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Aflatoksinli Kuru İncirlerin Gerçek Zamanlı Tespiti ve Ayrılması İçin UV Görüntüleme Sisteminin Geliştirilmesi

Year 2014, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 302 - 316, 14.08.2014
https://doi.org/10.15832/tbd.87873

Abstract

Tarımsal ürünlere aflatoksin bulaşmasından kaynaklanan hastalık riskleri ve ekonomik kayıplar önemli bir sorundur. Bu
çalışmada; gerçek zamanlı aflatoksinli kuru incirin tespiti ve ayrılması için bir prototip sistem geliştirilmiş ve denenmiştir. Karanlık bir odada bulunan sistemin temel parçaları; 365 nm dalga boyuna sahip UV ışık kaynakları, CCD kameralar,
optik sensörler, görüntü işleme ve otomasyon yazılımları, kuru incirleri üzerinde taşıyan bantlar ile otomatik denetimli
ayırma üniteleri şeklindedir. Sürecin algılama bölümünde; kuru incirlerin ışık yansıtma etkinliğini arttırmak için, her
bir taşıyıcı bant sisteminde alüminyum bir çatı üzerine yerleştirilmiş dört adet UV siyah ışık lamba bulunmaktadır. İki
kameradan oluşan görüntüleme düzeneği; yüksek çözünürlüklü ve düşük bulanıklığa sahip iki adet 9 mm lens ve iki
adet CCD renkli algılayıcıdan oluşmaktadır. 8.12 ms’lik pozlama süresine sahip olan görüntüleme sistemi; görüntüleri,
hareket halindeki kuru incir örneklerinden 0.18 m s-1 birinci bant ve 0.06 m s-1 ikinci bant hızlarında alabilmektedir. Kuru
incirlerin her iki yüzeyini de tarayabilmek için, sistemde iki adet kamera kullanılmıştır. Aflatoksinli incirler; otomatik bir
ayırma sistemi kullanılarak, pnömatik olarak ayrılmıştır. Prototip sistem, 400 adet kuru incir kullanılarak test edilmiştir.
Prototip sistem, aflatoksinli kuru incirlerin saptanmasında ve ayrılmasında % 98 başarı oranına ulaşmıştır. Sistemin
çevirme etkinliği % 82, saatlik makine kapasitesi ise 34.56 kg h-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, toplam sistem
etkinliği % 80.36 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Böylece sistem, aflatoksinli kuru incirlerin gerçek zamanlı tespiti ve ayrılması
için etkili ve uygun bulunmuştur.

References

  • BT (2006). Bioscope Test: Dried Figs – Aflatoxin Detection. Bioscope Fig Test. Sample Comparison between Normal Figs and Figs With Aflatoxin, France, December 16
  • Buchanan J R, Sommer N F & Fortlage R J (1975). Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Production in Fig Fruits. American Society for Microbiology, Applied Microbiology 30(2): 238-241
  • Embaby E M, Hagagg L F & Abdel-Galil M M (2012). Decay of Some Fresh and Dry Fruit Quality Contaminated by Some Mold Fungi. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 8(6): 3083-3091
  • Gonzalez R C & Woods R E (2007). Digital Image Processing Third Edition. Pearson International Edition prepared by Pearson Education.
  • Heperkan D (2006). The importance of mycotoxins and a brief history of mycotoxin studies in Turkey, Special issue “Mycotoxins: hidden hazards in food”. ARI Bulletin of IstanbulTechnical University 54, 18‒27
  • Heperkan D, Moretti A, Dikmen C D & Logrieco A F (2012). Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin associated with figs in the Mediterranean area. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 51(1) 119−130
  • Iamanaka B T, Menezes H C, Vicente E, Leite R S F & Taniwaki M H (2007). Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil. Food Control 18(2007): 454-457
  • Karami M A & Mirabolfathy M (2006). Neural Network to Separate Aflatoxin Contaminated Pistachio Nuts. Proc. IVth IS Pistachios and Almonds, Acta Hort. 726: 605-610
  • Kondo N, Chong V K, Ninomiya K, Nishi T, Monta M & NAMBA K (2005). Application of NIR-Color CCD Camera to Eggplant Grading Machine. ASAE Annual International Meeting, Paper Number: 056073: 1-9
  • NI (2006). National Instruments Tutorial, Thresholding an Image. http://zone.ni.com/ devzone/cda/tut/p/ id/2916#toc0#toc0 (Access date: 06.09.2007)
  • NI (2008). National Instruments Tutorial, Automating Fluorescent Imaging Techniques. http://www.ni.com/ white-paper/3034/en/ (Access date: 28.11.2013)
  • Özlüoymak Ö B (2012). A Research on Separation System Design of Aflatoxin Contaminated Dried Fig. PhD Thesis, Çukurova University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Agricultural Machinery (Unpublished), Adana, Turkey
  • Pearson T C, Doster M A & Michailides T J (2001). Automated Detection of Pistachio Defects by Machine Vision. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17(5): 729–732
  • Perz J F, Armstrong G L, Farrington L A, Hutin Y J F & Bell B P (2006).The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. Journal of Hepatology 45(2006) 529–538
  • Qin J, Burks T F, Zhao X, Niphadkar N & Ritenour M A (2012). Development of a two-band spectral imaging system for real-time citrus canker detection. Journal of Food Engineering 108: 87-93
  • RPBS (2009). Rapid Prescreening of Biological Systems. Measurement of Bioharmonic Signals, Business Summary Quarter
  • Steiner W E, Rieker R H & Battaglia R (1988). Aflatoxin Contamination in Dried Figs: Distribution and Association with Fluorescence. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 36(1): 88-91
  • WHO (2005). Public Health Strategies for Preventing Aflatoxin Exposure. http: // www.who. int/ipcs/ events/ 2005/ workshop_report.pdf, (Access date: 2007)
  • Yabe K, Ando Y, Ito M & Terakado N (1987). Simple Method for Screening Aflatoxin-Producing Molds by UV Photography. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(2): 230-234.

Development of a UV-based Imaging System for Real-Time Detection and Separation of Dried Figs Contaminated with Aflatoxins

Year 2014, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 302 - 316, 14.08.2014
https://doi.org/10.15832/tbd.87873

Abstract

The risks of diseases and economical losses resulting from aflatoxin contamination to the agricultural products are a significant problem. In this study, a prototype system for real-time detection and separation of dried figs contaminated with aflatoxins was developed and tested. The main components of the system are 365 nm wavelength UV light sources, CCD cameras, optical sensors, image processing and automation software, belt conveyors that carry dried figs, and automatic separation units in a dark room. Four UV black-light lamps were installed on the aluminum roof of both the belt conveyor systems, to enhance the effectiveness of reflective illumination of the dried figs in the detection leg of the process. The monitoring set up consisted of two cameras with high resolution and low distortion 9 mm lenses, and two CCD color sensors. The imaging system, which had an exposure time of 8.12 ms, could capture images of dried fig samples moving on the belt at speeds of 0.18 m s and 0.06 m s for belt 1 and belt 2, respectively. The system uses two cameras, as both sides of the dried figs were required to be scanned. Figs contaminated with aflatoxins can be separated pneumatically, by an automatic separation system. The prototype system was tested by using 400 dried figs. The prototype system achieved a 98% success rate in the detection and separation of the dried figs contaminated with aflatoxins. Turnover efficiency and hourly machine capacity of the system were calculated as 82% and 34.56 kg/h, respectively. Additionally, total system efficiency was calculated as 80.36%. Thus, the system was found effective and convenient for real-time detection and separation of the dried figs contaminated with aflatoxins.

References

  • BT (2006). Bioscope Test: Dried Figs – Aflatoxin Detection. Bioscope Fig Test. Sample Comparison between Normal Figs and Figs With Aflatoxin, France, December 16
  • Buchanan J R, Sommer N F & Fortlage R J (1975). Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Production in Fig Fruits. American Society for Microbiology, Applied Microbiology 30(2): 238-241
  • Embaby E M, Hagagg L F & Abdel-Galil M M (2012). Decay of Some Fresh and Dry Fruit Quality Contaminated by Some Mold Fungi. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 8(6): 3083-3091
  • Gonzalez R C & Woods R E (2007). Digital Image Processing Third Edition. Pearson International Edition prepared by Pearson Education.
  • Heperkan D (2006). The importance of mycotoxins and a brief history of mycotoxin studies in Turkey, Special issue “Mycotoxins: hidden hazards in food”. ARI Bulletin of IstanbulTechnical University 54, 18‒27
  • Heperkan D, Moretti A, Dikmen C D & Logrieco A F (2012). Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin associated with figs in the Mediterranean area. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 51(1) 119−130
  • Iamanaka B T, Menezes H C, Vicente E, Leite R S F & Taniwaki M H (2007). Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil. Food Control 18(2007): 454-457
  • Karami M A & Mirabolfathy M (2006). Neural Network to Separate Aflatoxin Contaminated Pistachio Nuts. Proc. IVth IS Pistachios and Almonds, Acta Hort. 726: 605-610
  • Kondo N, Chong V K, Ninomiya K, Nishi T, Monta M & NAMBA K (2005). Application of NIR-Color CCD Camera to Eggplant Grading Machine. ASAE Annual International Meeting, Paper Number: 056073: 1-9
  • NI (2006). National Instruments Tutorial, Thresholding an Image. http://zone.ni.com/ devzone/cda/tut/p/ id/2916#toc0#toc0 (Access date: 06.09.2007)
  • NI (2008). National Instruments Tutorial, Automating Fluorescent Imaging Techniques. http://www.ni.com/ white-paper/3034/en/ (Access date: 28.11.2013)
  • Özlüoymak Ö B (2012). A Research on Separation System Design of Aflatoxin Contaminated Dried Fig. PhD Thesis, Çukurova University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Agricultural Machinery (Unpublished), Adana, Turkey
  • Pearson T C, Doster M A & Michailides T J (2001). Automated Detection of Pistachio Defects by Machine Vision. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17(5): 729–732
  • Perz J F, Armstrong G L, Farrington L A, Hutin Y J F & Bell B P (2006).The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. Journal of Hepatology 45(2006) 529–538
  • Qin J, Burks T F, Zhao X, Niphadkar N & Ritenour M A (2012). Development of a two-band spectral imaging system for real-time citrus canker detection. Journal of Food Engineering 108: 87-93
  • RPBS (2009). Rapid Prescreening of Biological Systems. Measurement of Bioharmonic Signals, Business Summary Quarter
  • Steiner W E, Rieker R H & Battaglia R (1988). Aflatoxin Contamination in Dried Figs: Distribution and Association with Fluorescence. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 36(1): 88-91
  • WHO (2005). Public Health Strategies for Preventing Aflatoxin Exposure. http: // www.who. int/ipcs/ events/ 2005/ workshop_report.pdf, (Access date: 2007)
  • Yabe K, Ando Y, Ito M & Terakado N (1987). Simple Method for Screening Aflatoxin-Producing Molds by UV Photography. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(2): 230-234.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ömer Özlüoymak

Publication Date August 14, 2014
Submission Date July 2, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özlüoymak, Ö. (2014). Development of a UV-based Imaging System for Real-Time Detection and Separation of Dried Figs Contaminated with Aflatoxins. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20(3), 302-316. https://doi.org/10.15832/tbd.87873

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