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Reflex influences on oropharyngeal swallowing

Year 2015, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 81 - 85, 10.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.2399/ana.15.005

Abstract

Swallowing is a complex sensorimotor behaviour involving the coordinated and reflex contraction and inhibition of the musculature located in and around the mouth, larynx, pharynx and esophagus. Voluntary swallowing is under the the control of the cerebral cortex and other subcortical structures, but the main locations are the nucleus tractus solitarius and nucleus ambiguus, and their neural network of central pattern generator. In spite of these central controls, there are some intrinsic reflex actions between three phases of swallowing. These kind of reflexes were emphasized in this review. 

References

  • Miller AJ. Deglutition. Physiol Rev 1982;62:129–84.
  • Thexton AJ, Crompton AW. The control of swallowing. In:
  • Linden RWA, ed. Frontiers of Oral Biology. Basel: Karger; 1998;
  • p. 168–222.
  • Jean A. Brainstem control of swallowing: neuronal network and
  • cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2001;81:929–69.
  • Ertekin C, Aydogdu I. Neurophysiology of swallowing. Clin
  • Neurophysiol 2003;114:2226–44.
  • Lear CSC, Flanagan JBJ, Moorrees CFA. The frequency of deglutition
  • in man. Arch Oral Biol 1965;10:83–99.
  • Calloway S, Fonagy D, Pounder R. Frequency of swallowing in
  • duodenal ulceration and hiatus hernia. Br Med J 1982;285:23–4.
  • Kapila YV, Doddo WJ, Helm JF, Hogan WJ. Relationship between
  • swallow rate and salivary flow. Dig Dis Sci 1984;29:528–33.
  • Lagerlöf F, Dawes C. The volume of saliva in the mouth before
  • and after swallowing. J Dent Res 1984;63:618–21.
  • Pehlivan M, Yüceyar N, Ertekin C, Celebi G, Ertafl M, Kalayci T,
  • Aydo¤du I. An electronic device measuring the frequency of spontaneous
  • swallowing: digital phagometer. Dysphagia 1996;11:259–64.
  • Rudney JD, Larson CJ. The prediction of saliva swallowing frequency
  • in humans from estimates of salivary flow rate and the volume
  • of saliva swallowed. Arch Oral Biol 1995;40:507–12.
  • Ertekin C. Voluntary versus spontaneous swallowing in man.
  • Dysphagia 2011;26:183–92.
  • Ertekin C, Kiylioglu N, Tarlaci S, Turman AB, Secil Y, Aydogdu
  • I. Voluntary and reflex influences on the initiation of swallowing
  • reflex in man. Dysphagia 2001;16:40–7.
  • Miller JL, Sonies BC, Macedonia C. Emergence of oropharyngeal,
  • laryngeal and swallowing activity in the developing fetal upper
  • aerodigestive tract: an ultrasound evaluation. Early Hum Dev 2003;
  • :61–87.
  • Poleg D, Goldman JA. Fetal deglutition: a study of the anencephalic
  • fetus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1978;8:133–6.
  • Pritchard JA. Deglutition by normal and anencephalic fetus. J Obstet
  • Gynecol 1965; 25:289–97.
  • Martin, RE Neuroplasticity and swallowing. Dysphagia 2009;24:
  • –29.
  • Nishino T. Swallowing as a protective reflex for the upper respiratory
  • tract. Anesthesiology 1993;79:588–601.
  • Shaker R, Ren J, Zamir Z, Sarna S, Liv J, Sui Z. Effect of aging,
  • position and temperature on the threshold volume triggering pharyngeal
  • swallows. 1994;107:396–402.
  • Doty RW, Bosma JF. An electromyographic analysis of reflex deglutition.
  • J Neurophysiol 1956;19:44–60.
  • Thexton AJ, Crompton AW, German RZ. Electromyographic
  • activity during the reflex pharyngeal swallow in the pig: Doty and
  • Bosma (1956) revisited. J Appl Physiol 2007;102:587–600.
  • Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Reid DP, Stewart ET, Arndorfer RC. A
  • comparison between primary esophageal peristalsis following wet
  • and dry swallows. J Appl Physiol 1973;35:851–7.
  • Hollis JB, Castell DO. Effect of dry swallows and wet swallows of
  • different volumes on esophageal peristalsis. J Appl Physiol
  • ;38:1161–4.
  • Ertekin C, Aydogdu I. Electromyography of human cricopharyngeal
  • muscle of the upper esophageal sphincter. Muscle Nerve 2002;
  • :729–39.
  • Miller AJ. The neurobiology of swallowing and dysphagia. Dev
  • Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:77–86.
  • Ertekin C, K›yl›o¤lu N, Tarlac› S, Keskin A, Aydo¤du I. Effect of
  • mucosal anaesthesia on oropharyngeal swallowing. Neurogastroenterol
  • Motil 2000;12:567–72.
  • Ali GN, Laundl TM, Wallace KL, Shaw DW, deCarle DJ, Cook
  • IJ. Influence of mucosal receptors on deglutive regulation of pharyngeal
  • and upper esophageal sphincter function. Am J Physiol
  • ;267:G644–9.
  • Mansson I, Sandberg N. Effect of surface anesthesia on deglutition
  • in man. Laryngoscope 1974;84:427–37.
  • Mansson I, Sandberg N. Salivary stimulus and swallowing reflex in
  • man. Acta Otolaryngol 1975;79:445–50.
  • Jean A, Dallaporta M. Electrophysiologic characterization of the
  • swallowing pattern generator in the brainstem. GI Motility Online
  • ; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gimo9
  • Jean A, Car A, Roman C. Comparison of activity in pontine versus
  • medullary neurons during swallowing. Exp Brain Res 1975;22:211–
  • -
  • Jafari S, Prince RA, Kim DY, Paydarfar D. Sensory regulation of
  • swallowing and airway protection: a role for the internal superior
  • laryngeal nerve in humans. J Physiol 2003;550:287–304.
  • Lowell SY, Poletto CJ, Bethany RKC, Reynolds RC, Simonyan K,
  • Ludlow CL. Sensory stimulation activates both motor and sensory
  • components of the swallowing system. Neuroimage 2008;42:285–95.
  • Miller AJ. The neuroscientific principles of swallowing and dysphagia.
  • San Diego (CA): Singular Publication Group; 1999.
  • Jean A. Brainstem organisation of the swallowing network. Brain
  • Behav Evol 1984;25:109–16.
  • Jean A. Control of the central swallowing program by inputs from the
  • principal receptors. A review. J Auton Nerv Syst 1986;10:225–33.
  • Logemann JA. Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders.
  • nd ed. Austin (TX): Pro Ed; 1998.
  • Palmer JB, Rudin NJ, Lara G, Crompton AW. Coordination of
  • mastication and swallowing. Dysphagia 1992;7:187–200.
  • Pouderoux P, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ. Pharyngeal swallowing
  • elivcited by fluid infusion: role of volition and vallecular containment.
  • Am J Physiol 1996;270:G347–54.
  • Dua KS, Ren J, Bardon E, Xie P, Shaker R. Coordination of deglutive
  • glottal function and pharyngeal bolus transit during normal
  • eating. Gastroenterology 1997;112:73–83.
  • Hiiemae KM, Palmer JB. Food transport and bolus formation during
  • complete feeding sequences on foods of different initial consistencies.
  • Dysphagia 1999;14:31–42.
  • Chi-Fishman G, Sonies BC. Motor strategy in rapid sequential
  • swallowing: New insights. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2000;43:1481–
  • -
  • Daniels SK, Foundas AL. Swallowing physiology of sequential
  • straw drinking. Dysphagia 2001;16:176–82.
  • Daniels SK, Grey D, Hadskey LD, Legendre C, Priestly DH,
  • Rosenbek JC, Foundas AC. Mechanism of sequential swallowing
  • during straw drinking in healty young and older adults. J Speech
  • Lang Hear Res 2004;47:33–45.
  • Kessler JP, Jean A. Identification of medullary swallowing regions
  • in the rat. Exp Brain Res. 1985;57:256–63.
  • Ertekin C, Celik M, Seçil Y, Tarlaci S, Kiylio¤lu N, Aydo¤du I.
  • The electromyographic behaviour of the thyroarytenoid muscle
  • during swallowing. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;30:274–80.
  • Ertekin C, Pehlivan M, Aydo¤du I, Ertafl M, Uluda¤ B, Celebi G,
  • Colako¤lu Z, Sa¤duyu A, Yüceyar N. An electrophysiological
  • investigation of deglutition in man. Muscle Nerve1995;18:1177–
  • -
  • Ludlow CL, Vanpelt F, Koda J. Characteristics of late responses to
  • superior laryngeal nerve stimulation in humans. Ann Otol Rhinol
  • Laryngol 1992;101:127–34.
  • Sasaki CT, Suzuki M. Laryngeal reflexes in cat, dog and man. Arch
  • Otolaryngol 1976;102:400–2.
  • Barkmeier JM, Bielamowicz S, Takeda N, Ludlow L. Modulation
  • of laryngeal responses to superior laryngeal nerve stimulation by
  • volutional swallowing in awake humans. J Neurophysiol
  • ;83:1264–72.
  • Esaki H, Toshiro U, Selh T, Shin T. Characteristics of laryngeal
  • receptors analysed by presynaptic recording from the cat medulla
  • oblongata. Auris Nasus Larynx 1997;24:73–93.
  • Celik M, Alkan Z, Ercan I, Ertaflo¤lu H, Alk›m C, Erdem L
  • Turgut S, Ertekin C. Cricopharyngeal muscle electromyography
  • in laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngoscope 2005;115:138–48.
  • Andreatta RD, Mann EA, Poletto CJ, Ludlow CL. Mucosal afferents
  • mediate laryngeal adductor responses in the cat. J Appl Physiol
  • ;93:1622–9.
  • Shaker R, Dodds WJ, Dantas RO, Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC.
  • Coordination of deglutitive glottic closure with oropharyngeal
  • swallowing. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1478–84.
  • Martin BJW, Logemann JA, Shaker R, Dodds WJ. Coordination
  • between respiration and swallowing: respiratory phase relationship
  • and temporal integration. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:714–24.
  • Curtis DJ, Cruess DF, Dachman AH, Maso E. Timing in the normal
  • pharyngeal swallow: prospective selection and evaluation of 18
  • normal asymptomatic patients investigation. Invest Radiol 1984;
  • :523–9.
  • McConnell FM, Cerenko D, Jackson RT, Guffin Tn Jr. Timing of
  • major event of pharyngeal swallowing. Arch Otolaryngol Head
  • Neck Surg 1988;114:1413–8.
  • Kendall KA, McKenzie S, Leonard RJ, Gonçalves MI, Walker A.
  • Timing events in normal swallowing: a videofluoroscopic study.
  • Dysphagia 2000;15:74–83.
  • Kendall KA. Oropharyngeal swallowing variability. Laryngoscope
  • ;112:547–51.
  • Kendall KA, Leonard RJ, McKenzie SW. Sequence variability
  • during hypopharyngeal bolus transit. Dysphagia 2003;18:85–91.
  • Ohmae Y, LogemannJA, Kaiser P, Hansen DG, Kahrilas PJ.
  • Timing of glottic closure during normal swallow. Head Neck
  • ;17:394–402.
  • Celik Gokyigit M, Kuloglu Pazarci N, Ercan I, Seker S, Turgut S,
  • Ertekin C. Identification of distinct swallowing patterns for different
  • bolus volumes. Clin Neurophysiol 2009;120:1750–4.
  • Dozier TS, Brodsky MB, Michel Y, Walters Jr BC, Martin-Harris
  • B. Coordination of swallowing and respiration in normal sequential
  • cup swallows. Laryngoscope 2006;116:489–93.
Year 2015, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 81 - 85, 10.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.2399/ana.15.005

Abstract

References

  • Miller AJ. Deglutition. Physiol Rev 1982;62:129–84.
  • Thexton AJ, Crompton AW. The control of swallowing. In:
  • Linden RWA, ed. Frontiers of Oral Biology. Basel: Karger; 1998;
  • p. 168–222.
  • Jean A. Brainstem control of swallowing: neuronal network and
  • cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2001;81:929–69.
  • Ertekin C, Aydogdu I. Neurophysiology of swallowing. Clin
  • Neurophysiol 2003;114:2226–44.
  • Lear CSC, Flanagan JBJ, Moorrees CFA. The frequency of deglutition
  • in man. Arch Oral Biol 1965;10:83–99.
  • Calloway S, Fonagy D, Pounder R. Frequency of swallowing in
  • duodenal ulceration and hiatus hernia. Br Med J 1982;285:23–4.
  • Kapila YV, Doddo WJ, Helm JF, Hogan WJ. Relationship between
  • swallow rate and salivary flow. Dig Dis Sci 1984;29:528–33.
  • Lagerlöf F, Dawes C. The volume of saliva in the mouth before
  • and after swallowing. J Dent Res 1984;63:618–21.
  • Pehlivan M, Yüceyar N, Ertekin C, Celebi G, Ertafl M, Kalayci T,
  • Aydo¤du I. An electronic device measuring the frequency of spontaneous
  • swallowing: digital phagometer. Dysphagia 1996;11:259–64.
  • Rudney JD, Larson CJ. The prediction of saliva swallowing frequency
  • in humans from estimates of salivary flow rate and the volume
  • of saliva swallowed. Arch Oral Biol 1995;40:507–12.
  • Ertekin C. Voluntary versus spontaneous swallowing in man.
  • Dysphagia 2011;26:183–92.
  • Ertekin C, Kiylioglu N, Tarlaci S, Turman AB, Secil Y, Aydogdu
  • I. Voluntary and reflex influences on the initiation of swallowing
  • reflex in man. Dysphagia 2001;16:40–7.
  • Miller JL, Sonies BC, Macedonia C. Emergence of oropharyngeal,
  • laryngeal and swallowing activity in the developing fetal upper
  • aerodigestive tract: an ultrasound evaluation. Early Hum Dev 2003;
  • :61–87.
  • Poleg D, Goldman JA. Fetal deglutition: a study of the anencephalic
  • fetus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1978;8:133–6.
  • Pritchard JA. Deglutition by normal and anencephalic fetus. J Obstet
  • Gynecol 1965; 25:289–97.
  • Martin, RE Neuroplasticity and swallowing. Dysphagia 2009;24:
  • –29.
  • Nishino T. Swallowing as a protective reflex for the upper respiratory
  • tract. Anesthesiology 1993;79:588–601.
  • Shaker R, Ren J, Zamir Z, Sarna S, Liv J, Sui Z. Effect of aging,
  • position and temperature on the threshold volume triggering pharyngeal
  • swallows. 1994;107:396–402.
  • Doty RW, Bosma JF. An electromyographic analysis of reflex deglutition.
  • J Neurophysiol 1956;19:44–60.
  • Thexton AJ, Crompton AW, German RZ. Electromyographic
  • activity during the reflex pharyngeal swallow in the pig: Doty and
  • Bosma (1956) revisited. J Appl Physiol 2007;102:587–600.
  • Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Reid DP, Stewart ET, Arndorfer RC. A
  • comparison between primary esophageal peristalsis following wet
  • and dry swallows. J Appl Physiol 1973;35:851–7.
  • Hollis JB, Castell DO. Effect of dry swallows and wet swallows of
  • different volumes on esophageal peristalsis. J Appl Physiol
  • ;38:1161–4.
  • Ertekin C, Aydogdu I. Electromyography of human cricopharyngeal
  • muscle of the upper esophageal sphincter. Muscle Nerve 2002;
  • :729–39.
  • Miller AJ. The neurobiology of swallowing and dysphagia. Dev
  • Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:77–86.
  • Ertekin C, K›yl›o¤lu N, Tarlac› S, Keskin A, Aydo¤du I. Effect of
  • mucosal anaesthesia on oropharyngeal swallowing. Neurogastroenterol
  • Motil 2000;12:567–72.
  • Ali GN, Laundl TM, Wallace KL, Shaw DW, deCarle DJ, Cook
  • IJ. Influence of mucosal receptors on deglutive regulation of pharyngeal
  • and upper esophageal sphincter function. Am J Physiol
  • ;267:G644–9.
  • Mansson I, Sandberg N. Effect of surface anesthesia on deglutition
  • in man. Laryngoscope 1974;84:427–37.
  • Mansson I, Sandberg N. Salivary stimulus and swallowing reflex in
  • man. Acta Otolaryngol 1975;79:445–50.
  • Jean A, Dallaporta M. Electrophysiologic characterization of the
  • swallowing pattern generator in the brainstem. GI Motility Online
  • ; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gimo9
  • Jean A, Car A, Roman C. Comparison of activity in pontine versus
  • medullary neurons during swallowing. Exp Brain Res 1975;22:211–
  • -
  • Jafari S, Prince RA, Kim DY, Paydarfar D. Sensory regulation of
  • swallowing and airway protection: a role for the internal superior
  • laryngeal nerve in humans. J Physiol 2003;550:287–304.
  • Lowell SY, Poletto CJ, Bethany RKC, Reynolds RC, Simonyan K,
  • Ludlow CL. Sensory stimulation activates both motor and sensory
  • components of the swallowing system. Neuroimage 2008;42:285–95.
  • Miller AJ. The neuroscientific principles of swallowing and dysphagia.
  • San Diego (CA): Singular Publication Group; 1999.
  • Jean A. Brainstem organisation of the swallowing network. Brain
  • Behav Evol 1984;25:109–16.
  • Jean A. Control of the central swallowing program by inputs from the
  • principal receptors. A review. J Auton Nerv Syst 1986;10:225–33.
  • Logemann JA. Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders.
  • nd ed. Austin (TX): Pro Ed; 1998.
  • Palmer JB, Rudin NJ, Lara G, Crompton AW. Coordination of
  • mastication and swallowing. Dysphagia 1992;7:187–200.
  • Pouderoux P, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ. Pharyngeal swallowing
  • elivcited by fluid infusion: role of volition and vallecular containment.
  • Am J Physiol 1996;270:G347–54.
  • Dua KS, Ren J, Bardon E, Xie P, Shaker R. Coordination of deglutive
  • glottal function and pharyngeal bolus transit during normal
  • eating. Gastroenterology 1997;112:73–83.
  • Hiiemae KM, Palmer JB. Food transport and bolus formation during
  • complete feeding sequences on foods of different initial consistencies.
  • Dysphagia 1999;14:31–42.
  • Chi-Fishman G, Sonies BC. Motor strategy in rapid sequential
  • swallowing: New insights. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2000;43:1481–
  • -
  • Daniels SK, Foundas AL. Swallowing physiology of sequential
  • straw drinking. Dysphagia 2001;16:176–82.
  • Daniels SK, Grey D, Hadskey LD, Legendre C, Priestly DH,
  • Rosenbek JC, Foundas AC. Mechanism of sequential swallowing
  • during straw drinking in healty young and older adults. J Speech
  • Lang Hear Res 2004;47:33–45.
  • Kessler JP, Jean A. Identification of medullary swallowing regions
  • in the rat. Exp Brain Res. 1985;57:256–63.
  • Ertekin C, Celik M, Seçil Y, Tarlaci S, Kiylio¤lu N, Aydo¤du I.
  • The electromyographic behaviour of the thyroarytenoid muscle
  • during swallowing. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;30:274–80.
  • Ertekin C, Pehlivan M, Aydo¤du I, Ertafl M, Uluda¤ B, Celebi G,
  • Colako¤lu Z, Sa¤duyu A, Yüceyar N. An electrophysiological
  • investigation of deglutition in man. Muscle Nerve1995;18:1177–
  • -
  • Ludlow CL, Vanpelt F, Koda J. Characteristics of late responses to
  • superior laryngeal nerve stimulation in humans. Ann Otol Rhinol
  • Laryngol 1992;101:127–34.
  • Sasaki CT, Suzuki M. Laryngeal reflexes in cat, dog and man. Arch
  • Otolaryngol 1976;102:400–2.
  • Barkmeier JM, Bielamowicz S, Takeda N, Ludlow L. Modulation
  • of laryngeal responses to superior laryngeal nerve stimulation by
  • volutional swallowing in awake humans. J Neurophysiol
  • ;83:1264–72.
  • Esaki H, Toshiro U, Selh T, Shin T. Characteristics of laryngeal
  • receptors analysed by presynaptic recording from the cat medulla
  • oblongata. Auris Nasus Larynx 1997;24:73–93.
  • Celik M, Alkan Z, Ercan I, Ertaflo¤lu H, Alk›m C, Erdem L
  • Turgut S, Ertekin C. Cricopharyngeal muscle electromyography
  • in laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngoscope 2005;115:138–48.
  • Andreatta RD, Mann EA, Poletto CJ, Ludlow CL. Mucosal afferents
  • mediate laryngeal adductor responses in the cat. J Appl Physiol
  • ;93:1622–9.
  • Shaker R, Dodds WJ, Dantas RO, Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC.
  • Coordination of deglutitive glottic closure with oropharyngeal
  • swallowing. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1478–84.
  • Martin BJW, Logemann JA, Shaker R, Dodds WJ. Coordination
  • between respiration and swallowing: respiratory phase relationship
  • and temporal integration. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:714–24.
  • Curtis DJ, Cruess DF, Dachman AH, Maso E. Timing in the normal
  • pharyngeal swallow: prospective selection and evaluation of 18
  • normal asymptomatic patients investigation. Invest Radiol 1984;
  • :523–9.
  • McConnell FM, Cerenko D, Jackson RT, Guffin Tn Jr. Timing of
  • major event of pharyngeal swallowing. Arch Otolaryngol Head
  • Neck Surg 1988;114:1413–8.
  • Kendall KA, McKenzie S, Leonard RJ, Gonçalves MI, Walker A.
  • Timing events in normal swallowing: a videofluoroscopic study.
  • Dysphagia 2000;15:74–83.
  • Kendall KA. Oropharyngeal swallowing variability. Laryngoscope
  • ;112:547–51.
  • Kendall KA, Leonard RJ, McKenzie SW. Sequence variability
  • during hypopharyngeal bolus transit. Dysphagia 2003;18:85–91.
  • Ohmae Y, LogemannJA, Kaiser P, Hansen DG, Kahrilas PJ.
  • Timing of glottic closure during normal swallow. Head Neck
  • ;17:394–402.
  • Celik Gokyigit M, Kuloglu Pazarci N, Ercan I, Seker S, Turgut S,
  • Ertekin C. Identification of distinct swallowing patterns for different
  • bolus volumes. Clin Neurophysiol 2009;120:1750–4.
  • Dozier TS, Brodsky MB, Michel Y, Walters Jr BC, Martin-Harris
  • B. Coordination of swallowing and respiration in normal sequential
  • cup swallows. Laryngoscope 2006;116:489–93.
There are 165 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Cumhur Ertekin This is me

Publication Date September 10, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ertekin, C. (2015). Reflex influences on oropharyngeal swallowing. Anatomy, 9(2), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.2399/ana.15.005
AMA Ertekin C. Reflex influences on oropharyngeal swallowing. Anatomy. September 2015;9(2):81-85. doi:10.2399/ana.15.005
Chicago Ertekin, Cumhur. “Reflex Influences on Oropharyngeal Swallowing”. Anatomy 9, no. 2 (September 2015): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.2399/ana.15.005.
EndNote Ertekin C (September 1, 2015) Reflex influences on oropharyngeal swallowing. Anatomy 9 2 81–85.
IEEE C. Ertekin, “Reflex influences on oropharyngeal swallowing”, Anatomy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 81–85, 2015, doi: 10.2399/ana.15.005.
ISNAD Ertekin, Cumhur. “Reflex Influences on Oropharyngeal Swallowing”. Anatomy 9/2 (September 2015), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.2399/ana.15.005.
JAMA Ertekin C. Reflex influences on oropharyngeal swallowing. Anatomy. 2015;9:81–85.
MLA Ertekin, Cumhur. “Reflex Influences on Oropharyngeal Swallowing”. Anatomy, vol. 9, no. 2, 2015, pp. 81-85, doi:10.2399/ana.15.005.
Vancouver Ertekin C. Reflex influences on oropharyngeal swallowing. Anatomy. 2015;9(2):81-5.

Anatomy is the official journal of Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy (TSACA).