Examining the Relationships between Quality of Life and Preventive Behaviours during COVID-19

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 6, 1679 - 1697, 25.12.2021

Naif Ergün , Halis Sakız

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.974981

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Preventive behaviors (such as keeping social distance, not going out, washing hands) to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic can have negative effects on people's quality of life. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationships among complying with preventive behaviors in order to prevent the spread of the virus and people’s quality of life in terms of various demographic variables. The research was approved by Mardin Artuklu University Ethical Commission (Date: 11.04.2020, Decision no. 34233153-050.04.04). Data were collected from 1308 people with an age range varying between 18-64 years from the seven geographic regions of Turkey. Findings revealed that (a) the levels of exhibiting preventive behaviors differ according to some demographic variables such as gender, (b), the level of exhibiting preventive behaviors is above the medium level, (c) the quality of life differs significantly according to the geographical region, gender and socioeconomic level, (d) the level of quality of life is related to preventive behaviors and differs according to demographic variables, and (e) preventive behaviors of hand washing and staying away from social environment predicts quality of life positively, while the preventive behaviors of staying at home and using masks/gloves predicts the quality of life negatively. The results indicate that the psychological, social and environmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic should be taken into account along with the medical consequences.

Keywords

COVID-19, pandemic, quality of life, preventive behaviors

COVID-19 Sürecinde Önleyici Davranışlar ile Yaşam Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemisini önlemek amacıyla önleyici tedbirlerin (sosyal mesafe, sokağa çıkmama, elleri yıkamak gibi hijyen kurallarına uyma) insanların yaşam kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, virüsün bulaşmasını önlemek amacıyla önleyici davranışlara uyma düzeyi ile insanların yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişkinin çeşitli demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi 11.04.2020 tarih ve 34233153-050.04.04 sayı kararı ile etik açıdan uygun bulunduktan sonra çalışmanın verileri toplanmaya başlanmıştır. Araştırma, Türkiye’nin yedi bölgesinden 18-64 yaş aralığında toplam 1308 katılımcıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları, (a) katılımcıların önleyici davranışlara uyma düzeylerinin cinsiyet gibi bazı demografik değişkenlere göre farklılık gösterdiğini, (b) genel anlamda önleyici davranışlara uyma düzeyinin yüksek olduğunu, (c) yaşam kalitesinin coğrafi bölge, cinsiyet ve sosyoekonomik düzeye göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığını, (d) yaşam kalitesi düzeyinin önleyici davranışlarla ilişkili olduğunu, ve (e) el yıkama ve sosyal ortamdan uzak durmanın yaşam kalitesini pozitif; evde kalma ve maske/eldiven kullanmanın ise yaşam kalitesini negatif yordadığını ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar, COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde medikal sonuçlarla birlikte psikolojik, sosyal ve çevresel sonuçların da göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğini işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

COVID-19, Pandemi, Yaşam kalitesi, Önleyici davranışlar

References

• Albayrak, A. S., Kalaycı, Ş., & Karataş, A. (2004). Türkiye'de coğrafi bölgelere göre illerin sosyoekonomik gelişmişlik düzeylerinin temel bileşenler analiziyle incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2),101-130.
• American, S. (2020, Nisan 25). WHO declares coronavirus outbreak a global health emergency. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/who-declares-coronavirus-outbreak-a- global-health-emergency/
• Anderson, R. M., Hesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., & Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country basd mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet, 395(10228), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
• Anssea, M., Dierick, M., Buntinkx, F., Cnockaert, P., De Smedt, J., Van Den Haute, M., & Vander Mijnsbrugge, D. (2004). High prevalence of mental disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 78, 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00219-7
• Batawi, S., Tarazan, N., Al-Raddadi, R., Al Qasim, E., Sindi, A.,, Al Johni, S., …& Alraddadi, B.M. (2019). Quality of life reported by survivors after hospitalization for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17(101), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1165-2
• Bisegger, C., Cloetta, B., Von Bisegger, U., Abel, T., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2005). Health-related quality of life: gender differences in childhood and adolescence. Sozial-und Präventivmedizin, 50(5), 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-005-4094-2
• Bish, A. & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 9112-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Bowling, A. (2005). Ageing well: Quality of life in old age. London: Open University Press.
• Bozdağ, F. (2021). The psychological effects of staying home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of General Psychology, 148(3), 226-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1867494
• Bozdağ, F. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde psikolojik sağlamlık. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 247-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44890
• Chavanon, M. L., Inkrot, S., Zelenak, C., Tahirovic, E., Stanojevic, D., Apostolovic, S., ... & Veskovic, J. (2017). Regional differences in health-related quality of life in elderly heart failure patients: results from the CIBIS-ELD trial. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 106(8), 645-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-017-1101-6
• Chen J., Wu J., Hao S., Yang M., Lu X., Chen X., & Li L. (2017). Long term outcomes in survivors of epidemic influenza a (H7N9) virus infection. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 17275. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17497-6
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Assossiates Publishers.
• Dogramaci, A. C., Yurtman Havlucu, D., Inandi, T., & Balkrishnan, R. (2009). Validation of a melasma quality of life questionnaire for the Turkish language: The MelasQoL-TR study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 20(2), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546630802287553
• Dorfan, N. M. & Woody, S. R. (2011). Danger appraisals as prospective predictors of disgust and avoidance of contaminants. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(2), 105-132. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.2.105
• Eagly, A.H. & Wood, W. (2016). Social Role Theory of Sex Differences. In A. Wong, M. Wickramasinghe, R. Hoogland, and N. A. Naples (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies.
• Eser, E., Fidaner, H., Fidaner, C., Eser, S. Y., Elbi H., & Göker E. (1999). Psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF. Journal of Psychiatry Psychology Psychopharmacology, 7, 23–40.
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed.). London: Sage.
• Genç, A., Şener, Ü., Karabacak, H., & Üçok, K. (2011). Kadın ve erkek genç erişkinler arasında fiziksel aktivite ve yaşam kalitesi farklılıklarının araştırılması. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 12, 145-150.
• Ghaedi, G. H., Tavoli, A., Bakhtiari, M., Melyani, M., & Sahragard, M. (2010). Quality of life in college students with and without social phobia. Social Indicators Research, 97, 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9500-3
• Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 368, M1211. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1211
• Hale, T., Hetherick, A., Phillips, T., & Webster, S. (2020). Variation in government responses to COVID-19. Blavatnik school of government working paper, 31. https://en.unesco.org/inclusivepolicylab/sites/default/files/learning/document/2020/4/BSG-WP-2020-031-v3.0.pdf
• Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. London: Routledge.
• Hawthorne, G. (2006). Measuring social isolation in older adults: development and initial validation of the friendship scale. Social Indicators Research, 77(3), 521-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-7746-y
• Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... & Ford, T. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
• Hui, D.S., Ko, F.W., Chan, D.P., Fok, J.P., Chan, M.C., To, K.W., & Sung, J.J. (2005). The long-term impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors. Chest, 128. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.4_MeetingAbstracts.148S-b
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. & Hyun, H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mc Graw Hill.
• Ibuka, Y., Chapman, G. B., Meyers, L. A., Li, M., & Galvani, A. P. (2010). The dynamics of risk perceptions and precautionary behavior in response to 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(1), 296-308. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-296
• Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2012.37.4.245
• Kupferschmidt, K. & Cohen, J. (2020, Mart 22). China’s aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countiries. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries
• Lau, J. T., Griffiths, S., Choi, K. C., & Lin, C. (2010). Prevalence of preventive behaviors and associated factors during early phase of the H1N1 influenza epidemic. American Journal of Infection Control, 38(5), 374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.03.002
• Lukšík, I. & Hargašová, L. (2018). Impact of residential care culture on quality of life of care leavers. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 9(2), 86-108. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs92201818214
• Mendlowicz, M. V. & Stein, M. B. (2000). Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 669–682. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.669
• Musich, S., Wang, S. S., Hawkins, K., & Yeh, C. S. (2015). The Impact of Loneliness on Quality of Life and Patient Satisfaction Among Older, Sicker Adults. Gerontology & geriatric medicine, 1, 2333721415582119. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721415582119
• Pellowski, J. A., Kalichman, S. C., Matthews, K. A., & Adler, N. (2013). A pandemic of the poor: social disadvantage and the US HIV epidemic. American Psychologist, 68(4), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032694
• Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of autoimmunity, 109, 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
• Sadique, M. Z., Edmunds, W. J., Smith, R. D., Meerding, W. J., De Zwart, O., Brug, J., & Beutels, P. (2007). Precautionary behavior in response to perceived threat of pandemic influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(9), 1307-1313. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1309.070372
• Sakız, H. (2011). Perceptions of quality of life in children with learning disabilities (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Turkey. (Tez No: 298333)
• Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
• Schalock, R.L. & Verdugo, M.A. (2002). Handbook on Quality of Life for Human Service Practitioners. American Association on Mental Retardation, Washington DC.
• Schwartzman, C. M., Boisseau, C. L., Sibrava, N. J., Mancebo, M. C., Eisen, J. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2017). Symptom subtype and quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 249, 307-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.025
• Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Patricia Chou, S., Smith, S., Goldstein, R. B., June Ruan, W., & Grant, B. F. (2007). The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological medicine, 37(7), 1047–1059. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707000086
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.). Boston, Pearson.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı (2020, Mayıs 29). 81 il valiliğine 18 yaş altı ile 65 yaş ve üzeri kişilerin sokağa çıkma kısıtlaması genelgesi. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/81-il-valiligine-18-yas-alti-ile-65-yas-ve-uzeri-kisilerin-sokaga-cikma-kisitlamasi-genelgesi
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020, Temmuz 16). Türkiye günlük koronavirüs tablosu. https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/
• Twardzik, E., Clarke, P., Elliott, M. R., Haley, W. E., Judd, S., & Colabianchi, N. (2019). Neighborhood socioeconomic status and trajectories of physical health-related quality of life among stroke survivors. Stroke, 50(11), 3191-3197. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025874
• von Rueden, U., Gosch, A., Rajmil, L., Bisegger, C., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2006). Socioeconomic determinants of health related quality of life in childhood and adolescence: results from a European study. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 60(2), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.039792
• Vrbova, K., Prasko, J., Ociskova, M., & Holubova, M. (2017). Comorbidity of schizophrenia and social phobia–impact on quality of life, hope, and personality traits: a cross sectional study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 2073. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S141749
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
• Williams, K. B., Gadbury-Amyot, C. C., Bray, K. K., Manne, D., & Collins, P. (1998). Oral health-related quality of life: A model for dental hygiene. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 72(2), 19-26.
• World Health Organization Quality of Life Group (1995). The world health organization quality of life assessment: Position paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science & Medicine, 41, 1403–1409.
• World Health Organization (2021, Temmuz 12). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
• World Health Organization (2020a, Haziran 12). Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331498/WHO-2019-nCoV-IPCPPE_use-2020.2-eng.pdf.
• World Health Organization (2020b, Haziran 12). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the- second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee- regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
• World Health Organization (2020c, Temmuz 16). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for infection prevention precautions: Scientific brief. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions.
• World Health Organization (2020d, Temmuz 16). Statement – Older people are at highest risk from COVID-19, but all must act to prevent community spread. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-COVID-19/statements/statement-older-people-are-at-highest-risk-from-COVID-19,-but-all-must-act-to-prevent-community-spread.
• Yang, J. Z., & Chu, H. R. (2018). Who is afraid of the Ebola outbreak? The influence of discrete emotions on risk perception. Journal of Risk Research, 21(7), 834-853. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247378
• Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2381-2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381