Farklı Arazi Örtüsünün Arazi Degradasyonu Üzerine Etkileri: Çanakkale Çıplak Köyü Örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 180 - 193, 15.12.2021

Timuçin Everest Ali Sungur Mehmet Parlak Erdem Temel Hasan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1030058

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Çanakkale-Karamenderes ovasının fluviyal taşkın düzlüğü üzerinde oluşmuş ve benzer özelliklere sahip fakat farklı arazi örtüsünün bulunduğu üç farklı parselde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada arazi örtüsündeki değişimin toprakların fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ve ağır metal içerikleri üzerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Amaç doğrultusunda 15 yıldır mısır tarımı yapılan arazi (P1), 7 yıldır mısır tarımı yapılan arazi (P2) ve münavebeli tarımın yapıldığı arazi (P3) olmak üzere üç farklı parsel seçilmiştir. Taksonomik incelemeler neticesinde (P1)’de önemli düzeyde sıkışma ve pulluk altı katmanının oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre (P1) profilinde hacim ağırlığında %12’lik artış yaşanırken, diğer parsellerde bu artışın %7,5 (P2) ve %8,6 (P3) olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma sonuçları ağır metallerin önemli derecede litolojiden etkilendiği fakat Cd ve kısmen Pb’nin antropojenik kaynaklardan etkilendiğine işaret etmiştir. Cd elementinin konsantrasyonları her üç parselde kritik değerlerin üzerinde bulunmuş ve toprakların Cd ile kontamine olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, Pb’nin birinci derece kaynağı litoloji olmakla beraber antropojenik kaynaklardan da (emisyonlar ve tarımsal üretimde kullanılan kimyasallar) etkilenmiş olabileceğini gösterilmiştir. Jeobirikim indeksine göre yapılan değerlendirmede bu sonuçları desteklemiştir. Sonuç olarak 15 yıl ard arda mısır tarımı yapılan parselde toprağın bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinde (özellikle sıkışma, Cd ve Pb içeriği) değişim olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

Keywords

Ağır metal, arazi kullanım türü, degradasyon, monokültür tarım

Effects of Different Land Cover on Land Degradation: The Case of Çanakkale Çıplak Village

Abstract

This study was carried out in the Fluvial Flood Plain of Çanakkale-Karamenderes plain. The parcels on which the study was carried out have similar characteristics and have different land cover. In the study, we examined how land use type affects the physicochemical properties and heavy metal contents of soils. For this purpose, three different parcels were selected, namely, the land where maize has been cultivated for 15 years (P1), the land where maize has been cultivated for 7 years (P2), and the land where alternate agriculture has been carried out (P3). As a result of taxonomic survey, it was determined that a significant level of compaction and plowed layer occurred in (P1). Analysis results showed that there was an increase of 12% in bulk density in (P1). On the other hand, it was observed that this increase was lower in other parcels: P2 (7.5 %) and P3 (8.6 %). The results of the study indicated that heavy metals were significantly affected by lithology, but Cd and partial Pb were affected by anthropogenic sources. The concentrations of Cd were found to be above the critical values in all three parcels, and it was determined that the soils were contaminated with Cd. In addition, the results showed that although the primary source of Pb is lithology, it may have been affected by anthropogenic sources (emissions and chemicals used in agricultural production). The evaluation of the geoaccumulation index also supported these results. As a result, it was revealed that some physical and chemical properties of soil (especially compaction, Cd, and Pb content) were changed in the parcel where maize cultivation was carried out for 15 consecutive years.

Keywords

Heavy metals, land use type, degradation, monoculture agriculture

References

• Alloway, B. J. 1990. Heavy metals in soils. Blackie Academic and Professional. Glasgow.
• Anonim. 2016. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Çanakkale İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü Brifing Raporu.
• Anonim. 2018. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, İllere ait istatistikler.
• Atafar, Z., A. Mesdaghinia, J. Nouri, M. Homaee, M. Yunesian, M. Ahmadimoghaddam, and A. H. Mahvi. 2010. Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 160 (1-4): 83.
• Banuelos, G. S., and H. A. Ajwa. 1999. Trace elements in soils and plants: an overview. Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A 34 (4): 951-974.
• Blake, G. R., and K. H. Hartge. 1986. Bulk density. pp. 363-382. In: A. Klute (Ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd Edition, Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
• Chander, K., S. Goyal, M.C. Mundra, and K. K. Kapoor. 1997. Organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soils under different crop rotations in the tropics. Biol. Fertil. Soils (24): 306-310.
• Doran, J.W., and T.B. Parkin. 1994. Defining and assessing soil quality. pp. 3-21. In: J.W. Doran et al., (ed.) Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Spec. Publ. No. 35, Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Inc. and Am. Soc. Agron., Inc., Madison, WI.
• Everest, T. 2015. Truva Tarihi Milli Parkı arazilerinin detaylı toprak etüt ve haritalanması ile arazi değerlendirmesi. Doktora Tezi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Everest, T., and H. Özcan. 2016. The properties and comparison of the vertisol soils formed on different physiographies. PONTE 72 (12): 149-170.
• Everest, T., and H. Özcan. 2019. Applying multivariate statistics for identification of groundwater resources and qualities in NW Turkey. Environmental Monitoring And Assessment 191 (2): 47.
• Gee, G. W., and J. W. Bauder. 1986. Particle-size analysis. pp. 383-411.In: A. Klute (Ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd Edition, Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
• Gibbs, H. K., and J. M. Salmon. 2015. Mapping the world's degraded lands. Appl. Geogr. (57): 12-21.
• Grewelling, T., and M. Peech. 1960. Chemical Soil Test. Cornell University Agricultural. Expt. Sta. Bull, (960).
• Huang, S. W., and J. Y. Jin. 2008. Status of heavy metals in agricultural soils as affected by different patterns of land use. Environmental Monitoring And Assessment 139 (1-3): 317.
• Jiao, W., W. Ouyang, F. Hao, F.Wang, and B. Liu. 2014. Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland, Northeast China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 14 (3): 567-576.
• Kasa, E., P. Felix-Henningsen, R. A. Duering, and F. Gjoka. 2014. the occurrence of heavy metals in ırrigated and non-ırrigated arable soils, NW Albania. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186 (6): 3595-3603.
• Kemper, W. D., and R. C. Rosenau. 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. pp. 425-442. In: A. Klute (Ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd Edition, Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
• Kubier, A., R.T.Wilkin, and T. Pichler. 2019. Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review. Applied Geochemistry 108: 304-388.
• Lal, R. 1997. Long-term tillage and maize monoculture effects on a tropical Alfisol in western Nigeria. II. Soil chemical properties. Soil and Tillage Research 42 (3): 161-174.
• Lambert, R., C. Grant, and S. Sauve. 2007. Cadmium and zinc in soil solution extracts following the application of phosphate fertilizers. Sci Total Environ 378 (3): 293-305.
• Li, L., C. Zheng, Y. Fu, D. Wu, X. Yang, and H. Shen. 2012. Silicate-mediated alleviation of Pb toxicity in banana grown in Pb-contaminated soil. Biological Trace Element Research 145 (1): 101-108.
• Lide, D. R. 2005. Abundance of elements in the Earth’s crust and in the sea. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. Internet Version 14-17.
• Liu, E., C. Yan, X. Mei, W. He, S. H. Bing, L. Ding, Q. Liu, S. Liu, and T. Fan. 2010. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma 158 (3): 173-180.
• Muller, G. 1969. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal (2): 108-118.
• Nelson, R. E., 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. pp. 181-197.Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, (methods of soil analysis).
• Nelson, D. W., and L. Sommers. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. pp 539-579. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological Properties, (methods of soil analysis).
• Özdeniz, E., B.G. Özbey, L. Kurt ve A.Bölükbaşı. 2017 Serpantin ekolojisi ve Türkiye serpantin florası’na katkılar. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi 5(1): 22-33.
• Parihar, C. M., M. R. Yadav, S. L. Jat, A. K. Singh, B. Kumar, S. Pradhan, D. Chakraborty, M. L. Jat, R. K. Jat, Y. S. Saharawat, and O. P. Yadav. 2016. Long term effect of conservation agriculture in maize rotations on total organic carbon, physical and biological properties of a sandy loam soil in North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil and Tillage Research 161(8): 116-128.
• Parkpian, P., S. T. Leong, P. Laortanakul, and N. Thunthaisong. 2003. Regional monitoring of lead and cadmium contamination in a tropical grazing land site, Thailand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 85 (2): 157–173. doi:10.1023/A: 1023638012736.
• Parlak, M., T. Everest ve T. Tunçay. 2019. Rulo çim alanlarındaki toprakların ve çim bitkisinin bazı ağır metal (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb) içerikleri: pilot çalışmalar: Edirne, Balıkesir ve Çanakkale. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fak. Derg. 7(2): 323-334.
• Prăvălie, R., C. Patriche, and G. Bandoc. 2017. Quantification of land degradation sensitivity areas in Southern and Central Southeastern Europe. New results based on improving DISMED methodology with new climate data. Catena 158: 309-320.
• Richards L. A., 1954. Diagnosis And İmprovement of Saline And Alkali Soils. U.S. Department Of Agriculture Handbook 60: 94.
• Salih, A. A., E.T. Ganawa, and A. A. Elmahl. 2017. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) and change vector analysis (CVA) methods for monitoring and mapping land degradation/desertification in arid and semiarid areas (Sudan), using Landsat imagery. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science (20): 21-29.
• Sauerbeck, D. R., and A. Hein. 1991. The nickel uptake from different soils and its prediction by chemical extractions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 57 (1): 861-871.
• Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. USDA. Washington.
• Xue, Y., W.J. Peijnenburg, J. Huang, D. Wang, and Y. Jin. 2018. Trophic transfer of Cd from duckweed (Lemna minor L.) to tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 37(5): 1367-1377.
• Zhang, Q., and C.Wang. 2020. Natural and human factors affect the distribution of soil heavy metal pollution: a review. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution 231: 350.
• Zhao, Y., Z. Yan, J. Qin, and Z. Xiao. 2014. Effects of long-term cattle manure application on soil properties and soil heavy metals in corn seed production in Northwest China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21 (12): 7586-7595.