.bccdc.ca/dis-cond/comm-manual/default.htm (Date of access: April 2014)
  • 7-Al-Habib HM, Al-Dabbagh NY and Al-Daheen GA. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in association with other microorganisms among women with vaginal discharge in Mosul. Ann Coll Med. Mosul 2005; 31(1): 37-40.
  • 8-Al-Ghanam HMA. Vaginal discharge and detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. MSc Thesis, College of Medicine, Iraq:Mosul Univ; 2012.
  • 9-Cowen MK and Talaro KP. Microbiology, a system approach. 2nd Edit. USA: McGraw Hill; 2009: 40-759.
  • 10-Kadir MA Common human parasites in Iraq., Baghdad, Iraq: Ishtar Bureau, Aman, Jordan and Dijla bookshop:2014.
  • 11-Gordis L.Medical epidemiology. USA, Philadelphia: Saunders;1996:59-70.
  • 12-Kharofa WA. An epidemiological study and cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis in Mosul City. M.Sc thesis, College of Medicine, Mosul Univ; 1999.
  • 13-KharofaWA. Experimental studies on isolated Trichomonas vaginalis parasite from female in Ninevah Government. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, Mosul Univ;2006.
  • 14-Al-Mahdawy HSM. Laboratory diagnosis of T. vaginalis in patients with vaginal discharge. MS.c. Thesis, College of Health and Medical Technology, Baghdad Univ;2006..
  • 15-Mahdi NK, Gang ZH and Sharief M. Risk factors for vaginal trichomoniasis among women in Basra, Iraq. East Medit Hlth J. 2001;7(6): 918-924.
  • 16-Al-Shimery EEA.Isolation of causative pathogens of cervicitis among women in Najaf city. MSc thesis, College of Educ. for girls, Univ. of Kufa-Iraq;2006.
  • 17-Darogha SN. Studies on some immunological and epidemiological aspects of T. vaginalis, Candida albicans and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Erbil province. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Education (Ibn Al-Haitham), Baghdad Univ;2005.
  • 18-Kadir MA and Hamad NR. Prevalence and comparison Between the efficacy of different techniques in diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in Erbil-Iraq. Duhok Med J 2012; 6(3):1-9.
  • 19-Kadir MA and Fattah COD. Trichomonas vaginalis among women in Sulaimania governorate, Iraq. Tikrit J Pharmac Sci 2010; 6(1):1-9.
  • 20-Al-Quaiz JM. Patients with vaginal discharge. A survey in university primary care clinic in Riyadh city. Ann Saud Med 2000;20(3-4): 302- 306.
  • 21-Al-Zanbagi NA, SalemHS, Al-Braiken F. (2005) Trichomoniasis among women with vaginal discharge in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. J Egyp Soc Parasitol 2005;35(3): 1071-1080.
  • 22-Yazar S, Dagci H, Aksoy U et al. Frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis among women having vaginal discharge in Izmir, Turkey. Inonu Univ Tip Fakult Derg 2002;9: 159-161.
  • 23-Ryu, J. and Min, D. (2006) Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the republic of Korea. Korean J. Parasitol., 44(2): 110-116.
  • 24-Begum SH. (2004) Study of vaginal discharge due to Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. Thesis for degree of MD, Tribhuvan Univ., Nepal;2012( Cited by Al-Ghanam).
  • 25-Zimba TF, Apalata T,Sturm WA. Etiology of of sexually transmitted infections in Maputo, Mozambique. J Infection in developing countries 2011;5(1): 41-47.
  • 26-Lawing LF, Hedges SR, Schwebke JR. Detection of trichomoniasis in vaginal and urine specimens from women by culture & PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(10):3585-3588.
  • 27-Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. Sexually Transmitted Diseases among American youth incidence and prevalence estimates. J Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2004;36:6-10.
  • 28-Huppert J S, Batteiger BE, Braslins P. Use of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(2): 684- 687.
  • 29-Mahdi NK, Gang ZH, Sharief M. Risk factors for vaginal trichomoniasis among women in Basra, Iraq. East Medit Hlth J 2001; 7(6): 918-924.
  • 30-Morton RS. Epidemiological and social aspects of trichomoniasis In: Morton RS, Harris, JRW eds. Recent advances in sexually transmitted diseases, No. 1. Edinburgh, London and New York: Churchill Livingstone ; 1975:203-204.
  • 31-Kadir MA, Kadir S. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among females with vaginal discharge in Tikrit City. Iraqi J Microbiology 1998;10:36.
  • 32-Dawood IS, Kadir MA, Sulyman MA. Epidemiological study of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in Kirkuk City. Tikrit J Pure Science 2013;18(1):48-55.
  • 33-Rughooputh S, Greenwell P. Trichomonas vaginalis Paradigm of a successful sexually transmitted organism. Br J Biomed Sci 2005;62(4): 193-200.
  • 34-Parija SC Textbook of Medical Parasitology. 2 nd Edition. Chennai:Medical Books Publishers;2004.
  • 35-Ryu JS, Lee MH, Park H, Kang JH, Min DY. Survival of T. vaginalis exposed on various environmental conditions. Infect Chemother 2002;33: 373-379.
  • 36-Riley DE, Roberts MC, Takayama T, Krieger JN. Development of polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 465-472.
  • 37-Khalaf AK, Kadhim KJ. (2010) Use TVK 3/7 gene as a target to detect Trichomonasvaginalis from urine of women in southern Iraq ThiQar Medical J 2010; 4(1): 36-46.

Kerkük’de Vajinal Akıntılı Kadınlarda Trichomonas vaginalis ve Eşlik Eden Mikroorganizmalar

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 91 - 99, 25.09.2014
https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.47284

Abstract

Özet

Amaç: Trichomonas vaginalis trikomoniazisin etkeni olan anaerobik flajellalı protozoan bir parazittir. Amacımız, Temmuz 2007 -Mayıs 2008 aralığında Kerkük hastanelerine başvuran vajinal akıntılı kadınlarla eşlerinde Trichomonas vaginalis ve diğer mikroorganizmaların sıklıgını araştırmaktır.

Materyal ve Metod: Vajinal ve servikal sürüntü ve idrar örnekleri üzerinde laboratuar incelemeleri yapıldı, uygun ortamda sürüntü ve idrar kültürleri ve kan örneklerinde serolojik testler yapıldı.

Bulgular: Vajinal akıntılı kadınlarda T. vaginalis oranı %2.8 iken, eşlik eden mikroorganizmalar %8.0 Candida albicans ve %0.8 Neisseria gonorrhoea olmuştur. T. vaginalis and C. albicans'ın mikst enfeksiyon oranı %1.6, T. vaginalis ve Escherichia coli koenfeksiyon oranı %1.6, Staphylococcus aureus ile % 0.8, proteus ile %0.4 olarak bulunmuştur. Vajinal sürüntüdeki enyaygın patojen mikroorganizma %l2.4 Staph. Aureus, ardından %11.6 E. coli ve %8.0 C. albicans olmuştur.

İdrar örneklerindeki patojen ajan oranı daha düşük bulunmuştur. Üretral sürüntüde N. gonorrhea oranı %35.0, E. coli oranı %.5.0 bulunmuş, vajinal sürüntü ve idrarda en yüksek enfeksiyon oranı 15-29 yaş grubunda bulunmuştur.

Sonuç: Trikomoniazisle ilgili patojen enfeksiyonlar bayanlarda daha sık izlenir, oranı 15-29 yaş grubunda en yüksektir ve idrarda gonore oranı yüksektir.

References

  • 1- Sood S. and Kapil A. An update on Trichomonas vaginalis. Indian J. Sex Transm Dis 2008;29(2):7-14.
  • 2- Guaschino S, De Seta F, Piccoli M, Maso G. Aetiology of preterm labour: bacterial vaginosis. BJOG 2008;115(5): 674.
  • 3- Razzak M, Al-Charrakh A, Al-Greitty BH. Relationship between lactobacilli and opportunistic bacterial pathogens associated with vaginitis. North AmJMedSci 2011; 3(4): 185-192.
  • 4- Ioannis M. and Florian B. Diagnosis of vaginal discharge by wet mount microscopy: A Simple and Underrated Method. Obst. & Gynec. Survey 2011; 66(6): 359-368.
  • 5- Egan MF, Lipsky MS. Diagnosis of vaginitis. J Am Fam Phys 2000; 62(5):1095-1104.
  • 6-Center for Disease Control (2012) Safe use of 10% potassium hydroxide in screening for STI.BCCDC Communicable Disease. http:// www.bccdc.ca/dis-cond/comm-manual/default.htm (Date of access: April 2014)
  • 7-Al-Habib HM, Al-Dabbagh NY and Al-Daheen GA. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in association with other microorganisms among women with vaginal discharge in Mosul. Ann Coll Med. Mosul 2005; 31(1): 37-40.
  • 8-Al-Ghanam HMA. Vaginal discharge and detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. MSc Thesis, College of Medicine, Iraq:Mosul Univ; 2012.
  • 9-Cowen MK and Talaro KP. Microbiology, a system approach. 2nd Edit. USA: McGraw Hill; 2009: 40-759.
  • 10-Kadir MA Common human parasites in Iraq., Baghdad, Iraq: Ishtar Bureau, Aman, Jordan and Dijla bookshop:2014.
  • 11-Gordis L.Medical epidemiology. USA, Philadelphia: Saunders;1996:59-70.
  • 12-Kharofa WA. An epidemiological study and cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis in Mosul City. M.Sc thesis, College of Medicine, Mosul Univ; 1999.
  • 13-KharofaWA. Experimental studies on isolated Trichomonas vaginalis parasite from female in Ninevah Government. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, Mosul Univ;2006.
  • 14-Al-Mahdawy HSM. Laboratory diagnosis of T. vaginalis in patients with vaginal discharge. MS.c. Thesis, College of Health and Medical Technology, Baghdad Univ;2006..
  • 15-Mahdi NK, Gang ZH and Sharief M. Risk factors for vaginal trichomoniasis among women in Basra, Iraq. East Medit Hlth J. 2001;7(6): 918-924.
  • 16-Al-Shimery EEA.Isolation of causative pathogens of cervicitis among women in Najaf city. MSc thesis, College of Educ. for girls, Univ. of Kufa-Iraq;2006.
  • 17-Darogha SN. Studies on some immunological and epidemiological aspects of T. vaginalis, Candida albicans and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Erbil province. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Education (Ibn Al-Haitham), Baghdad Univ;2005.
  • 18-Kadir MA and Hamad NR. Prevalence and comparison Between the efficacy of different techniques in diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in Erbil-Iraq. Duhok Med J 2012; 6(3):1-9.
  • 19-Kadir MA and Fattah COD. Trichomonas vaginalis among women in Sulaimania governorate, Iraq. Tikrit J Pharmac Sci 2010; 6(1):1-9.
  • 20-Al-Quaiz JM. Patients with vaginal discharge. A survey in university primary care clinic in Riyadh city. Ann Saud Med 2000;20(3-4): 302- 306.
  • 21-Al-Zanbagi NA, SalemHS, Al-Braiken F. (2005) Trichomoniasis among women with vaginal discharge in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. J Egyp Soc Parasitol 2005;35(3): 1071-1080.
  • 22-Yazar S, Dagci H, Aksoy U et al. Frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis among women having vaginal discharge in Izmir, Turkey. Inonu Univ Tip Fakult Derg 2002;9: 159-161.
  • 23-Ryu, J. and Min, D. (2006) Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the republic of Korea. Korean J. Parasitol., 44(2): 110-116.
  • 24-Begum SH. (2004) Study of vaginal discharge due to Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. Thesis for degree of MD, Tribhuvan Univ., Nepal;2012( Cited by Al-Ghanam).
  • 25-Zimba TF, Apalata T,Sturm WA. Etiology of of sexually transmitted infections in Maputo, Mozambique. J Infection in developing countries 2011;5(1): 41-47.
  • 26-Lawing LF, Hedges SR, Schwebke JR. Detection of trichomoniasis in vaginal and urine specimens from women by culture & PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(10):3585-3588.
  • 27-Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. Sexually Transmitted Diseases among American youth incidence and prevalence estimates. J Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2004;36:6-10.
  • 28-Huppert J S, Batteiger BE, Braslins P. Use of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(2): 684- 687.
  • 29-Mahdi NK, Gang ZH, Sharief M. Risk factors for vaginal trichomoniasis among women in Basra, Iraq. East Medit Hlth J 2001; 7(6): 918-924.
  • 30-Morton RS. Epidemiological and social aspects of trichomoniasis In: Morton RS, Harris, JRW eds. Recent advances in sexually transmitted diseases, No. 1. Edinburgh, London and New York: Churchill Livingstone ; 1975:203-204.
  • 31-Kadir MA, Kadir S. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among females with vaginal discharge in Tikrit City. Iraqi J Microbiology 1998;10:36.
  • 32-Dawood IS, Kadir MA, Sulyman MA. Epidemiological study of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in Kirkuk City. Tikrit J Pure Science 2013;18(1):48-55.
  • 33-Rughooputh S, Greenwell P. Trichomonas vaginalis Paradigm of a successful sexually transmitted organism. Br J Biomed Sci 2005;62(4): 193-200.
  • 34-Parija SC Textbook of Medical Parasitology. 2 nd Edition. Chennai:Medical Books Publishers;2004.
  • 35-Ryu JS, Lee MH, Park H, Kang JH, Min DY. Survival of T. vaginalis exposed on various environmental conditions. Infect Chemother 2002;33: 373-379.
  • 36-Riley DE, Roberts MC, Takayama T, Krieger JN. Development of polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 465-472.
  • 37-Khalaf AK, Kadhim KJ. (2010) Use TVK 3/7 gene as a target to detect Trichomonasvaginalis from urine of women in southern Iraq ThiQar Medical J 2010; 4(1): 36-46.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mohammed Kadir This is me

Muhsen Sulyman This is me

İbraheem Dawood This is me

Suheila Shams-eldin This is me

Publication Date September 25, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kadir, M., Sulyman, M., Dawood, İ., Shams-eldin, S. (2014). Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women with Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq. Ankara Medical Journal, 14(3), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.47284
AMA Kadir M, Sulyman M, Dawood İ, Shams-eldin S. Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women with Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq. Ankara Med J. November 2014;14(3):91-99. doi:10.17098/amj.47284
Chicago Kadir, Mohammed, Muhsen Sulyman, İbraheem Dawood, and Suheila Shams-eldin. “Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women With Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq”. Ankara Medical Journal 14, no. 3 (November 2014): 91-99. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.47284.
EndNote Kadir M, Sulyman M, Dawood İ, Shams-eldin S (November 1, 2014) Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women with Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq. Ankara Medical Journal 14 3 91–99.
IEEE M. Kadir, M. Sulyman, İ. Dawood, and S. Shams-eldin, “Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women with Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq”, Ankara Med J, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 91–99, 2014, doi: 10.17098/amj.47284.
ISNAD Kadir, Mohammed et al. “Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women With Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq”. Ankara Medical Journal 14/3 (November 2014), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.47284.
JAMA Kadir M, Sulyman M, Dawood İ, Shams-eldin S. Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women with Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq. Ankara Med J. 2014;14:91–99.
MLA Kadir, Mohammed et al. “Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women With Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq”. Ankara Medical Journal, vol. 14, no. 3, 2014, pp. 91-99, doi:10.17098/amj.47284.
Vancouver Kadir M, Sulyman M, Dawood İ, Shams-eldin S. Trichomonas Vaginalis and Associated Microorganisms in Women with Vaginal Discharge in Kerkuk-Iraq. Ankara Med J. 2014;14(3):91-9.

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