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The Determination of Ground Properties by the Cone Penetration Test

Year 2014, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 22 - 33, 01.08.2014
https://doi.org/10.5505/apjes.2014.58066

Abstract

Determination of the physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils is one of the most important tasks in geotechnical engineering. The conventional approach of drilling a borehole and attempting to procure undisturbed samples often present difficulties due to sample disturbance, in addition SPT procedures still have human and equipment based problems. So, some other alternative in-situ tests started to being widely used. The use of the cone penetration test for the determination of soil properties is a novel approach to soil investigation because of its speed and requiring minimum human intervention on the readouts. Today, the standard penetration test, a long time favourite is full of pitfalls in implementation and interpretation whereas the CPT with pore pressure measurements has been used increasingly in respect to improving technology to determine some other parameters (ie: chemical properties of water, electrical resistivity, pH, temperature) in addition to geotechnical properties of soils and detecting soil stratigraphy. This paper describes the advantages of the CPT through the results obtained in the city of and Adapazarı during the past fourteen years.

References

  • C. C. Ladd and T. W. Lambe, “The Strength of Undisturbed Clay Determined from Undrained Tests”, Symp. On Laboratory Shear Testing of Soils, ASTM, STP 361, 342-371, (1963).
  • D. J. Degroot, S. E. Poirier and M. M. Landon, “Sample Disturbance – Soft Clays”, Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 27 (3-4), 91-105, (2005).
  • A. Larsson, “The CPT Test: Equipment, Testing, Evaluation”, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, (1995).
  • P. K. Robertson, R. G. Campanella, D. Gillespie and J. Grieg, “Use of Piezometer Cone Data”, Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, Conference, Blacksburg, Geotechnical Special Publication (6), 1263-1280, (1986). 86 Specialty Edited by S. Clemence,
  • P. K. Robertson, “Soil Classification Using the Cone Penetration Test”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27 (1), 151-158, (1990).
  • K. Been and M. G. Jefferies, “Towards Systematic CPT Interpretation”, Memorial London, 121–134, (1992). Thomas Telford, Symposium,
  • M. G. Jefferies and M. P. Davies, “Use of CPTu to Estimate Equivalent SPT N60”, Geotechnical Testing Journal, 16 (4), 458-468, (1993).
  • C. H. Juang, H. Yuan, D. H. Lee, and P. S. Lin, “SimpliŞed Cone Penetration Test-Based method for Evaluating Liquefaction Resistance of Soils”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 129 (1), 66–79, (2003).
  • D. K. Li, C. H. Juang, R. D. Andrus, W. M. Camp, “Index Properties-Based Criteria for Liquefaction Susceptibility of Clayey Soils: a Critical Assessment”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 133 (1), 110–115, (2007).
  • P. K. Robertson, “Soil Behaviour Type from the Update”, CPT: Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, CPT10, Huntington Beach, CA, USA (paper 2- 56) (2010) 2nd International
  • E. Bol, “The Influence of Pore Pressure Soil Gradients Piezocone Penetration Test”, Engineering Geology, 157, 69-78, (2013). during
  • W. Wang, “Some Findings in Soil Liquefaction”, Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Scientific Research Institute, Beijing, (1979).
  • H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss, “Ground Motion and Soil Monograph, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, (1982). Earthquakes”,
  • D. C. A. Andrews, and G. R. Martin, “Criteria for Liquefaction of Silty Soils. In: Proceedings of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand Paper 0312, (2000).
  • R. B. Seed, K. Ö. Çetin, R. E. S. Moss, A. M. Kammerer, J. Wu, J. M. Pestana, M. F. Riemer, R. B. Sancio, J. D. Bray, R. E. Kayen and A. Faris, “Recent Advances in Soil Liquefaction Engineering: Framework”, In Proceedings of 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar, Keynote Presentation, Long Beach, California, (2003). and Consistent
  • P. K. Robertson, C. E. Wride, “Evaluating Cyclic Potential Liquefaction Penetration Journal, 35 (3), 442–459, (1998). the Cone
  • Robertson, P.K., “Evaluating Soil Liquefaction and Post-Earthquake Deformations using the CPT”, Proceedings ISC-2 on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterizations, (1) 233- 249, (2004).
  • S. Toprak, T. L. Holzer, “Liquefaction Potential Index: Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 129 (4), 315-322, (2003). Geoenvironmental
  • T. Lunne, P. K. Robertson and J. J. M. Powell, “Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Engineering”, E&FN SPON, (1997).
  • T. Lunne and A. Kleven, “Role of CPT in North Sea Foundation Engineering”, Session at the ASCE National Convention: Cone Penetration Testing and Materials, St. Louis, 76-107, (1981).
  • A. Önalp, E. Bol and N. Ural, “Estimation of Undrained Shear Strength from Cone Tip Resistance International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey (2006). P. “Interpretation of Cone Penetrometer Test: Part I: Sand”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20 (4), 718-733, (1983). Soils”, Seventh [22] K. Robertson, R. G. Campanella,
  • F. H. Kulhawy and P. W. Mayne, “Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design”, Report EL-6800, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, (1990). 32

Koni Penetrasyon Deneyi ile Zeminlerin Karakterizasyonu

Year 2014, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 22 - 33, 01.08.2014
https://doi.org/10.5505/apjes.2014.58066

Abstract

Zeminlerin fiziksel, mekanik ve hidrolik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi Geoteknik Mühendisliğinin en önemli konularının başında gelmektedir. Buna yönelik olarak uzun yıllardır sondajlı zemin incelemesinde sıkça uygulanan standart penetrasyon deneyinde (SPT); sonuçları etkileyen faktörlerin çokluğu, uygulama ve yorum yanlışlıkları, bunun yanında tüp içine alınan ve örselenmemiş tabir edilen numunelerin laboratuvar denemelerinde doğal durumundan büyük oranda farklı durumda olduğu gerçeği, diğer arazi deneylerinde gelişmelere neden oluşturur. Gelişen teknoloji sayesinde boşluk suyu basınçlarını da ölçebilen Arazi Koni Penetrasyon Deneyi (PCPT) ile zeminlerin çeşitli özelliklerini artık kesintisiz olarak belirlemek mümkün olmuştur. Koni penetrasyon deneyi, insan müdahalesi olmadan yapılan sürekli ölçüm sayesinde zemin profilinin ayrıntılı ve gerçeğe en yakın şekilde elde edilmesine olanak vermektedir. Deney; kısa zamanda istenilen sayıda tekrarlanabilmekte, zemin parametreleri numune alınmasına ve laboratuvar çalışmasına gerek duyulmadan elde edilebilmekte, ayrıca deneyin yapılmasının ve sonuçların yorumlanmasının diğer yöntemlere göre daha az zaman alması, işgücü ve maliyet açısından avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada deneyin özellikleri yanında Adapazarı zeminlerinde yapılan 350'nin üzerindeki boşluk suyu basıncı ölçümlü koni penetrasyon deneylerinden seçilmiş örnek ile uygulama ve değerlendirme aşamaları anlatılmaktadır.

References

  • C. C. Ladd and T. W. Lambe, “The Strength of Undisturbed Clay Determined from Undrained Tests”, Symp. On Laboratory Shear Testing of Soils, ASTM, STP 361, 342-371, (1963).
  • D. J. Degroot, S. E. Poirier and M. M. Landon, “Sample Disturbance – Soft Clays”, Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 27 (3-4), 91-105, (2005).
  • A. Larsson, “The CPT Test: Equipment, Testing, Evaluation”, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, (1995).
  • P. K. Robertson, R. G. Campanella, D. Gillespie and J. Grieg, “Use of Piezometer Cone Data”, Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, Conference, Blacksburg, Geotechnical Special Publication (6), 1263-1280, (1986). 86 Specialty Edited by S. Clemence,
  • P. K. Robertson, “Soil Classification Using the Cone Penetration Test”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27 (1), 151-158, (1990).
  • K. Been and M. G. Jefferies, “Towards Systematic CPT Interpretation”, Memorial London, 121–134, (1992). Thomas Telford, Symposium,
  • M. G. Jefferies and M. P. Davies, “Use of CPTu to Estimate Equivalent SPT N60”, Geotechnical Testing Journal, 16 (4), 458-468, (1993).
  • C. H. Juang, H. Yuan, D. H. Lee, and P. S. Lin, “SimpliŞed Cone Penetration Test-Based method for Evaluating Liquefaction Resistance of Soils”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 129 (1), 66–79, (2003).
  • D. K. Li, C. H. Juang, R. D. Andrus, W. M. Camp, “Index Properties-Based Criteria for Liquefaction Susceptibility of Clayey Soils: a Critical Assessment”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 133 (1), 110–115, (2007).
  • P. K. Robertson, “Soil Behaviour Type from the Update”, CPT: Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, CPT10, Huntington Beach, CA, USA (paper 2- 56) (2010) 2nd International
  • E. Bol, “The Influence of Pore Pressure Soil Gradients Piezocone Penetration Test”, Engineering Geology, 157, 69-78, (2013). during
  • W. Wang, “Some Findings in Soil Liquefaction”, Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Scientific Research Institute, Beijing, (1979).
  • H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss, “Ground Motion and Soil Monograph, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, (1982). Earthquakes”,
  • D. C. A. Andrews, and G. R. Martin, “Criteria for Liquefaction of Silty Soils. In: Proceedings of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand Paper 0312, (2000).
  • R. B. Seed, K. Ö. Çetin, R. E. S. Moss, A. M. Kammerer, J. Wu, J. M. Pestana, M. F. Riemer, R. B. Sancio, J. D. Bray, R. E. Kayen and A. Faris, “Recent Advances in Soil Liquefaction Engineering: Framework”, In Proceedings of 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar, Keynote Presentation, Long Beach, California, (2003). and Consistent
  • P. K. Robertson, C. E. Wride, “Evaluating Cyclic Potential Liquefaction Penetration Journal, 35 (3), 442–459, (1998). the Cone
  • Robertson, P.K., “Evaluating Soil Liquefaction and Post-Earthquake Deformations using the CPT”, Proceedings ISC-2 on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterizations, (1) 233- 249, (2004).
  • S. Toprak, T. L. Holzer, “Liquefaction Potential Index: Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 129 (4), 315-322, (2003). Geoenvironmental
  • T. Lunne, P. K. Robertson and J. J. M. Powell, “Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Engineering”, E&FN SPON, (1997).
  • T. Lunne and A. Kleven, “Role of CPT in North Sea Foundation Engineering”, Session at the ASCE National Convention: Cone Penetration Testing and Materials, St. Louis, 76-107, (1981).
  • A. Önalp, E. Bol and N. Ural, “Estimation of Undrained Shear Strength from Cone Tip Resistance International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey (2006). P. “Interpretation of Cone Penetrometer Test: Part I: Sand”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20 (4), 718-733, (1983). Soils”, Seventh [22] K. Robertson, R. G. Campanella,
  • F. H. Kulhawy and P. W. Mayne, “Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design”, Report EL-6800, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, (1990). 32
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ertan Bol This is me

Aşkın Özocak This is me

Sedat Sert This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2014
Submission Date November 14, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

IEEE E. . Bol, A. . Özocak, and S. . Sert, “Koni Penetrasyon Deneyi ile Zeminlerin Karakterizasyonu”, APJES, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 22–33, 2014, doi: 10.5505/apjes.2014.58066.