Review
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Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 419 - 428, 28.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.571441

Abstract

Diş hekimliğinde lazerlerin kullanımı; teşhis amaçlı
olarak, koruyucu diş hekimliği uygulamalarında, çürük temizleme ve kök kanal preparasyonu
gibi sert doku uygulamalarında, insizyon, gingivektomi (diş etinin kesilmesi ve
düzeltilmesi) ve hemostazın sağlanması gibi yumuşak doku uygulamalarında
giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Yapılacak olan işleme göre tercih edilecek lazer
tipi ve uygun parametreler değişmektedir. Lazerler; aktif maddesine, çalışma
yöntemine, dalga boyuna ve enerjisine göre sınıflandırılırlar. Diş hekimliği
alanında en sık tercih edilen lazerler argon, diyot, Nd: YAG, CO2,
Er: YAG ve Er: Cr; YSGG lazerlerdir. Erişkinlerde olduğu gibi çocuklarda da
güvenle kullanılabilmelerine rağmen, bazen çocuk hastalarda kullanımlarına dair
tereddütler bulunabilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, çocuk diş hekimliği
alanında lazerlerin kullanım amaçlarını, avantaj ve dezavantajlarını belirtmek;
çocuklarda ve süt dişleri üzerinde yapılan güncel çalışmaları da derleyerek bu
konudaki bilgi düzeyini arttırmaktır. 

References

  • Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):751-70, v.
  • Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Nieman TA. Principles of instrumental analysis. 5th ed. Philadelphia Orlando, Fla.: Saunders College Pub. ;Harcourt Brace College Publishers; 1998.
  • Coluzzi DJ, Robert, A. . Laser Fundamentals. In: Convissar RA, ed. Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry. St. Luis Missoiri2011:12-26.
  • Parker S. Verifiable CPD paper: laser-tissue interaction. Br Dent J. Jan 27 2007;202(2):73-81.
  • Vogel A, Venugopalan V. Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues. Chem Rev. Feb 2003;103(2):577-644.
  • Dederich DN. Laser/tissue interaction: what happens to laser light when it strikes tissue? J Am Dent Assoc. Feb 1993;124(2):57-61.
  • Welch AJ, Torres JH, Cheong WF. Laser physics and laser-tissue interaction. Tex Heart Inst J. 1989;16(3):141-9.
  • Harris D, Pick, RM. Laser Physics. In: Misserandino L, Pick, RM., ed. Lasers in Dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence publishing Co.; 1995:27-38.
  • Myers TD. Lasers in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. Jan 1991;122(1):46-50.
  • Myers TD. The future of lasers in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2000;44(4):971-80.
  • Wigdor H, Abt E, Ashrafi S, Walsh JT, Jr. The effect of lasers on dental hard tissues. J Am Dent Assoc. Feb 1993;124(2):65-70.
  • Kotlow L. Lasers in Pediatric Dentistry. In: Convissar R, ed. Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry. St. Louis: Missouri; 2011:202-24.
  • van As G. Erbium lasers in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):1017-1059, viii.
  • Hadley J, Young DA, Eversole LR, Gornbein JA. A laser-powered hydrokinetic system for caries removal and cavity preparation. J Am Dent Assoc. Jun 2000;131(6):777-85.
  • S. AK. Düşük Seviyeli Lazer Terapisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci-Special Topics. 2012;3(2):34-42.
  • Lawrence K. Lasers in Pediatric Dentistry. In: Convissar RA, ed. Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry. Second ed. St Louis: Elsevier; 2016:182-202.
  • Strauss RA, Fallon SD. Lasers in contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):861-88, vi.
  • Schwarz F, Aoki A, Sculean A, Georg T, Scherbaum W, Becker J. In vivo effects of an Er:YAG laser, an ultrasonic system and scaling and root planing on the biocompatibility of periodontally diseased root surfaces in cultures of human PDL fibroblasts. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(2):140-7.
  • Chen E, Abbott PV. Evaluation of accuracy, reliability, and repeatability of five dental pulp tests. J Endod. Dec 2011;37(12):1619-23.
  • Fratkin RD, Kenny DJ, Johnston DH. Evaluation of a laser Doppler flowmeter to assess blood flow in human primary incisor teeth. Pediatr Dent. Jan-Feb 1999;21(1):53-6.
  • Roeykens H, Van Maele G, Martens L, De Moor R. A two-probe laser Doppler flowmetry assessment as an exclusive diagnostic device in a long-term follow-up of traumatised teeth: a case report. Dent Traumatol. Apr 2002;18(2):86-91.
  • Chen J, Qin M, Ma W, Ge L. A clinical study of a laser fluorescence device for the detection of approximal caries in primary molars. Int J Paediatr Dent. Mar 2012;22(2):132-8.
  • Mendes FM, Novaes TF, Matos R, et al. Radiographic and laser fluorescence methods have no benefits for detecting caries in primary teeth. Caries Res. 2012;46(6):536-43.
  • Kavvadia K, Lagouvardos P. Clinical performance of a diode laser fluorescence device for the detection of occlusal caries in primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent. May 2008;18(3):197-204.
  • Olmez A, Tuna D, Oznurhan F. Clinical evaluation of diagnodent in detection of occlusal caries in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. Summer 2006;30(4):287-91.
  • Lussi A, Megert B, Longbottom C, Reich E, Francescut P. Clinical performance of a laser fluorescence device for detection of occlusal caries lesions. Eur J Oral Sci. Feb 2001;109(1):14-9.
  • Evans D, Reid J, Strang R, Stirrups D. A comparison of laser Doppler flowmetry with other methods of assessing the vitality of traumatised anterior teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. Dec 1999;15(6):284-90.
  • Karayilmaz H, Kirzioglu Z. Comparison of the reliability of laser Doppler flowmetry, pulse oximetry and electric pulp tester in assessing the pulp vitality of human teeth. J Oral Rehabil. May 2011;38(5):340-7.
  • Tagomori S, Morioka T. Combined effects of laser and fluoride on acid resistance of human dental enamel. Caries Res. 1989;23(4):225-31.
  • Hossain MM, Hossain M, Kimura Y, Kinoshita J, Yamada Y, Matsumoto K. Acquired acid resistance of enamel and dentin by CO2 laser irradiation with sodium fluoride solution. J Clin Laser Med Surg. Apr 2002;20(2):77-82.
  • Meurman JH, Hemmerle J, Voegel JC, Rauhamaa-Makinen R, Luomanen M. Transformation of hydroxyapatite to fluorapatite by irradiation with high-energy CO2 laser. Caries Res. 1997;31(5):397-400.
  • Ana PA, Tabchoury CP, Cury JA, Zezell DM. Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and professional fluoride application on enamel demineralization and on fluoride retention. Caries Res. 2012;46(5):441-51.
  • Anaraki SN, Serajzadeh M, Fekrazad R. Effects of laser-assisted fluoride therapy with a CO2 laser and Er, Cr:YSGG laser on enamel demineralization. Pediatr Dent. Jul-Aug 2012;34(4):e92-6.
  • Azevedo DT, Faraoni-Romano JJ, Derceli Jdos R, Palma-Dibb RG. Effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with fluoride on the prevention of primary tooth enamel demineralization. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(2):104-9.
  • Bahrololoomi Z, Lotfian M. Effect of Diode Laser Irradiation Combined with Topical Fluoride on Enamel Microhardness of Primary Teeth. J Dent (Tehran). Feb 2015;12(2):85-9.
  • Moslemi M, Fekrazad R, Tadayon N, Ghorbani M, Torabzadeh H, Shadkar MM. Effects of ER,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation and fluoride treatment on acid resistance of the enamel. Pediatr Dent. Sep-Oct 2009;31(5):409-13.
  • Subramaniam P, Pandey A. Effect of erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on surface micro-hardness of primary tooth enamel. Eur J Dent. Jul 2014;8(3):402-6.
  • Mathew A, Reddy NV, Sugumaran DK, Peter J, Shameer M, Dauravu LM. Acquired acid resistance of human enamel treated with laser (Er:YAG laser and Co2 laser) and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment: An in vitro atomic emission spectrometry analysis. Contemp Clin Dent. Apr 2013;4(2):170-5.
  • de Freitas PM, Rapozo-Hilo M, Eduardo Cde P, Featherstone JD. In vitro evaluation of erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser-treated enamel demineralization. Lasers Med Sci. Mar 2010;25(2):165-70.
  • Esteves-Oliveira M, Pasaporti C, Heussen N, Eduardo CP, Lampert F, Apel C. Rehardening of acid-softened enamel and prevention of enamel softening through CO2 laser irradiation. J Dent. Jun 2011;39(6):414-21.
  • Serdar-Eymirli P, Turgut MD, Dolgun A, Yazici AR. The effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser, fluoride, and CPP-ACP on caries resistance of primary enamel. Lasers Med Sci. Nov 16 2018.
  • Lizarelli Rde F, Moriyama LT, Bagnato VS. Ablation of composite resins using Er:YAG laser--comparison with enamel and dentin. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(2):132-9.
  • Usumez A, Aykent F. Bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers to tooth surfaces prepared with acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser etching. J Prosthet Dent. Jul 2003;90(1):24-30.
  • Usumez S, Orhan M, Usumez A. Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding with an Er,Cr:YSGG hydrokinetic laser system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. Dec 2002;122(6):649-56.
  • Tarcin B, Gunday M, Ovecoglu HS, et al. Tensile bond strength of dentin adhesives on acid- and laser-etched dentin surfaces. Quintessence Int. Nov-Dec 2009;40(10):865-74.
  • Sallam RA, Arnout EA. Effect of Er: YAG laser etching on shear bond strength of orthodontic bracket. Saudi Med J. Sep 2018;39(9):922-7.
  • Lupi-Pegurier L, Bertrand MF, Muller-Bolla M, Rocca JP, Bolla M. Comparative study of microleakage of a pit and fissure sealant placed after preparation by Er:YAG laser in permanent molars. J Dent Child (Chic). May-Aug 2003;70(2):134-8.
  • Sungurtekin E, Oztas N. The effect of erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser etching on marginal integrity of a resin-based fissure sealant in primary teeth. Lasers Med Sci. Nov 2010;25(6):841-7.
  • Moshonov J, Stabholz A, Zyskind D, Sharlin E, Peretz B. Acid-etched and erbium:yttrium aluminium garnet laser-treated enamel for fissure sealants: a comparison of microleakage. Int J Paediatr Dent. May 2005;15(3):205-9.
  • Karaman EYRGJBM. Farklı pürüzlendirme yöntemleriyle uygulanan fissür örtücülerin 18 aylık klinik performanslarının değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Ü Diş Hek Fak. 2012;29(1):33-40.
  • Boj JR, Poirier C, Hernandez M, Espassa E, Espanya A. Review: laser soft tissue treatments for paediatric dental patients. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. Apr 2011;12(2):100-5.
  • Piccione PJ. Dental laser safety. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):795-807, v.
  • Parker S. Laser regulation and safety in general dental practice. Br Dent J. May 12 2007;202(9):523-32.

Laser Application in Pediatric Dentistry: A Literature Update

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 419 - 428, 28.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.571441

Abstract

The use
of lasers in dentistry for diagnostic purpose, in preventive dentistry
applications, in hard tissue applications including caries removal and root
canal preparation and as well as in soft tissue applications such as incision,
gingivectomy, and hemostasis has been increasing. Both the type of lasers and
appropriate parameters vary depending on the dental treatment to be performed. Lasers
are classified according to the active substance, operation type, energy and wavelength.
Argon, diode, Nd: YAG, CO2, Er: YAG and Er:Cr;YSGG lasers have been the
most frequently preferred lasers in dentistry. As for adults, they also can be
used safely in children although there may be hesitation regarding their
preference for children. The aim of this review is to describe the intended use
of lasers, their advantages and disadvantages as well as to increase the level
of knowledge in this subject by reviewing the current studies conducted on
children and primary teeth. 

References

  • Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):751-70, v.
  • Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Nieman TA. Principles of instrumental analysis. 5th ed. Philadelphia Orlando, Fla.: Saunders College Pub. ;Harcourt Brace College Publishers; 1998.
  • Coluzzi DJ, Robert, A. . Laser Fundamentals. In: Convissar RA, ed. Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry. St. Luis Missoiri2011:12-26.
  • Parker S. Verifiable CPD paper: laser-tissue interaction. Br Dent J. Jan 27 2007;202(2):73-81.
  • Vogel A, Venugopalan V. Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues. Chem Rev. Feb 2003;103(2):577-644.
  • Dederich DN. Laser/tissue interaction: what happens to laser light when it strikes tissue? J Am Dent Assoc. Feb 1993;124(2):57-61.
  • Welch AJ, Torres JH, Cheong WF. Laser physics and laser-tissue interaction. Tex Heart Inst J. 1989;16(3):141-9.
  • Harris D, Pick, RM. Laser Physics. In: Misserandino L, Pick, RM., ed. Lasers in Dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence publishing Co.; 1995:27-38.
  • Myers TD. Lasers in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. Jan 1991;122(1):46-50.
  • Myers TD. The future of lasers in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2000;44(4):971-80.
  • Wigdor H, Abt E, Ashrafi S, Walsh JT, Jr. The effect of lasers on dental hard tissues. J Am Dent Assoc. Feb 1993;124(2):65-70.
  • Kotlow L. Lasers in Pediatric Dentistry. In: Convissar R, ed. Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry. St. Louis: Missouri; 2011:202-24.
  • van As G. Erbium lasers in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):1017-1059, viii.
  • Hadley J, Young DA, Eversole LR, Gornbein JA. A laser-powered hydrokinetic system for caries removal and cavity preparation. J Am Dent Assoc. Jun 2000;131(6):777-85.
  • S. AK. Düşük Seviyeli Lazer Terapisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci-Special Topics. 2012;3(2):34-42.
  • Lawrence K. Lasers in Pediatric Dentistry. In: Convissar RA, ed. Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry. Second ed. St Louis: Elsevier; 2016:182-202.
  • Strauss RA, Fallon SD. Lasers in contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):861-88, vi.
  • Schwarz F, Aoki A, Sculean A, Georg T, Scherbaum W, Becker J. In vivo effects of an Er:YAG laser, an ultrasonic system and scaling and root planing on the biocompatibility of periodontally diseased root surfaces in cultures of human PDL fibroblasts. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(2):140-7.
  • Chen E, Abbott PV. Evaluation of accuracy, reliability, and repeatability of five dental pulp tests. J Endod. Dec 2011;37(12):1619-23.
  • Fratkin RD, Kenny DJ, Johnston DH. Evaluation of a laser Doppler flowmeter to assess blood flow in human primary incisor teeth. Pediatr Dent. Jan-Feb 1999;21(1):53-6.
  • Roeykens H, Van Maele G, Martens L, De Moor R. A two-probe laser Doppler flowmetry assessment as an exclusive diagnostic device in a long-term follow-up of traumatised teeth: a case report. Dent Traumatol. Apr 2002;18(2):86-91.
  • Chen J, Qin M, Ma W, Ge L. A clinical study of a laser fluorescence device for the detection of approximal caries in primary molars. Int J Paediatr Dent. Mar 2012;22(2):132-8.
  • Mendes FM, Novaes TF, Matos R, et al. Radiographic and laser fluorescence methods have no benefits for detecting caries in primary teeth. Caries Res. 2012;46(6):536-43.
  • Kavvadia K, Lagouvardos P. Clinical performance of a diode laser fluorescence device for the detection of occlusal caries in primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent. May 2008;18(3):197-204.
  • Olmez A, Tuna D, Oznurhan F. Clinical evaluation of diagnodent in detection of occlusal caries in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. Summer 2006;30(4):287-91.
  • Lussi A, Megert B, Longbottom C, Reich E, Francescut P. Clinical performance of a laser fluorescence device for detection of occlusal caries lesions. Eur J Oral Sci. Feb 2001;109(1):14-9.
  • Evans D, Reid J, Strang R, Stirrups D. A comparison of laser Doppler flowmetry with other methods of assessing the vitality of traumatised anterior teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. Dec 1999;15(6):284-90.
  • Karayilmaz H, Kirzioglu Z. Comparison of the reliability of laser Doppler flowmetry, pulse oximetry and electric pulp tester in assessing the pulp vitality of human teeth. J Oral Rehabil. May 2011;38(5):340-7.
  • Tagomori S, Morioka T. Combined effects of laser and fluoride on acid resistance of human dental enamel. Caries Res. 1989;23(4):225-31.
  • Hossain MM, Hossain M, Kimura Y, Kinoshita J, Yamada Y, Matsumoto K. Acquired acid resistance of enamel and dentin by CO2 laser irradiation with sodium fluoride solution. J Clin Laser Med Surg. Apr 2002;20(2):77-82.
  • Meurman JH, Hemmerle J, Voegel JC, Rauhamaa-Makinen R, Luomanen M. Transformation of hydroxyapatite to fluorapatite by irradiation with high-energy CO2 laser. Caries Res. 1997;31(5):397-400.
  • Ana PA, Tabchoury CP, Cury JA, Zezell DM. Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and professional fluoride application on enamel demineralization and on fluoride retention. Caries Res. 2012;46(5):441-51.
  • Anaraki SN, Serajzadeh M, Fekrazad R. Effects of laser-assisted fluoride therapy with a CO2 laser and Er, Cr:YSGG laser on enamel demineralization. Pediatr Dent. Jul-Aug 2012;34(4):e92-6.
  • Azevedo DT, Faraoni-Romano JJ, Derceli Jdos R, Palma-Dibb RG. Effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with fluoride on the prevention of primary tooth enamel demineralization. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(2):104-9.
  • Bahrololoomi Z, Lotfian M. Effect of Diode Laser Irradiation Combined with Topical Fluoride on Enamel Microhardness of Primary Teeth. J Dent (Tehran). Feb 2015;12(2):85-9.
  • Moslemi M, Fekrazad R, Tadayon N, Ghorbani M, Torabzadeh H, Shadkar MM. Effects of ER,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation and fluoride treatment on acid resistance of the enamel. Pediatr Dent. Sep-Oct 2009;31(5):409-13.
  • Subramaniam P, Pandey A. Effect of erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on surface micro-hardness of primary tooth enamel. Eur J Dent. Jul 2014;8(3):402-6.
  • Mathew A, Reddy NV, Sugumaran DK, Peter J, Shameer M, Dauravu LM. Acquired acid resistance of human enamel treated with laser (Er:YAG laser and Co2 laser) and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment: An in vitro atomic emission spectrometry analysis. Contemp Clin Dent. Apr 2013;4(2):170-5.
  • de Freitas PM, Rapozo-Hilo M, Eduardo Cde P, Featherstone JD. In vitro evaluation of erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser-treated enamel demineralization. Lasers Med Sci. Mar 2010;25(2):165-70.
  • Esteves-Oliveira M, Pasaporti C, Heussen N, Eduardo CP, Lampert F, Apel C. Rehardening of acid-softened enamel and prevention of enamel softening through CO2 laser irradiation. J Dent. Jun 2011;39(6):414-21.
  • Serdar-Eymirli P, Turgut MD, Dolgun A, Yazici AR. The effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser, fluoride, and CPP-ACP on caries resistance of primary enamel. Lasers Med Sci. Nov 16 2018.
  • Lizarelli Rde F, Moriyama LT, Bagnato VS. Ablation of composite resins using Er:YAG laser--comparison with enamel and dentin. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(2):132-9.
  • Usumez A, Aykent F. Bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers to tooth surfaces prepared with acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser etching. J Prosthet Dent. Jul 2003;90(1):24-30.
  • Usumez S, Orhan M, Usumez A. Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding with an Er,Cr:YSGG hydrokinetic laser system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. Dec 2002;122(6):649-56.
  • Tarcin B, Gunday M, Ovecoglu HS, et al. Tensile bond strength of dentin adhesives on acid- and laser-etched dentin surfaces. Quintessence Int. Nov-Dec 2009;40(10):865-74.
  • Sallam RA, Arnout EA. Effect of Er: YAG laser etching on shear bond strength of orthodontic bracket. Saudi Med J. Sep 2018;39(9):922-7.
  • Lupi-Pegurier L, Bertrand MF, Muller-Bolla M, Rocca JP, Bolla M. Comparative study of microleakage of a pit and fissure sealant placed after preparation by Er:YAG laser in permanent molars. J Dent Child (Chic). May-Aug 2003;70(2):134-8.
  • Sungurtekin E, Oztas N. The effect of erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser etching on marginal integrity of a resin-based fissure sealant in primary teeth. Lasers Med Sci. Nov 2010;25(6):841-7.
  • Moshonov J, Stabholz A, Zyskind D, Sharlin E, Peretz B. Acid-etched and erbium:yttrium aluminium garnet laser-treated enamel for fissure sealants: a comparison of microleakage. Int J Paediatr Dent. May 2005;15(3):205-9.
  • Karaman EYRGJBM. Farklı pürüzlendirme yöntemleriyle uygulanan fissür örtücülerin 18 aylık klinik performanslarının değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Ü Diş Hek Fak. 2012;29(1):33-40.
  • Boj JR, Poirier C, Hernandez M, Espassa E, Espanya A. Review: laser soft tissue treatments for paediatric dental patients. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. Apr 2011;12(2):100-5.
  • Piccione PJ. Dental laser safety. Dent Clin North Am. Oct 2004;48(4):795-807, v.
  • Parker S. Laser regulation and safety in general dental practice. Br Dent J. May 12 2007;202(9):523-32.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Pınar Serdar Eymirli

Melek Dilek Turgut This is me

Publication Date June 28, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Serdar Eymirli, P., & Dilek Turgut, M. (2019). Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi. Ankara Medical Journal, 19(2), 419-428. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.571441
AMA Serdar Eymirli P, Dilek Turgut M. Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi. Ankara Med J. June 2019;19(2):419-428. doi:10.17098/amj.571441
Chicago Serdar Eymirli, Pınar, and Melek Dilek Turgut. “Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi”. Ankara Medical Journal 19, no. 2 (June 2019): 419-28. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.571441.
EndNote Serdar Eymirli P, Dilek Turgut M (June 1, 2019) Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi. Ankara Medical Journal 19 2 419–428.
IEEE P. Serdar Eymirli and M. Dilek Turgut, “Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi”, Ankara Med J, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 419–428, 2019, doi: 10.17098/amj.571441.
ISNAD Serdar Eymirli, Pınar - Dilek Turgut, Melek. “Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi”. Ankara Medical Journal 19/2 (June 2019), 419-428. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.571441.
JAMA Serdar Eymirli P, Dilek Turgut M. Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi. Ankara Med J. 2019;19:419–428.
MLA Serdar Eymirli, Pınar and Melek Dilek Turgut. “Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi”. Ankara Medical Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, 2019, pp. 419-28, doi:10.17098/amj.571441.
Vancouver Serdar Eymirli P, Dilek Turgut M. Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Lazer Uygulamaları: Bir Literatür Güncellemesi. Ankara Med J. 2019;19(2):419-28.