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YÜZYIL ÖNCE: “BÜYÜK GÜÇ” KURGULARI VE 1921 KAHİRE KONFERANSI

Year 2021, Issue: 69, 181 - 198, 25.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.46955/ankuayd.1028362

Abstract

Bu makale, 1921 Kahire Konferansı’nın Orta Doğu’nun o zamanki Britanya emperyalist anlayışına göre tasarlanmasındaki rolünü tartışmaktadır. Araştırma, ağırlıkla bölgenin çalkantılı iki büyük ülkesi olan Irak ve Suriye’nin kuruluşundaki, anılan konferans kapsamında sergilenmiş olan kurgusallığın nasıl gizlendiği sorusuyla ilgilidir. Bu çerçevede makalenin savı, bölgeye yabancı kurucu gücün iddiasının propagandaya dayandığıdır. Bunu ortaya koymak için ise söz konusu yabancı kurucu gücün birincil ve ikincil kaynaklarının eleştirel okumasına başvurulmaktadır.
Orta Doğu veya o zamanki deyimle, Yakın Doğu, 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde, içinde bir dizi oldu-bittilerin de yer aldığı bir tasarım ile şekillendirilmiştir. Bu tasarımın hedefine, dağılan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Orta Doğu halkları arasında yüzyıllarca sürdürdüğü düzenin olabilecek en dramatik şekilde sona erdirilmesi yerleştirilmiştir. İnşa edilen bu yabancı sistemin kavram ve mekanizmaları, 1921 Kahire Konferansı ve bunu izleyen birkaç yıl içerisinde “müşteri-devlet”lerin kurulması gibi kilometre taşlarından oluşturulmuştur. Türkiye’de Avrupalı galipler karşısında Misak-ı Millî savunulurken, Yakın Doğu bu sınırların dışında ve istikrarsız bir denge içinde kalmıştır. 1921 Kahire Konferansı ile T.E. Lawrence, Gertrude Bell, Martin Sykes ve Arnold Wilson gibi İngiliz asker, diplomat ve siyasi memurların bölgeye yönelik planlamaları böylelikle gelişmelerin merkezine yerleşmiştir. Ancak, Irak’la başlayan bölgeye düzen verilmesi çabası, ilk olarak yine Irak’ta sarsılacak, İngiliz sömürge düzeni başkaldırılarla daha on yıl geçmeden yıkılma noktasına gelmiştir.

References

  • British Parliamentary Command Papers.; Jewish Virtual Library; The Avalon Project, Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy; The National Archives, UK, The Cabinet Papers; The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library.
  • Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotomia. Haz. Gertrude Bell. London: HMSO, 1920.
  • Burgoyne, Elizabeth. Gertrude Bell, From Her Personal Papers 1914-1926. London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1961.
  • Cengizer, Altay. “Tüm Zamanlar İçin Kayırılan Elem: Eski Avrupa Sona Ererken İmparatorluk İçin Direnen Jön Türkler”, Doğu-Batı. Ekim 2008, Sayı 46, 33-67.
  • Chaplin, Helen Metz, Lewis, Mark. “Ch. 1, Historical Setting”, Iraq a Country Study. Ed. Helen Metz. Washington: Department of the Army, 4th ed, 1990.
  • Churchill, Winston. The Second World War. Vol. III, The Grand Alliance, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1950.
  • Çetiner, Yusuf Turan. Mitlerden Gerçeğe Büyük Savaş: 19. Yüzyıl Emperyalizminde Son Perde. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Dodge, Tobby. Inventing Iraq. NY: Columbia University Press, 2003.
  • Douglas, R.M.. “Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?”, The Journal of Modern History. Vol. 81, No. 4, December 2009, 859-897.
  • Eroğlu, Hamza. “İsmet İnönü ve I. ve II. İnönü Muharebelerinin İçerde ve Dışarda Etkileri”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi. Cilt: II / Kasım 1985 / Sayı 4, 65-83.
  • Friedman, Isaiah. “The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the Question of Palestine”, Journal of Contemporary History. 1970, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1970), 83-122.
  • Howel, Georgina. The Daughter of the Dessert. London: Pan Macmillan, 2007.
  • Hudson, Manley O.. “The Admission of Iraq to Membership in the League of Nations”, The American Journal of International Law. Vol. 27, No. 1, (Jan., 1933), 133-138.
  • Hurewitz, J. C.. Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East. Vol. II. NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1956.
  • Fieldhouse, Kenneth. Western Imperialism in the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Jones, G. Gareth. “The British Government and the Oil Companies 1912-1924: The Search for an Oil Policy”, The Historical Journal. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), 647-648.
  • Jackson, Peter. “Great Britain in French Policy Conceptions at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919”, Diplomacy & Statecraft. Vol. 30, Issue 2, (2019), 358-397.
  • Kemal, Cemal. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve Sonrasında Musul Meselesi”, Atatürk Yolu Dergisi. Sayı 40, (Kasım 2007), 643-691.
  • Klieman, Aaron S.. Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970.
  • Lacey, Robert. The Kingdom. London: Hutchinson, 1981.
  • Lupia, Arthur. “Delegation of Power: Agency Theory”, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited, 2001, 5, 3375-3377.
  • Rogan, Eugene. The Fall of the Ottomans, The Great War in the Middle East, 1914-1920. London, Allen Lane, 2015.
  • Sarıcık, Murat. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Nakîbü’l-Eşrâflık Müessesesi. Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2003.
  • Schneer, Jonathan. The Balfour Declaration. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.
  • Sluglett, Peter. Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country, 1914-1932. NY: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Stewart, Rory. “The Queen of the Quagmire”, The New York Review of Books. 25 Ekim 2007.
  • Wallach, Janet. Desert Queen. London: Weidenfeld&Nicolson, 1996.
  • Walsh, Pat. Forgotten Aspects of Ireland’s Great War on Turkey. Belfast: Athol Books, 2009.

ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO: 1921 CAIRO CONFERENCE AND THE DESIGNS OF “GREAT POWERS”

Year 2021, Issue: 69, 181 - 198, 25.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.46955/ankuayd.1028362

Abstract

This article discusses the role of the Cairo Conference of 1921 in shaping the Middle East in accordance with Britain’s imperialist perception back then. The research is concerned with the way in which the fictionality was concealed predominantly in the establishment of Iraq and Syria, two volatile countries of the region. In this vein, the argument of the article is that the claim of the founding power alien to the region is based on propaganda. In order to demonstrate that a critical reading of the primary and secondary sources of the alien founding power is referred to.
The term Middle East or the Near East as was used then, was shaped in the first quarter of the 20th Century through a design which included a series of faits accomplis as well. At the target of this design, was the most dramatic ending of the hundreds of years lasted order maintained by then the dismantling Ottoman Empire among the people of the Middle East. The concepts and mechanisms of this constructed alien system included milestones like the Cairo Conference of 1921 and the creation of “client-states” in a few years time. While the National Oath was being defended against the European victors in Turkey, the Near East remained outside these borders and in an unstable equilibrium. As such, the Cairo Conference of 1921 and the plannings of British soldiers, diplomats and political officers like T.E. Lawrence, Gertrude Bell, Martin Sykes and Arnold Wilson moved into the center of developments. However, efforts of re-designing the region, starting with Iraq was first shattered in this country and the colonial rule in Iraq would reach to the brink of collapse before it lasted for a decade.

References

  • British Parliamentary Command Papers.; Jewish Virtual Library; The Avalon Project, Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy; The National Archives, UK, The Cabinet Papers; The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library.
  • Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotomia. Haz. Gertrude Bell. London: HMSO, 1920.
  • Burgoyne, Elizabeth. Gertrude Bell, From Her Personal Papers 1914-1926. London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1961.
  • Cengizer, Altay. “Tüm Zamanlar İçin Kayırılan Elem: Eski Avrupa Sona Ererken İmparatorluk İçin Direnen Jön Türkler”, Doğu-Batı. Ekim 2008, Sayı 46, 33-67.
  • Chaplin, Helen Metz, Lewis, Mark. “Ch. 1, Historical Setting”, Iraq a Country Study. Ed. Helen Metz. Washington: Department of the Army, 4th ed, 1990.
  • Churchill, Winston. The Second World War. Vol. III, The Grand Alliance, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1950.
  • Çetiner, Yusuf Turan. Mitlerden Gerçeğe Büyük Savaş: 19. Yüzyıl Emperyalizminde Son Perde. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Dodge, Tobby. Inventing Iraq. NY: Columbia University Press, 2003.
  • Douglas, R.M.. “Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?”, The Journal of Modern History. Vol. 81, No. 4, December 2009, 859-897.
  • Eroğlu, Hamza. “İsmet İnönü ve I. ve II. İnönü Muharebelerinin İçerde ve Dışarda Etkileri”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi. Cilt: II / Kasım 1985 / Sayı 4, 65-83.
  • Friedman, Isaiah. “The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the Question of Palestine”, Journal of Contemporary History. 1970, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1970), 83-122.
  • Howel, Georgina. The Daughter of the Dessert. London: Pan Macmillan, 2007.
  • Hudson, Manley O.. “The Admission of Iraq to Membership in the League of Nations”, The American Journal of International Law. Vol. 27, No. 1, (Jan., 1933), 133-138.
  • Hurewitz, J. C.. Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East. Vol. II. NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1956.
  • Fieldhouse, Kenneth. Western Imperialism in the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Jones, G. Gareth. “The British Government and the Oil Companies 1912-1924: The Search for an Oil Policy”, The Historical Journal. Vol. 20, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), 647-648.
  • Jackson, Peter. “Great Britain in French Policy Conceptions at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919”, Diplomacy & Statecraft. Vol. 30, Issue 2, (2019), 358-397.
  • Kemal, Cemal. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve Sonrasında Musul Meselesi”, Atatürk Yolu Dergisi. Sayı 40, (Kasım 2007), 643-691.
  • Klieman, Aaron S.. Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970.
  • Lacey, Robert. The Kingdom. London: Hutchinson, 1981.
  • Lupia, Arthur. “Delegation of Power: Agency Theory”, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited, 2001, 5, 3375-3377.
  • Rogan, Eugene. The Fall of the Ottomans, The Great War in the Middle East, 1914-1920. London, Allen Lane, 2015.
  • Sarıcık, Murat. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Nakîbü’l-Eşrâflık Müessesesi. Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2003.
  • Schneer, Jonathan. The Balfour Declaration. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.
  • Sluglett, Peter. Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country, 1914-1932. NY: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Stewart, Rory. “The Queen of the Quagmire”, The New York Review of Books. 25 Ekim 2007.
  • Wallach, Janet. Desert Queen. London: Weidenfeld&Nicolson, 1996.
  • Walsh, Pat. Forgotten Aspects of Ireland’s Great War on Turkey. Belfast: Athol Books, 2009.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yusuf Turan Çetiner This is me 0000-0002-4708-2846

Publication Date November 25, 2021
Submission Date June 28, 2021
Acceptance Date November 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 69

Cite

Chicago Çetiner, Yusuf Turan. “YÜZYIL ÖNCE: ‘BÜYÜK GÜÇ’ KURGULARI VE 1921 KAHİRE KONFERANSI”. Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, no. 69 (November 2021): 181-98. https://doi.org/10.46955/ankuayd.1028362.

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