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ABD'NİN EK GÜMRÜK VERGİSİ KARARININ TÜRKİYE'NİN ÇELİK İHRACATINA ETKİSİ

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 4, 406 - 416, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1503518

Abstract

Çelik ürünleri Türkiye’nin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne (ABD) yapmış olduğu ihracat kalemleri arasında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Türkiye’nin ABD’ye yapmış olduğu ihracatın yanı sıra çelik ürünleri ihracatı da yıllar itibariyle artış göstermektedir. Fakat 2018 yılında siyasi nedenlerle uygulamaya konulan %25 ilave gümrük vergisi çelik ihracatı yapan sektördeki firmaları zor durumda bırakmıştır. Bu çalışma, ABD tarafından Türk çeliğine konan ilave gümrük vergisinin etkisinin sektör içinde hala devam edip etmediğini aylık verilerle 2018-2023 yılları arasında araştırmaktadır. İncelenen serilerin durağanlık özellikleri Enders ve Lee (2012) tarafından önerilen Fourier ADF (FADF) kırılmalı birim kök testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Eğer seri durağanlık özelliği gösteriyorsa ilave gümrük vergisi kararının etkisi geçici olacaktır. Ancak seri birim kök içeriyorsa, ilave gümrük vergisi kararının etkisi kalıcı etki gösterecektir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, seri birim kök içermemektedir. Diğer bir ifadeye, FADF testinin temel hipotezi reddedilmektedir ve durağanlık göstermektedir.

References

  • Ansic D., & Pugh G. (1999). An experimental test of trade hysteresis: market exit and entry decisions in the presence of sunk costs and exchange rate uncertainty. Applied Economics, 31(4), 427-436, DOI: 10.1080/000368499324138
  • Baldwin, R. (1990). Sunk-cost hysteresis. Empirical Economics 15(1), 127-142.
  • Baldwin, R., & Krugman, P. (1989). Persistent trade effects of large exchange rate shocks. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(4), 635–654.
  • Belke, A. H., Göcke, M. & Werner, L. (2014). Hysteresis effects in economics–different methods for describing economic path-dependence. Ruhr Economic Paper, 468(1), 1-30.
  • Campa, J. M. (2004). Exchange rates and trade: How important is hysteresis in trade?. European Economic Review, 48(3), 527-548.
  • Chandra, P. (2016). Impact of temporary trade barriers: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 38(1), 24-48.
  • Chandra, P., & Long, C. (2013). Anti-dumping duties and their impact on exporters: Firm level evidence from China. World Development, 51(1), 169-186.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Giovannetti, G., & Samiei, H. (1995). Hysteresis in exports. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
  • İnal, V. (2021). Türkiye’de finansal gelişme şokları kalıcı mı? Geçici mi? Dalgacık tabanlı birim kök testlerinden kanıtlar. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(3), 1433-1442.
  • Konings, J., & Vandenbussche, H. (2005). Antidumping protection and markups of domestic firms. Journal of International Economics, 65(1), 151-165.
  • Li, W., Li, Y., Jacoby, G., & Wu, Z. (2022). Antidumping, firm performance and subsequent responses. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 76(1), 101493.
  • Li, W., Yan, Z., & Sun, W. (2014). The effect of antidumping and countervailing investigations on the market value of firms. International Review of Financial Analysis, 36(1), 97-105.
  • Lu, Y., Tao, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2013). How do exporters respond to antidumping investigations? Journal of International Economics, 91(2), 290-300.
  • Martinez-Zarzoso, I. (2001). Does hysteresis occur in trade? Some evidence for bilateral export flows at a disaggregated level. The International Trade Journal, 15(1), 57-88.
  • Odero, E. E. (2018). Testing the hysteresis effect of tax revenue on economic growth in Namibia: A polynomial distributed-lag model approach. European Journal of Business, Economics and Accountancy, 6(1), 124-127.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [TUIK] (2023). Dış ticaret statistikleri. Ankara: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • Yıldırım, S. (2011). Türkiye’de histeri hipotezinin geçerliliğinin çoklu yapısal kırılmalı CKP birim kök testiyle sınanması. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 11(22), 28-47.

THE IMPACT OF ADDITIONAL CUSTOMS DUTY DECISION OF THE USA ON STEEL EXPORT OF TÜRKİYE

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 4, 406 - 416, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1503518

Abstract

Steel products have an important spot among the export commodities of Türkiye to the United States of America (USA). The export of steel goods to the USA has been steadily rising over the years, along with other export commodities to the USA. Nevertheless, the imposition of a 25% supplementary customs tariff in 2018, motivated by political considerations, posed significant challenges for enterprises operating in the steel export industry. This study investigates how the USA's higher customs charge continues to affect Turkish steel in the industry. It analyzes monthly data from 2018 to 2023. Enders and Lee (2012) developed the Fourier ADF (FADF) unit root test to analyze the stationarity qualities of the examined series. If the series exhibits stationarity, the supplementary customs duty decision will have a transitory impact. Nevertheless, if the series possesses a unit root, the impact of the supplementary customs duty determination will be enduring. Based on the observed data, it can be concluded that the series does not exhibit any unit roots. Simply put, the FADF test rejects its primary hypothesis, indicating the presence of stationarity.

References

  • Ansic D., & Pugh G. (1999). An experimental test of trade hysteresis: market exit and entry decisions in the presence of sunk costs and exchange rate uncertainty. Applied Economics, 31(4), 427-436, DOI: 10.1080/000368499324138
  • Baldwin, R. (1990). Sunk-cost hysteresis. Empirical Economics 15(1), 127-142.
  • Baldwin, R., & Krugman, P. (1989). Persistent trade effects of large exchange rate shocks. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(4), 635–654.
  • Belke, A. H., Göcke, M. & Werner, L. (2014). Hysteresis effects in economics–different methods for describing economic path-dependence. Ruhr Economic Paper, 468(1), 1-30.
  • Campa, J. M. (2004). Exchange rates and trade: How important is hysteresis in trade?. European Economic Review, 48(3), 527-548.
  • Chandra, P. (2016). Impact of temporary trade barriers: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 38(1), 24-48.
  • Chandra, P., & Long, C. (2013). Anti-dumping duties and their impact on exporters: Firm level evidence from China. World Development, 51(1), 169-186.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Giovannetti, G., & Samiei, H. (1995). Hysteresis in exports. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
  • İnal, V. (2021). Türkiye’de finansal gelişme şokları kalıcı mı? Geçici mi? Dalgacık tabanlı birim kök testlerinden kanıtlar. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(3), 1433-1442.
  • Konings, J., & Vandenbussche, H. (2005). Antidumping protection and markups of domestic firms. Journal of International Economics, 65(1), 151-165.
  • Li, W., Li, Y., Jacoby, G., & Wu, Z. (2022). Antidumping, firm performance and subsequent responses. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 76(1), 101493.
  • Li, W., Yan, Z., & Sun, W. (2014). The effect of antidumping and countervailing investigations on the market value of firms. International Review of Financial Analysis, 36(1), 97-105.
  • Lu, Y., Tao, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2013). How do exporters respond to antidumping investigations? Journal of International Economics, 91(2), 290-300.
  • Martinez-Zarzoso, I. (2001). Does hysteresis occur in trade? Some evidence for bilateral export flows at a disaggregated level. The International Trade Journal, 15(1), 57-88.
  • Odero, E. E. (2018). Testing the hysteresis effect of tax revenue on economic growth in Namibia: A polynomial distributed-lag model approach. European Journal of Business, Economics and Accountancy, 6(1), 124-127.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [TUIK] (2023). Dış ticaret statistikleri. Ankara: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • Yıldırım, S. (2011). Türkiye’de histeri hipotezinin geçerliliğinin çoklu yapısal kırılmalı CKP birim kök testiyle sınanması. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 11(22), 28-47.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Trade (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İbrahim Özaytürk 0000-0001-5292-6313

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date June 22, 2024
Acceptance Date September 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 25 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Özaytürk, İ. (2024). THE IMPACT OF ADDITIONAL CUSTOMS DUTY DECISION OF THE USA ON STEEL EXPORT OF TÜRKİYE. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(4), 406-416. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1503518


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