Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 924 - 932, 06.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1181043

Abstract

References

  • Abdulrahman F A & Sanmi E (2021). Physicochemical properties, proximate composition and total viable counts of Staphylococcus aureus in nono and yoghurt samples in Kaduna, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture 9(1):15-20. DOI: 10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.15-20.3391
  • Abril A G, Villa T G, Barros-Velázquez J, Cañas B, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P & Carrera M (2020). Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins and their detection in the dairy industry and mastitis. Toxins 12(9):537. DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537
  • Ahmed A A H, Maharik N M , Valero A & Kamal S M (2019). Incidence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in milk and Egyptian artisanal dairy products. Food Control 104:20-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.017
  • Alghizzi M & Shami A (2021). The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk and dairy products in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28:7098-7104. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.004
  • Aqib A I, Ijaz M, Farooqi S H &Ali Raza A (2018). Dairy Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, Drug Susceptibilities, Drug Modulation, and Preventive Measures. In Hemeg H. Ozbak H & Afrin F (Eds.), Staphylococcus Aureus, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74552
  • Banszkiewicz S, Walecka-Zacharska E, Schubert J, Tabis A, Krol J, Stefaniak T, Wesierska E & Bania J (2022). Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci-stability, expression, and genomic context. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:2560. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052560
  • Becker K, Both A, Weibelberg S, Heilmann C & Rohde H (2020) Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 18:349-366. DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813
  • Cai H, Kou X, Ji H, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Lu S, Li B, Dong J, Wang Q, Zhou J & Hu D (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kazak cheese in Xinjiang, China. Food Control 123:107759. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107759
  • Castro R D, Pedroso S H S P, Sandes S H C, Silva G O, Luiz K C M, Dias R S, Filho R A T, Figueiredo H C P, Santos S G, Nunes A C & Souza M R (2020). Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the production process of Minas artisanal cheese from the region of Campo das Vertentes, Brazil. Journal of Dairy Science 103(3):2098-2110. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17138
  • Chajecka-Wierzchowska W, Gajevska J, Wisniewski P & Zadernowska A (2020). Enterotoxigenic potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci from ready-to-eat food. Pathogens 9:734. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090734
  • Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Cho G S, Schubert J, Blaiotta G, Franz C M A P, Bania J & Fusco V (2020). Novel insights into the enterotoxigenic potential and genomic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. Food Microbiology 90:103482. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103482
  • Dai J, Wu S, Huang J, Wu Q, Zhang F, Zhang J, Wang J, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang X, Lei T, Xue L & Wu H (2019). Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pasteurized milk in China. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:641. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00641
  • Dorotíkova K, Kamenik J, Bogdanovičová K, Křepelová S, Strejček J & Haruštiaková D (2022). Microbial contamination and occurrence of Bacillus cereus sensu lato, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli on food handlers’ hands in mass catering: Comparison of the glove juice and swab methods. Food Control 133:108567. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108567
  • European Council Regulations (2005). No. 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. Retrieved in September, 14 2022 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02005R2073-20200308
  • European Food Safety Authority & European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA & ECDC) (2021). The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report. EFSA Journal 19(12):6971 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6971
  • Elal Mus T, Cetinkaya F, Karahan H, Gurbuz I B & Degirmenci G (2019). Investigation of mecA gene, virulence traits and antibiotic resistance profiles in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy products. Journal of Food Safety 39:12620. DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12620
  • Gharsa H, Chairat S, Chaouachi M, Yahia H B, Boudabous A & Slama K B (2019). High diversity of genetic lineages and virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products in Tunisia. Annals of Microbiology 69:73-78. DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1417-0
  • Kou X, Cai H, Huang S, Ni Y, Luo B, Qian B L H, Ji H & Wang X (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw milk in Northern Xinjiang, China. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:705947. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705947
  • Liao F, Gu W, Yang Z, Mo Z, Fan L, Fu X, Xu W, Li C & Dai J (2018). Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food surveillance in Southwest China. BMC Microbiology 18:91. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1239-z
  • Lina G, Piemont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter M O, Gauduchon V, Vandenesch F & Etienne J (1999). Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 29:1128-32. DOI: 10.1086/313461
  • Mahanti A, Joardar S N, Bandyopadhyay S, Banerjee J, Ghosh S, Batabyal K, Sar T K, Dutta T K & Samanta I (2020). Characterization of methicillin-resistant and enterotoxins producing Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk in India. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 2:100017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2019.100017
  • Martineau F, Pickard F J, Roy P H, Ouelette M & Bergeron M G (1998). Species-specific and ubiquitous DNA based assays for rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36:618-623. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.36.3.618-623.1998
  • Mehrotra M, Wang G & Johnson W M (2000). Multiplex PCR for detection of genes for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and methicillin resistance. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38:1032-5. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.3.1032-1035.2000
  • Mercanoglu Taban B, Hassankhani A & Aytac S A (2021). Investigation of mecA- and mecC-positive Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy foods. International Journal of Food Properties 19(1):739-750. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1950182
  • Nasaj M, Saeidi Z, Tahmasebi H, Dehbashi S & Arabestani M R (2020). Prevalence and distribution of resistance and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like genes in different clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. European Journal of Medical Research 25:48. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00447-w
  • Necidova L, Bursova S, Harustiakova D, Bogdanovicova K & Lacanin I (2019). Effect of heat treatment on activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins of type A, B, and C in milk. Journal of Dairy Science 102(5):3924-3932. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15255
  • Pehlivanlar Onen S, Cantekin Z, Mebkhout F, Aygun O & Ergun Y (2018). Investigation into toxin and slime genes in staphylococci isolated from goat milk and goat cheese in Southern Turkey. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 48(3):339-346. https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tjvm/article/view/146540
  • Ranjana K C, Timilsina G, Singh S & Sharma S (2019). Detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products and anterior nares of dairy workers. Tribhuvan University of Journal of Microbiology 6:59-62. DOI: 10.3126/tujm.v6i0.26585
  • Sadat A, Shata R R, Farag A M M, Ramadan H, Alkhedaide A, Soliman M M, Elbadawy M, Abugomaa A & Awad A (2022). Prevalence and characterization of PVL-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow’s milk. Toxins 14:97. DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020097
  • Tohoyesseu M G, Mousse W, Sina H, Kona F, Azanghadji T, Guessennd N, Baba-Moussa F, Dadie T, Adjanohoun A & Baba-Moussa L (2020). Toxin production and resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from fermented artisanal dairy products in Benin. Journal of Pathogens 7938149. DOI: 10.1155/2020/7938149
  • Tsuchizaki N, Ishikawa J & Hotta K (2000). Colony for PCR for rapid detection of antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA and enterococci. The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 53(6):422-9. PMID: 10955238
  • Turkish Food Codex (TFC) (2011). Regulation on Microbiological Criteria. Law of Authorization: 5996. Official Gazette of Publication, 29.12.2011-28157, Turkey. Retrieved in September 12, 2022 from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=15690&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
  • Zayda M G, Masuda Y, Hammad A M, Honjoh K, Elbagory A M & Miyamoto T (2020). Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis and Egyptian raw milk cheese. International Dairy Journal 104:104646. DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104646
  • Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang J, Fu X, Wan Y, Pan H, Wu & Wang X (2022). Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail yak butter in Tibet, China. Journal of Dairy Science 104(9):9596-9606. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19604
  • Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang M, Kou M, Chang G, Wan Y, Xu X, Ruan F, Wang Y & Wang X (2022). Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from retail ice cream in Shaanxi province, China. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 19:217-225. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0069

Toxigenic Genes of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus from Milk and Dairy

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 924 - 932, 06.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1181043

Abstract

The study investigates the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulasenegative staphylococci in raw milk and dairy products and assesses their toxin-related pathogenic potential and methicillin resistance. A total of 1015, raw milk (260) and dairy samples (325 cheeses, 180 yogurts, 140 ice creams, 110 butter samples) were collected and analyzed. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were 3.2% and 5.3% with mean counts of 3.46 and 3.16 log CFU/mL-g, respectively. Three (sea, seb, see) of five (sea, seb, sec, sed, see) staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes, two (tss, etb) of four (tss, pvl, eta, etb) virulence-associated genes, and the absence of methicillin resistance (mecA) gene were defined by
polymerase chain reaction. SE sea (6.9%), seb (2.3%) and see (1.1%) genes were detected in Staphylococcus aureus from one milk and seven different cheese samples. The presence of multiple enterotoxin genes (sea and see) was detected in a Staphylococcus aureus isolate from one cheese. However, the milk-sourced one coagulase-negative staphylococci possessed both the tss
and etb virulence genes. The finding in this study indicates that the frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci was higher than Staphylococcus aureus and moreover, toxin genes associated with human infections were assigned in coagulase-negative staphylococci while enterotoxin genes were determined among Staphylococcus aureus. In terms of food safety perspective, coagulasenegative staphylococci are ignored and they are not considered in standard food surveillance analysis. But the presence of virulent coagulase-negative staphylococci in foods is a public health concern. The results obtained from this study are significant as it demonstrates that pathogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci are found in foods, and provides data from Turkey. Additional research is required concerning coagulase-negative staphylococci in the food matrix and clinical isolates.

References

  • Abdulrahman F A & Sanmi E (2021). Physicochemical properties, proximate composition and total viable counts of Staphylococcus aureus in nono and yoghurt samples in Kaduna, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture 9(1):15-20. DOI: 10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.15-20.3391
  • Abril A G, Villa T G, Barros-Velázquez J, Cañas B, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P & Carrera M (2020). Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins and their detection in the dairy industry and mastitis. Toxins 12(9):537. DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537
  • Ahmed A A H, Maharik N M , Valero A & Kamal S M (2019). Incidence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in milk and Egyptian artisanal dairy products. Food Control 104:20-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.017
  • Alghizzi M & Shami A (2021). The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk and dairy products in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28:7098-7104. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.004
  • Aqib A I, Ijaz M, Farooqi S H &Ali Raza A (2018). Dairy Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, Drug Susceptibilities, Drug Modulation, and Preventive Measures. In Hemeg H. Ozbak H & Afrin F (Eds.), Staphylococcus Aureus, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74552
  • Banszkiewicz S, Walecka-Zacharska E, Schubert J, Tabis A, Krol J, Stefaniak T, Wesierska E & Bania J (2022). Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci-stability, expression, and genomic context. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:2560. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052560
  • Becker K, Both A, Weibelberg S, Heilmann C & Rohde H (2020) Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 18:349-366. DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813
  • Cai H, Kou X, Ji H, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Lu S, Li B, Dong J, Wang Q, Zhou J & Hu D (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kazak cheese in Xinjiang, China. Food Control 123:107759. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107759
  • Castro R D, Pedroso S H S P, Sandes S H C, Silva G O, Luiz K C M, Dias R S, Filho R A T, Figueiredo H C P, Santos S G, Nunes A C & Souza M R (2020). Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the production process of Minas artisanal cheese from the region of Campo das Vertentes, Brazil. Journal of Dairy Science 103(3):2098-2110. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17138
  • Chajecka-Wierzchowska W, Gajevska J, Wisniewski P & Zadernowska A (2020). Enterotoxigenic potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci from ready-to-eat food. Pathogens 9:734. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090734
  • Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Cho G S, Schubert J, Blaiotta G, Franz C M A P, Bania J & Fusco V (2020). Novel insights into the enterotoxigenic potential and genomic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. Food Microbiology 90:103482. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103482
  • Dai J, Wu S, Huang J, Wu Q, Zhang F, Zhang J, Wang J, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang X, Lei T, Xue L & Wu H (2019). Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pasteurized milk in China. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:641. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00641
  • Dorotíkova K, Kamenik J, Bogdanovičová K, Křepelová S, Strejček J & Haruštiaková D (2022). Microbial contamination and occurrence of Bacillus cereus sensu lato, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli on food handlers’ hands in mass catering: Comparison of the glove juice and swab methods. Food Control 133:108567. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108567
  • European Council Regulations (2005). No. 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. Retrieved in September, 14 2022 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02005R2073-20200308
  • European Food Safety Authority & European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA & ECDC) (2021). The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report. EFSA Journal 19(12):6971 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6971
  • Elal Mus T, Cetinkaya F, Karahan H, Gurbuz I B & Degirmenci G (2019). Investigation of mecA gene, virulence traits and antibiotic resistance profiles in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy products. Journal of Food Safety 39:12620. DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12620
  • Gharsa H, Chairat S, Chaouachi M, Yahia H B, Boudabous A & Slama K B (2019). High diversity of genetic lineages and virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products in Tunisia. Annals of Microbiology 69:73-78. DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1417-0
  • Kou X, Cai H, Huang S, Ni Y, Luo B, Qian B L H, Ji H & Wang X (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw milk in Northern Xinjiang, China. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:705947. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705947
  • Liao F, Gu W, Yang Z, Mo Z, Fan L, Fu X, Xu W, Li C & Dai J (2018). Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food surveillance in Southwest China. BMC Microbiology 18:91. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1239-z
  • Lina G, Piemont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter M O, Gauduchon V, Vandenesch F & Etienne J (1999). Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 29:1128-32. DOI: 10.1086/313461
  • Mahanti A, Joardar S N, Bandyopadhyay S, Banerjee J, Ghosh S, Batabyal K, Sar T K, Dutta T K & Samanta I (2020). Characterization of methicillin-resistant and enterotoxins producing Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk in India. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 2:100017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2019.100017
  • Martineau F, Pickard F J, Roy P H, Ouelette M & Bergeron M G (1998). Species-specific and ubiquitous DNA based assays for rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36:618-623. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.36.3.618-623.1998
  • Mehrotra M, Wang G & Johnson W M (2000). Multiplex PCR for detection of genes for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and methicillin resistance. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38:1032-5. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.3.1032-1035.2000
  • Mercanoglu Taban B, Hassankhani A & Aytac S A (2021). Investigation of mecA- and mecC-positive Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy foods. International Journal of Food Properties 19(1):739-750. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1950182
  • Nasaj M, Saeidi Z, Tahmasebi H, Dehbashi S & Arabestani M R (2020). Prevalence and distribution of resistance and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like genes in different clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. European Journal of Medical Research 25:48. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00447-w
  • Necidova L, Bursova S, Harustiakova D, Bogdanovicova K & Lacanin I (2019). Effect of heat treatment on activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins of type A, B, and C in milk. Journal of Dairy Science 102(5):3924-3932. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15255
  • Pehlivanlar Onen S, Cantekin Z, Mebkhout F, Aygun O & Ergun Y (2018). Investigation into toxin and slime genes in staphylococci isolated from goat milk and goat cheese in Southern Turkey. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 48(3):339-346. https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tjvm/article/view/146540
  • Ranjana K C, Timilsina G, Singh S & Sharma S (2019). Detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products and anterior nares of dairy workers. Tribhuvan University of Journal of Microbiology 6:59-62. DOI: 10.3126/tujm.v6i0.26585
  • Sadat A, Shata R R, Farag A M M, Ramadan H, Alkhedaide A, Soliman M M, Elbadawy M, Abugomaa A & Awad A (2022). Prevalence and characterization of PVL-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow’s milk. Toxins 14:97. DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020097
  • Tohoyesseu M G, Mousse W, Sina H, Kona F, Azanghadji T, Guessennd N, Baba-Moussa F, Dadie T, Adjanohoun A & Baba-Moussa L (2020). Toxin production and resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from fermented artisanal dairy products in Benin. Journal of Pathogens 7938149. DOI: 10.1155/2020/7938149
  • Tsuchizaki N, Ishikawa J & Hotta K (2000). Colony for PCR for rapid detection of antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA and enterococci. The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 53(6):422-9. PMID: 10955238
  • Turkish Food Codex (TFC) (2011). Regulation on Microbiological Criteria. Law of Authorization: 5996. Official Gazette of Publication, 29.12.2011-28157, Turkey. Retrieved in September 12, 2022 from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=15690&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
  • Zayda M G, Masuda Y, Hammad A M, Honjoh K, Elbagory A M & Miyamoto T (2020). Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis and Egyptian raw milk cheese. International Dairy Journal 104:104646. DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104646
  • Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang J, Fu X, Wan Y, Pan H, Wu & Wang X (2022). Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail yak butter in Tibet, China. Journal of Dairy Science 104(9):9596-9606. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19604
  • Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang M, Kou M, Chang G, Wan Y, Xu X, Ruan F, Wang Y & Wang X (2022). Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from retail ice cream in Shaanxi province, China. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 19:217-225. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0069
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Tülay Elal Muş 0000-0002-3943-0097

Figen Çetinkaya 0000-0002-3742-8831

Gül Ece Soyutemiz 0000-0003-0128-5653

Burcu Erten This is me 0000-0002-2518-493X

Early Pub Date May 24, 2023
Publication Date November 6, 2023
Submission Date September 27, 2022
Acceptance Date February 21, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 29 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Elal Muş, T., Çetinkaya, F., Soyutemiz, G. E., Erten, B. (2023). Toxigenic Genes of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus from Milk and Dairy. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(4), 924-932. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1181043

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