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Clinical and Biochemical Assessment of Hypogonadism in Men With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Year 2015, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, - , 27.02.2015
https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.80992

Abstract

Objectives: Hypogonadism is a clinical condition comprising both symptoms and biochemical evidence of testosterone deficiency. It has been reported that testosterone levels are lower in diabetic men compared with nondiabetic subjects. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of  hypogonadism, based on both symptoms and biochemically available measures of testosterone deficiency in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and to compare with control group.

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in type 2 patients who attended the outpatient clinic of Diabetes Kartal Training and Research hospital. Between the 1th July and 15th July 2012, 65 consecutive patients were included to the study. Control group is created by age matched 40 non diabetic patients. Blood pressure, waist circumference, height, weight and testosterone levels were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Bioavailable testosterone and free testosterone levels were calculated on the internet (http://www.issam.ch/www.androloji.org.tr) by using the levels of albumin, total testosterone and sex hormone binding protein.

Results: Diabetic patients and control group’s mean age was respectively 52.2±5.0 and 50.8±6.0 year, mean BMI 27.8±2.9 and 27.9±3.9 kg/m2and mean waist circumference 100.8±7.3 and 97.9±17.5 cm. Men with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower total testosterone and SGBH than control group (respectively p= 0,005 ve p= 0,02). According to total testosterone levels, overt hypogonadism was seen in 8.2% of diabetic patients, borderline hypogonadism was seen in  29.5 % of diabetic patients. In control group overt hypogonadism was seen in 5.7 %, borderline hypogonadism was seen in 20 % of control group. According to chemical hypogonadism based on total, bioavailable and calculated testosterone levels, there were no statistically difference between groups. In diabetic group, 11 % severe, 30.2 % moderate, 34.9 % mild complaints were recorded according to AMS results. In control group, 2.5 % severe, 15 % moderate, 47.5 % mild complaints were recorded according to AMS results. Men with type 2 diabetes had significantly higher severe and moderate complaints of hypogonadism than control group. In diabetic group waist circumference, BMI and in control group waist circumference were negatively correlated with testosterone levels.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that men with type 2 DM had significantly lower total testosterone but not significantly higher biochemical hypogonadism than control group. At the same time, men with type 2 DM had significantly higher severe and moderate complaints of  hypogonadism than control group. In diabetic group waist circumference, BMI and in control group waist circumference were associated with low testosterone levels. 

References

  • Vermeulen A, Jaufman JM. Aging of the hypothalamo-pituitarytesticular axis in man. Horm Res 1995;43:25.
  • Gooren LJG. Issues in hormonal treatment of the aging male. Aging Male 2002; 5 (Suppl 1):11-20.
  • Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT, Yen SS. Endogenous sex hormone levels in older men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132(5):895–901.
  • Barrett-Connor E. Lower endogenous androgen androgenlevels and dyslipidemia in men with non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(10):807–11.
  • Andersson B, Marin P, Lissner L, Vermeulen A, Bjorntorp P. Testosterone concentrations in women and men with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994;17(5):405–11.
  • Dhindsa S, Prabhakar S, Sethi M, Bandyopadhyay A, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Frequent occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(11):5462–8.
  • Simon D, Charles MA, Lahlou N et al. Androgen therapy improves insulin sensitivity and decreases leptin level in healthy adult men with low plasma total testosterone. Diabetes Care 2001;24(12):2149–51.
  • Marin P, Holmang S, Jonsson L et al. The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992;16(12):991–7.
  • Marin P, Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P. Androgen treatment of middle-aged, obese men: effects on metabolism, muscle and adipose tissues. Eur J Med 1992;1(6):329 –36.
  • Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154(6):899– 906.
  • Boyanov MA, Boneva Z, Christov VG. Testosterone supplementation in men with type 2 diabetes, visceral obesity and partial androgen deficiency. Aging Male 2003;(6):1–7.
  • Kapoor D, Aldred H, Clark S, Channer KS, Jones TH. Clinical and biochemical as sessment of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: correlations with bioavailable testosterone and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care 2007;30(4):911-7.
  • Dal MS, Ulaş T, Hacıbekiroğlu İ, Tursun İ, Altuntaş Y. Tip 2 diyabetlilerde hipogonadizm ve metabolik parametrelerle iilişkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Endocrin 2011;6(2):60-5.
  • Phillips GB, Jing TY, Resnick LM, BarbagalloM, Laragh JH, Sealey JE. Sex hormones and hemostatic risk factors forcoronary heart disease in men with hypertension.J Hypertens 1993;(11):699 –702.
  • Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Bouchard P et al. Testosterone replacementtherapy: current trends and future directions. Hum Reprod Update 2004;(5):409–11.
  • Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(2):724-31.
  • Zumoff B, Strain GW, Miller LK et al. Plasma free and non sex-hormone binding globulin bound testosterone are decreased in obese men in proportion to their degree of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71(4):929-31.
  • Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Stern MP, Katz MS. Obesity, body fat distribution and sex hormones in men. Int J Obes Metab Disord 1993;17(2):643-9.

Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2015, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, - , 27.02.2015
https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.80992

Abstract

Giriş: Erkeklerde hipogonadizm, serum androjen seviyelerindeki azalma ile karakterize klinik ve biyokimyasal bir durumdur. Diyabetik erkeklerde diyabetik olmayanlara göre testosteron düzeylerinin daha düşük olduğu çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Biz de bu çalışmamızda diyabetik erkeklerde ve yaş uyumlu kontrol grubunda klinik ve laboratuvar olarak saptanmış hipogonadizmin sıklığını karşılaştırmayı amaçladık.

Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya 1– 15 Temmuz 2012 tarihleri arasında Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Diyabet Polikliniğine başvuran ardışık 65 DM tip 2 hastası alındı. Kontrol grubuna, çalışma grubuyla yaşları benzer, diyabeti olmayan 40 erkek alındı. Tüm katılımcıların, antropometrik ölçümleri, biyokimyasal ve hormonal tetkikleri değerlendirmeye alındı. Bioavailable ve serbest testosteron değeri hesaplaması ‘International Society For The Study of The Aging Male’in resmi sitesindeki (www.issam.ch) otomatik hesaplama ekranından, total testosteron, seks hormon bağlayıcı globulin (SHBG) ve albumin değerleri kullanılarak yapıldı.

Bulgular: Diyabetik hastaların ve kontrol grubunun yaş ortalamaları sırasıyla 52,2 ± 5,0 ve 50,8 ± 6,0 yıl, beden kitle indeksi ortalamaları 27,8±2,9 ve 27,9±3,9 kg/m2 ve bel çevresi ortalamaları 100,8±7,3 ve 97,9±17,5 cm olarak tespit edildi. Diyabetik grupta kontrol grubuyla kıyaslandığında total testosteron ve SHBG düzeylerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı daha düşük olduğu saptandı (sırasıyla p= 0,005 ve p= 0,02., Diyabetik hastalarda, total testosteron düzeylerine göre, %8,2 hastada belirgin hipogonadizm, % 29,5 hastada sınırda hipogonadizm, kontrol grubunda ise % 5,7 hastada belirgin hipogonadizm, % 20 hastada sınırda hipogonadizm tespit edildi, İki grup arasında istatistiksel anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Diyabetik grupta Aging Male Symptoms Sorgulama Formu (AMS-SF) skorlarına göre hipogonadizm semptomları değerlendirildiğinde % 11 ciddi semptomatik, % 30,2 orta semptomatik, % 34,9 düşük semptomatik olduğu saptandı, Kontrol grubunda AMS-SF skorlarına göre hipogonadizm semptomları değerlendirildiğinde % 2,5 ciddi semptomatik, % 15 orta semptomatik, % 47,5 düşük semptomatik olduğu saptandı. Diyabetik grup ile kontrol grubu arasında hipogonadizm semptomlarının şiddeti açısından istatistiksel anlamlı bir fark saptandı. Diyabetik grupta antropometrik ölçümlerden bel çevresi ve beden kitle indeksi (BKİ) ile, kontrol grubunda ise bel çevresi ile total testosteron ve bioavailable testosterone arasında negatif korelasyon saptandı.

Sonuç: Tip 2 diyabetik erkeklerde kontrol grubuyla kıyaslandığında total testosteron düzeyi düşük saptanmasına rağmen biyokimyasal hipogonadizm sıklığında artış saptanmadı. Bununla birlikte klinik açıdan ciddi ve orta semptomatik hipogonadizm sıklığında artış olduğu gösterilmiştir, Ayrıca diyabetik hastalarda bel çevresi ve BKİ değerleri ile ve kontrol grubunda sadece bel çevresi ile total testosteron düzeylerinin negatif ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir.

References

  • Vermeulen A, Jaufman JM. Aging of the hypothalamo-pituitarytesticular axis in man. Horm Res 1995;43:25.
  • Gooren LJG. Issues in hormonal treatment of the aging male. Aging Male 2002; 5 (Suppl 1):11-20.
  • Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT, Yen SS. Endogenous sex hormone levels in older men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132(5):895–901.
  • Barrett-Connor E. Lower endogenous androgen androgenlevels and dyslipidemia in men with non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(10):807–11.
  • Andersson B, Marin P, Lissner L, Vermeulen A, Bjorntorp P. Testosterone concentrations in women and men with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994;17(5):405–11.
  • Dhindsa S, Prabhakar S, Sethi M, Bandyopadhyay A, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Frequent occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(11):5462–8.
  • Simon D, Charles MA, Lahlou N et al. Androgen therapy improves insulin sensitivity and decreases leptin level in healthy adult men with low plasma total testosterone. Diabetes Care 2001;24(12):2149–51.
  • Marin P, Holmang S, Jonsson L et al. The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992;16(12):991–7.
  • Marin P, Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P. Androgen treatment of middle-aged, obese men: effects on metabolism, muscle and adipose tissues. Eur J Med 1992;1(6):329 –36.
  • Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154(6):899– 906.
  • Boyanov MA, Boneva Z, Christov VG. Testosterone supplementation in men with type 2 diabetes, visceral obesity and partial androgen deficiency. Aging Male 2003;(6):1–7.
  • Kapoor D, Aldred H, Clark S, Channer KS, Jones TH. Clinical and biochemical as sessment of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: correlations with bioavailable testosterone and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care 2007;30(4):911-7.
  • Dal MS, Ulaş T, Hacıbekiroğlu İ, Tursun İ, Altuntaş Y. Tip 2 diyabetlilerde hipogonadizm ve metabolik parametrelerle iilişkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Endocrin 2011;6(2):60-5.
  • Phillips GB, Jing TY, Resnick LM, BarbagalloM, Laragh JH, Sealey JE. Sex hormones and hemostatic risk factors forcoronary heart disease in men with hypertension.J Hypertens 1993;(11):699 –702.
  • Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Bouchard P et al. Testosterone replacementtherapy: current trends and future directions. Hum Reprod Update 2004;(5):409–11.
  • Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(2):724-31.
  • Zumoff B, Strain GW, Miller LK et al. Plasma free and non sex-hormone binding globulin bound testosterone are decreased in obese men in proportion to their degree of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71(4):929-31.
  • Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Stern MP, Katz MS. Obesity, body fat distribution and sex hormones in men. Int J Obes Metab Disord 1993;17(2):643-9.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Buket Tekin Vatansever

Sakin Tekin This is me

Şule Temizkan This is me

Tülay Karabayraktar This is me

Berfu Çınkıt This is me

Asuman Orçun This is me

Mustafa Tekçe This is me

Mehmet Ustaoğlu This is me

Mehmet Sargın

Publication Date February 27, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 15 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Tekin Vatansever, B., Tekin, S., Temizkan, Ş., Karabayraktar, T., et al. (2015). Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Medical Journal, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.80992
AMA Tekin Vatansever B, Tekin S, Temizkan Ş, Karabayraktar T, Çınkıt B, Orçun A, Tekçe M, Ustaoğlu M, Sargın M. Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J. November 2015;15(4). doi:10.17098/amj.80992
Chicago Tekin Vatansever, Buket, Sakin Tekin, Şule Temizkan, Tülay Karabayraktar, Berfu Çınkıt, Asuman Orçun, Mustafa Tekçe, Mehmet Ustaoğlu, and Mehmet Sargın. “Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik Ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi”. Ankara Medical Journal 15, no. 4 (November 2015). https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.80992.
EndNote Tekin Vatansever B, Tekin S, Temizkan Ş, Karabayraktar T, Çınkıt B, Orçun A, Tekçe M, Ustaoğlu M, Sargın M (November 1, 2015) Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Medical Journal 15 4
IEEE B. Tekin Vatansever, S. Tekin, Ş. Temizkan, T. Karabayraktar, B. Çınkıt, A. Orçun, M. Tekçe, M. Ustaoğlu, and M. Sargın, “Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi”, Ankara Med J, vol. 15, no. 4, 2015, doi: 10.17098/amj.80992.
ISNAD Tekin Vatansever, Buket et al. “Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik Ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi”. Ankara Medical Journal 15/4 (November 2015). https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.80992.
JAMA Tekin Vatansever B, Tekin S, Temizkan Ş, Karabayraktar T, Çınkıt B, Orçun A, Tekçe M, Ustaoğlu M, Sargın M. Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J. 2015;15. doi:10.17098/amj.80992.
MLA Tekin Vatansever, Buket et al. “Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik Ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi”. Ankara Medical Journal, vol. 15, no. 4, 2015, doi:10.17098/amj.80992.
Vancouver Tekin Vatansever B, Tekin S, Temizkan Ş, Karabayraktar T, Çınkıt B, Orçun A, Tekçe M, Ustaoğlu M, Sargın M. Tip 2 Diyabetik Erkeklerde Klinik ve Biyokimyasal Olarak Hipogonadizmin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J. 2015;15(4).