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Militarism and Military Discourse in the Creation of a Nation: The Example of Turkish Modernization

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 1003 - 1011, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1096724

Abstract

Nations and nationalisms are, in the modern world, quite a fact. However, the biggest problem for a modern state is to create a nation from its citizens. In order to fulfill this task modern states have used every opportunity and tool. The military is one of these tools. As has its modern counterparts, the Turkish Republic has used its military to indoctrinate its citizens to create a nation. However, the usage of military has never been limited to time, or to the military itself. Both the military and militarist discourse, in modern Turkey, have involved and permeated almost every aspect of social life from the very beginning. This article is not the first attempt to examine the Turkish military and its effects in the country. Nevertheless, the militarist discourse have never been studied in all its complexity. This study intends to examine militarist discourse and indoctrination processes in Turkey from military, political, educational, and media points of view with the context of modernization.

References

  • Atatürk, M. K. (2000 [1927]). Nutuk (Speech). Ankara: Palme Yayincilik.
  • Battistoni, A. K. and Taylor, J. J. (2009). Indigenous identities and military frontiers. Reflections on San and the Military in Namibia and Angola, 1960-2000. Lusotopie, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 113-131.
  • Başaran, O. (2014). "You're Like a Virus" : Dangerous Bodies and Military Medical Authority in Turkey. Gender & Society, Vol. 28. No. 4, pp. 562–582.
  • Brown, J. (1989). The Military and Society: The Turkish Case. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 387-404.
  • Bildirici, F. (2000). Silüetini Sevdiğimin Türkiyesi. Istanbul: Dogan yayincilik.
  • Cemal, H. (2000). Kimse Kızmasın Kendimi Yazdım. İstanbul: Dogan Kitap.
  • Chesterton, B. M. and Isaenko, A. V. (2014). A White Russian in the Green Hell: Military Science, Ethnography, and Nation Building. Hispanic American Historical Review vol. 94, no. 4.
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  • Çatalbaş, A. Ü. (2020). Militarism, Democracy, and Concordance: The Role of Citizenry in (Re)-Establishing Democratic Order in Argentina and Turkey (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati).
  • Demirel, T. (2003). The Turkish Military's Decision to Intervene: 12 September 1980. Armed Forces and Society, vol.29, no. 2, winter 2003, pp. 253-280.
  • Ekşi, O. (1998). Alçakları Tanıyalım (Let's Identify the Viles). Hürriyet Daily, April 25.
  • Hale, W. (2011). The Turkish Republic and its Army:1923–1960. Turkish Studies. Vol. 12, No. 2, 191–2011.
  • Harris, George S. (1965). The Role of The Military in Turkish Politics. Middle East Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 169-176.
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  • Jenkins, G. (2001). How the Turkish Military Influences Policy. The Adelphi Papers. vol. 41, no. 337, pp. 41-55.
  • Kaya, S. (2014). Endoktrinasyon ve Türkiye'de Toplum Mühendisliği. Istanbul: Nirengi Kitap.
  • Kaplan, İ. (1999). Türkiye'de Milli Eğitim Ideolojisi ve Siyasal Toplumlaşma Uzerindeki Etkisi. Istanbul: Iletişim Yayinlari.
  • Kemal, Y. (1960). Milli Birlik Üyeleriyle Röportajlar (Interviews with the members of Turkey's National Unity). Milliyet Daily, June, 11-15.
  • Levy, G. and Sasson-Levy, O. (2008). Militarized Socialization, Military Service, And Class Reproduction: The Experiences Of Israeli Soldiers. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 51, Issue 2, pp. 349–374.
  • Mann, R. (2013). Beyond the Military Sphere: The 63 year old Debate over Israel's Armed Forces 'Civilianized' Radio Station. Media History, vol. 19, no.2, pp. 169-181.
  • McFadden, J. H. (1985). Civil-Military Relations in the Third Turkish Republic. Middle East Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 69-85.
  • Oğur, Y. (2015). İnce Memed'in 'Resmi' Tarihi (The 'Official' History of Memed, My Hawk). Türkiye Daily, March, 8.
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  • Sarıgil, Z. (2013). Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey. Armed Forces and Society. vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 282-306.
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  • Türkis, O. (ed.). (2007). Örs ve Çekiç: Akbabanın Üç Günü. Istanbul: Paradigma yayinlari.
  • Wuthrich, F. M. (2010). Commercial Media, the Military, and Society in Turkey during Failed and Successful Interventions. Turkish Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 217-234.

Militarism and Military Discourse in the Creation of a Nation: The Example of Turkish Modernization

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 1003 - 1011, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1096724

Abstract

Uluslar ve milliyetçilikler modern dünyada önemli bir olgudur. Ancak modern bir devlet için en büyük sorun vatandaşlarından bir ulus çıkarabilmektir. Bu görevi yerine getirebilmek için modern devletler her türlü fırsatı ve aracı kullanagelmiştir. Ulusal ordular da bu araçlardan biridir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti devleti de tıpkı diğer modern emsalleri gibi orduyu bir ulus yaratmak için vatandaşlarına bu fikri aşılamak üzere kullanagelmiştir. Binaenaleyh, ordunun kullanımı zamana yahut ordunun kendisiyle sınırlı kalmamıştır. Hem ordu hem de militarist söylem modern Türkiye’de başından beri toplumsal hayatın hemen her alanına sirayet etmiştir. Bu makale Türk ordusunu ve ordunun ülkedeki etkisini ele alan ilk makale değildir, ancak militarist söylem bütün karmaşıklığı içerisinde çok az çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma Türkiye’deki askeri söylemin ve endoktrinasyon süreçlerini modernleşme bağlamıyla birlikte ordu, siyaset, eğitim ve medya açısından incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Atatürk, M. K. (2000 [1927]). Nutuk (Speech). Ankara: Palme Yayincilik.
  • Battistoni, A. K. and Taylor, J. J. (2009). Indigenous identities and military frontiers. Reflections on San and the Military in Namibia and Angola, 1960-2000. Lusotopie, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 113-131.
  • Başaran, O. (2014). "You're Like a Virus" : Dangerous Bodies and Military Medical Authority in Turkey. Gender & Society, Vol. 28. No. 4, pp. 562–582.
  • Brown, J. (1989). The Military and Society: The Turkish Case. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 387-404.
  • Bildirici, F. (2000). Silüetini Sevdiğimin Türkiyesi. Istanbul: Dogan yayincilik.
  • Cemal, H. (2000). Kimse Kızmasın Kendimi Yazdım. İstanbul: Dogan Kitap.
  • Chesterton, B. M. and Isaenko, A. V. (2014). A White Russian in the Green Hell: Military Science, Ethnography, and Nation Building. Hispanic American Historical Review vol. 94, no. 4.
  • Çağlar, I. (2012). The Welfare Party and February 28 Process: A Historical Analysis of Turkish Conservatives' Move to the Centre. Turkish Journal of Politics Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 21-36.
  • Çatalbaş, A. Ü. (2020). Militarism, Democracy, and Concordance: The Role of Citizenry in (Re)-Establishing Democratic Order in Argentina and Turkey (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati).
  • Demirel, T. (2003). The Turkish Military's Decision to Intervene: 12 September 1980. Armed Forces and Society, vol.29, no. 2, winter 2003, pp. 253-280.
  • Ekşi, O. (1998). Alçakları Tanıyalım (Let's Identify the Viles). Hürriyet Daily, April 25.
  • Hale, W. (2011). The Turkish Republic and its Army:1923–1960. Turkish Studies. Vol. 12, No. 2, 191–2011.
  • Harris, George S. (1965). The Role of The Military in Turkish Politics. Middle East Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 169-176.
  • Heper, M. and Güner, A. (1996). The Military and Democracy in the Third Turkish Republic. Armed Forces and Society. vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 619-643.
  • Hür, A. 2014. Öteki Tarih: Kemalist Devrimler ve İsyanlar. Istanbul: Profil Yayincilik.
  • Ihrig, S. (2014). Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Jenkins, G. (2001). How the Turkish Military Influences Policy. The Adelphi Papers. vol. 41, no. 337, pp. 41-55.
  • Kaya, S. (2014). Endoktrinasyon ve Türkiye'de Toplum Mühendisliği. Istanbul: Nirengi Kitap.
  • Kaplan, İ. (1999). Türkiye'de Milli Eğitim Ideolojisi ve Siyasal Toplumlaşma Uzerindeki Etkisi. Istanbul: Iletişim Yayinlari.
  • Kemal, Y. (1960). Milli Birlik Üyeleriyle Röportajlar (Interviews with the members of Turkey's National Unity). Milliyet Daily, June, 11-15.
  • Levy, G. and Sasson-Levy, O. (2008). Militarized Socialization, Military Service, And Class Reproduction: The Experiences Of Israeli Soldiers. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 51, Issue 2, pp. 349–374.
  • Mann, R. (2013). Beyond the Military Sphere: The 63 year old Debate over Israel's Armed Forces 'Civilianized' Radio Station. Media History, vol. 19, no.2, pp. 169-181.
  • McFadden, J. H. (1985). Civil-Military Relations in the Third Turkish Republic. Middle East Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 69-85.
  • Oğur, Y. (2015). İnce Memed'in 'Resmi' Tarihi (The 'Official' History of Memed, My Hawk). Türkiye Daily, March, 8.
  • Sakallioğlu, Ü. C. (1997). The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy. Comparative Politics, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 151-166.
  • Sarıgil, Z. (2013). Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey. Armed Forces and Society. vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 282-306.
  • Şen, A. (2018). Değişim ve Devamlılık: Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık ve Sosyal Bilgiler Ders Kitaplarında Asker-Sivil İlişkileri ve Darbeler (1950-2012). Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 14(3), pp. 1099-1119.
  • Talu, U. (2000). Dipsiz Media (Media, Unfathomable). Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.
  • Türkis, O. (ed.). (2007). Örs ve Çekiç: Akbabanın Üç Günü. Istanbul: Paradigma yayinlari.
  • Wuthrich, F. M. (2010). Commercial Media, the Military, and Society in Turkey during Failed and Successful Interventions. Turkish Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 217-234.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Adem Üstün Çatalbaş 0000-0002-0870-0883

Early Pub Date December 27, 2022
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Acceptance Date August 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çatalbaş, A. Ü. (2022). Militarism and Military Discourse in the Creation of a Nation: The Example of Turkish Modernization. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(3), 1003-1011. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1096724

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