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Role Of Phytotoxins In Plant Diseases

Year 2008, Volume: 14 Issue: 01, 87 - 94, 01.01.2008

Abstract

Bacterial and fugal plant pathogens are known to produce toxic subtance in infectected plants, Which are named as phytotoxins. Phytotoxins are small molecules and have a variety of structures including sesquiterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, diketopiperazines, peptides, spirocyclic lactams, isocoumarins, polyketides, tetramic acids and perylenequinones. Phytotoxins may be classified as host specific toxins HST and non host specific toxins NHST . Host specific toxins affect only plants of a genotype susceptible to the pathogens. On the other hand, non-host specific toxins affect a lot of plants. So far, Approximately 23 HST and 34 NHST have been determined. All of HSTs are produced by fungi, many of Which belonging to Alternaria ve Cochliobolus. NHSTs produce both bacteria and fungi. Phytotoxins cause a wide range of simtomps on host plants including wilt, chlorosis, blights, leaf spots, necrosis, water soaking and galls

References

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  • Bouizgarne, B., M. Brault, A.M. Pennarun, J. P. Rona, Y. Ouhdouch, I. El Hadrami, F. Bouteau. 2004. Electrophysiological Responses to Fusaric Acid of Root Hairs from Seedlings of Date Palm-susceptible and - resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. J. Phytopathology 152, 321–324.
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  • Kurt, Ş. 2004. HST Production by the Tomato Target Leaf Spot Pathogen C. cassiicola. Turk J Agric For (28) 389- 395.
  • Leung, P.C., W.A. Taylorg, J.H. Wangg and C.L. Tipton. 1984. Ophiobolin A a natural product inhibitor of calmodulin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol.259, No.5(10): 2742-2747.
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Fitotoxinlerin Bitki Hastalıklarındaki Rolü

Year 2008, Volume: 14 Issue: 01, 87 - 94, 01.01.2008

Abstract

Bitki patojeni bazı bakteri ve fungusların hastalandırdıkları bitkilerde fitotoksin olarak adlandırılan toksik maddeler ürettikleri bilinmektedir. Fitotoksinler düşük moleküler ağırlıkta ve sesquiterpenoit, sesterterpenoit, diketopiperazin, peptit, spirosilik laktam, isokumarin, poliketit tetramik asit ve perilenequinon içeren geniş bir kimyasal gruba dahildirler. Fitotoksinler konukçuya spesifik toksinler KST patojene hassas yalnızca bir bitkiyi etkiler ve konukçuya spesifik olmayan toksinler KSOT daha geniş bir konukçu dizinini etkiler olarak sınıflandırılabilirler. Günümüze kadar yaklaşık 23 KST ve 34 KSOT belirlenmiştir. KST‟ler Alternaria ve Cochliobolus cinsine ait funguslar başta olmak üzere diğer bazı funguslar tarafından üretilmektedir. KSOT‟ler ise hem bakteriler hem de funguslar tarafından üretilmektedir. Fitotoksinler konukçu bitkilerde solgunluk, kloroz, yanıklıklar, nekroz, sulu görünüm ve gallere gelişme bozukluklarına neden olmaktadırlar

References

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  • Anonymous,2005.http://www.springerlink.com/content/x8282h 1700841j3n/Phytotoxins as potential herbicides Bains, P.S. and J.P. Tewari. 1987. Purification, chemical characterization and host-specifity of the toxin produced by Alternaria brassicae. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 30: 259-271.
  • Ballance, G.M., L. Lamari and C.C. Bernier. 1989. Purification and characterization of a host-selective toxin necrosis toxin from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 35: 203-213.
  • Ballio, A. 1991. Non-host-selective fungal phytotoxins: biochemical aspects of their mode of action. Experientia 47: 783-790.
  • Barzic, M.R. 1999. Persicomycin production by strains of Pseudomonas syringe pv. persicae. Physiol and Mol Plant Pathology 55: 243-250.
  • Bender, C.L., F. Alarcon-Chaidez and D.C. Gross. 1999. Pseudomonas syringae Phytotoxins: Mode of action, regulation, and biosynthesis by peptide and polyketide synthetases. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63: 266-292.
  • Bender, C.L. 1999. Chlorosis-inducing phytotoxins produced by P. syringae. European Journal of Plant Pathology 105: 1-12.
  • Bouizgarne, B., M. Brault, A.M. Pennarun, J. P. Rona, Y. Ouhdouch, I. El Hadrami, F. Bouteau. 2004. Electrophysiological Responses to Fusaric Acid of Root Hairs from Seedlings of Date Palm-susceptible and - resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. J. Phytopathology 152, 321–324.
  • Brosch, G., R. Ransom, T. Lechner, J.D. Walton, P. Loidl. 1995. Inhibition of maize histone deacetylases by HC toxin, the host-selective toxin of Cochliobolus carbonum. Plant Cell 7: 1941-1950.
  • Cuppels, D.A. and T. Ainsworth. 1995. Molecular and physiological characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and P. syringae pv. maculicola strains that produce the phytotoxin coronatine. App and Environ Microb. 61(10): 3530–3536.
  • Daub, M.E. and M. Ehrenshaft. 2000. The photoactıvated Cercospora toxın cercosporın: contributions to plant disease. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 38: 461-490.
  • Doumbou, C.L., V. Akimov and C. Beaulieu. 1998. Selection and characterization of microorganisms utilizing thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (11): 4313-4316.
  • Duarte, M. L. R. and S. A. Archer. 2003. In vitro toxin production by Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis. Fito. Brasileira 28:229-235.
  • Durbin, R.D. 1991. Bacterial phytotoxins: mechanisms of action. Experientia 47: 776-783
  • Giorgio, D.D., L. Camoni and A. Ballio. 1994. Toxins of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae affect H+ -transport across the plasma membrane of maize. Physiologia Plantarum 91: 741-746.
  • Gopalakrishnan, S., M. H. Beale, J. Ward and R. N. Strange. 2005. Chickpea wilt: identification and toxicity of 8-Omethyl-fusarubin from Fusarium acutatum. Phytochemistry 66 1536–1539.
  • Goudet, C., J.-P. Benitah, M.-L. Milat, H. Sentenac and J.-B., Thibaud 1999. Cluster organization and pore structure of ıon channels formed by beticolin 3, a nonpeptidic fungal toxin. Biophysical Journal 77: 3052-3059.
  • Graniti, A. 1991. Phytotoxins and their involvement in plant diseases. Experientia 47: 751-755.
  • Grgurina, I., D.C. Gross, N.S. Iacobellis, P. Lavermicocca, J.Y. Takemoto, M. Benincasa. 1996. Phytotoxin production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae: Syringopeptin production by syr mutants defective in biosynthesis or secretion of syringomycin. FEMS Microbiology Letters 138: 35-39.
  • Gugel, R.K. and G.A. Petri. 1992. History, occurence, impact and control of blackleg of rapeseed. Can. J. Pat. Path. 14: 36-45.
  • Hammond-Kosack, K.E., P. Silverman, I. Raskin and D.A. Jones. 1996. Race-specific elicitors of Cladsporium fulvum induce changes in cell morphology and the synthesis of ethylene and salicylic acid in tomato plants carrying the corresponding Cf disease resistance gene. Plant Physiol. 110:1382–1394.
  • Hartman, S. G. L., Li · and J. M. Widholm. 1999. Viability staining of soybean suspension-cultured cells and a seedling stem cutting assay to evaluate phytotoxicity of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines culture filtrates. Plant Cell Reports 18: 375–380.
  • Hayashi, N., K. Tanabe, T. Tsuge, S. Nishimura, K. Kohmoto and H. Otani. 1990. Determination of host-selective toxin production during spore germination of Altrenaria alternata by high-performance liquid chromatography. Phytopathology 80: 1088-1091.
  • Horiuchi,M., K. Ohnishi, N. Iwase, Y. Nakajima, K. Tounai, M. Yamashita and Y. Yamada. 2003. A Novel Isoindoline, Porritoxin Sulfonic Acid, from Alternaria porri and the Structure-phytotoxicity Correlation of Its Related Compounds. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67 (7), 1580– 1583.
  • Huang, G., L. Zhang and R.G. Birch. 2001. A multifunctional polyketide-peptide synthetase essential for albicidin biosynthesis in Xanthomonas albilineans. Microbiology 147: 631-642.
  • Johnson, L.J., R.D. Johnson, H. Akamatsu, A. Salamiah, H. Otani, K. Kohmoto and M. Kodoma. 2001. Spontaneous loss of a conditionally dispensable chromosome from the Alternaria alternata apple pathotype leads to loss of toxin production and pathogenicity. Curr. Gen. 40:65-72.
  • Kneusel, R.E., E. Schiltzg and U. Maternhl. 1994. Molecular characterization and cloning of an esterase which ınactivates the macrolide toxin brefeldin A. The Journal of Biolgical Chemistry Vol. 269 No.5 (4): 3449-3456.
  • Knight, T.J., R.D. Durbins and P.J. Langston-Unkefer. 1987. Self-protection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci from its toxin, tabtoxinine--lactam. Journal Bacteriology 169(5): 1954-1959.
  • Kodama, M., M.S. Rose, G. Yang, S.H. Yun, O.C. Yoder and B.G. Turgeon. 1999. The translocation-associated Tox1 locus of Cochliobolus heterostrophus is two genetic elements on two different chromosomes. Genetics 151: 585–596.
  • Kohmoto K. and H. Otani. 1991. Host recognition by toxigenic plant pathogens. Experientia 47: 755-764
  • Kohmoto, K., K., Akimitsu, and H., Otani, 1991. Correlation of resistance and susceptibility of citrus Altrenaria alternata with sensitivity to host-spesific toxins. Phytopathology 81: 719–722.
  • Kohmoto, K., Y. Itoh, N. Shimomura, Y. Kondoh, H. Otani, M. Kodama, S. Nishimura and S. Nakatsuka. 1993. Isolation and biological activities of two host-spesific toxins from the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata. Phytopathol. 83: 495-502.
  • Kurt, Ş. 2004. HST Production by the Tomato Target Leaf Spot Pathogen C. cassiicola. Turk J Agric For (28) 389- 395.
  • Leung, P.C., W.A. Taylorg, J.H. Wangg and C.L. Tipton. 1984. Ophiobolin A a natural product inhibitor of calmodulin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol.259, No.5(10): 2742-2747.
  • Liakopoulou-Kyriakides, M., A.L. Lagopodi, C.C. Thanassoulopoulos, G.S. Stavropoulos and V. Magafa. 1997. Isolation and synthesis of a host-selective toxin produced by Alternaria alternata. Phytochemistry 45: 37- 40.
  • Liu, Z. H., J. D. Faris, S. W. Meinhardt, S. Ali, J. B. Rasmussen and T. L. Friesen. 2004. Genetic and physical mapping of a gene conditioning sensitivity in wheat to a partially purified host-selective toxin produced by Stagonospora nodorum. Phytopathology 94:1056- 1060.
  • Macko, V., M.B. Stimmel, T.J. Wolpert, L.D. Dunkle, W. Acklin, R. Banteli, B. Jaun and D. Arigoni. 1992. Structures of the host-spesific toxins produced by the fungal pathogen Periconia circinata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 89: 9574-9578.
  • Malathi, P., R. Viswanathan, P. Padmanaban, D. Mohanraj, and A.R. Sundar. 2002. Microbial detoxification of Colletotrichum falcatum toxin. Current Scıence, vol. 83, no. 6, 745-749.
  • Misaghi, I. J. 1982. Physiology and biochemistry of plantpathogen ınteractions. Plenum Press, New York 271pp.
  • Mitchell, R.E. 1991. Implications of toxins in the ecology and evolution of plant pathogenic microorganisms: bacteria. Experientia 47:791–803.
  • Miyashita, M., T. Nakamori, H. Miyagawa, M. Akamatsu and T. Ueno. 2003. Inhibitory activity of analogs of AM-toxin, a host-spesific phytotoxin from the Alternaria alternata apple pathotype, on photosynthetic O2 evolution in apple leaves. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67(3): 635-638.
  • Morgan, M. and A.K. Chatterjee. 1988. Genetic organization and regulation of proteins associated with production of syringotoxin by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Journal of Bacteriology 170(12): 5689-5697.
  • Nishimura, S. and K. Kohmoto. 1983. HST‟s and chemical structures from Alternaria spp. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 21: 87-116.
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muharrem Türkkan This is me

F. Sara Dolar This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2008
Published in Issue Year 2008 Volume: 14 Issue: 01

Cite

APA Türkkan, M., & Dolar, F. S. (2008). Fitotoxinlerin Bitki Hastalıklarındaki Rolü. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(01), 87-94.

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