Assessing The Potential Health Effects of Vegan Nutrition And Its Evaluation From The Perspective of Halal Dietary Practices

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 66 - 73, 31.12.2024

Nurdan Şener , Dilara Nur Kaplan

https://doi.org/10.53569/apjhls.1480897

Abstract

This study aims to examine vegan diet, evaluate its potential effects on health, and assess it from the perspective of halal nutrition. Vegan diet is a lifestyle that is increasingly prevalent worldwide, solely based on the consumption of plant-based foods. Muslim consumers, within the scope of health consciousness (the tendency to focus on one's own health), prefer healthy, halal, and quality foods that comply with Islamic Law. Although vegan and halal nutrition differ in their objectives, they share some common ground, especially in terms of dietary choices. While vegan diet is often deficient in terms of protein and calorie content, it is rich in dietary fiber, polyphenols, and antioxidant vitamins. Protein and iron from animal sources are more efficiently absorbed than those from plant-based foods. The fundamental difference between vegan and halal nutrition lies in the source of ingredients. Even though vegan food is derived solely from plants, it can still contain non-halal components such as alcohol-based extracts. Additionally, it might be produced or prepared using equipment that also handles non-halal ingredients. These are significant obstacles to its acceptance as halal. Both vegan and halal foods prioritize compassion and kindness towards animals while simultaneously promoting health and well-being in body and mind.

Keywords

Vegan diet, Health, Halal nutrition.

Vegan Beslenmenin Sağlık Üzerine Olası Etkileri ve Helallik Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada vegan beslenme incelenerek sağlık üzerine olası etkileri ve helal beslenme perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Vegan Beslenme, dünya genelinde yaygınlığı gittikçe artan sadece bitkisel besinlerin tüketimine dayanan bir yaşam biçimidir. Müslüman tüketiciler sağlık bilinci (kişinin dikkatini kendi sağlığına odaklama eğilimi) kapsamında İslam Hukukuna uygun olan sağlıklı, helal ve kaliteli besinler tercih etmektedir. Helal ve vegan beslenme, amaçları açısından farklı olmakla birlikte özellikle besin seçimleri açısından bazı durumlarda ortak noktayı paylaşmaktadır. Vegan beslenme genellikle protein ve kalori değeri açısından yetersiz olsa da diyet lifi, polifenoller ve antioksidan vitaminler açısından zengindir. Hayvansal kaynaklı besinlerdeki protein ve demir, bitkisel kaynaklı besinlerdeki protein ve demirden daha verimli bir şekilde emilmektedir. Vegan ve helal besin arasındaki temel fark, malzemelerin kaynağıdır. Vegan besin yalnızca bitkilerden elde edilmesine rağmen alkol bazlı ekstraktlar gibi helal olmayan bileşenler içerebilir, helal olmayan içeriklerin de kullanıldığı ekipmanlarla üretiliyor veya hazırlanıyor olabilir. Bunlar helal olarak kabul edilmesinin önündeki en büyük engellerdendir. Hem vegan hem de helal yiyecekler hayvanlara karşı şefkat ve nezaketi ön planda tutarken aynı zamanda bedende ve zihinde sağlık ve zindeliği teşvik etmektedir.

Keywords

Vegan beslenme, Sağlık, Helal beslenme.

References

• Ahnen, R. T., Jonnalagadda, S. S., & Slavin, J. L. (2019). Role of plant protein in nutrition, wellness, and health. Nutrition Reviews, 77(11), 735-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz028
• American Halal Foundation (AHF), “Is Vegan Halal? A Comparative Analysis of Halal and Vegan”, Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.24 https://halalfoundation.org/is-vegan-halal/
• Avnon, T., Paz Dubinsky, E., Lavie, Bashi T.B.M., Anbar, R., & Yogev Y. (2021). The impact of a vegan diet on pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Perinatology, 41, 1129–1133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-00804-x
• Bakaloudi, D. R., Halloran, A., Rippin, H. L., Oikonomidou, A. C., Dardavesis, T. I., Williams, J., Wickramasinghe, K., Breda, J., & Chourdakis, M. (2021). Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clinical Nutrition, 40(5), 3503-3521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
• Boutros, G.H., Landry-Duval, M.A., Garzon, M., & Karelis, A.D. (2020). Is a vegan diet detrimental to endurance and muscle strength?. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 1550–1555. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0639-y
• Craig, W. J. (2009). Health effects of vegan diets. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), 1627-1633. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N
• Cramer, H., Kessler, C. S., Sundberg, T., Leach, M. J., Schumann, D., Adams, J., & Lauche, R. (2017). Characteristics of Americans choosing vegetarian and vegan diets for health reasons. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 49(7), 561-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.04.011
• Dressler, J., Storz, M. A., Müller, C., Kandil, F. I., Kessler, C. S., Michalsen, A., & Jeitler, M. (2022). Does a Plant-Based Diet Stand Out for Its Favorable Composition for Heart Health? Dietary Intake Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14(21), 4597. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214597
• Fischer, J. (2016). Markets, religion, regulation: Kosher, halal and Hindu vegetarianism in global perspective. Geoforum, 69, 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.12.011
• Gilani, G. S., Xiao, C. W., & Cockell, K. A. (2012). Impact of antinutritional factors in food proteins on the digestibility of protein and the bioavailability of amino acids and on protein quality. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(S2), 315-332. doi:10.1017/S0007114512002371
• Iqbal, A., Shah, S. R. A., Cetingul, I. S., & Bayram, I. (2020). A Review-Halal animal nutrition perspective to the halal meat production. Malaysian Journal of Halal Research, 3(1), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.2478/mjhr-2020-0003
• Kaartinen, K., Lammi, K., Hypen, M., Nenonen, M., Hänninen, O., & Rauma, A. L. (2000). Vegan diet alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 29(5), 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/030097400447697
• Kahleova, H., Fleeman, R., Hlozkova, A., Holubkov, R., & Barnard, N. D. (2018). A plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant protein. Nutrition & Diabetes, 8(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-018-0067-4
• Koutentakis M., Surma S., Rogula S., Filipiak K.J., Gąsecka A. (2023). The effect of a vegan diet on the cardiovascular system. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 10(3):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10030094
• Landry, M. J., Ward, C. P., Cunanan, K. M., Durand, L. R., Perelman, D., Robinson, J. L., Hennings, T., Koh, L., Dant, C., Zeitlin, A., Ebel, E. R., Sonnenburg, E. D., Sonnenburg, J. L., & Gardner, C. D. (2023). Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 6(11), e2344457. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44457
• Latif, M. A., & Rahman, S. A. (2022). Developing the halal nutrition model. International Journal of Halal Research, 4(1), 40-51. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijhr.4.1.40-51.2022 Lederer, A. K., Hannibal, L., Hettich, M., Behringer, S., Spiekerkoetter, U., Steinborn, C., Gründemann, C., Zimmermann-Klemd, A. M., Müller, A., Simmet, T., Schmiech, M., Maul-Pavicic, A., Samstag, Y., & Huber, R. (2019). Vitamin B12 Status Upon Short-Term Intervention with a Vegan Diet-A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Participants. Nutrients, 11(11), 2815. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112815
• Lemale, J., Mas, E., Jung, C., Bellaiche, M., Tounian, P., & Hepatology, F. S. P. (2019). Vegan diet in children and adolescents. Recommendations from the French-speaking Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group (GFHGNP). Archives de Pédiatrie, 26(7), 442-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2019.09.001
• Lopez, P. D., Cativo, E. H., Atlas, S. A., & Rosendorff, C. (2019). The Effect of Vegan Diets on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The American Journal of Medicine, 132(7), 875–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.01.044
• Losno, E. A., Sieferle, K., Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., & Ritz, C. (2021). Vegan Diet and the Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 13(7), 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072402
• Luongo, D., Coppola, A., Treppiccione, L., Bergamo, P., Sorrentino, A., Ferrocino, I., Turroni, S., Neviani, E., Di Cagno, R., Cocolin, L., & Rossi, M. (2017). Modulation of the cytokine profile in Caco-2 cells by faecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria from individuals with distinct dietary habits. Cytokine, 90, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2016.11.007a
• Luongo, D., Treppiccione, L., Sorrentino, A., Ferrocino, I., Turroni, S., Gatti, M., Di Cagno, R., Sanz, Y., & Rossi, M. (2017). Immune-modulating effects in mouse dendritic cells of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria isolated from individuals following omnivorous, vegetarian and vegan diets. Cytokine, 97, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2017.06.007b
• Menzel J., Abraham K., Stangl G.I., Ueland P.M., Obeid R., Schulze M.B., Herter-Aeberli I., Schwerdtle T., Weikert C. Vegan Diet and Bone Health—Results from the Cross-Sectional RBVD Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(2):685. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020685
• Oomah, B. D., Caspar, F., Malcolmson, L. J., & Bellido, A. S. (2011). Phenolics and antioxidant activity of lentil and pea hulls. Food Research International, 44(1), 436-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.027
• Portune, K. J., Beaumont, M., Davila, A. M., Tomé, D., Blachier, F., & Sanz, Y. (2016). Gut microbiota role in dietary protein metabolism and health-related outcomes: the two sides of the coin. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 57, 213-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.08.011
• Rakhmawati, N. A., Fatawi, J., Najib, A. C., & Firmansyah, A. A. (2021). Linked open data for halal food products. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 33(6), 728-739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.04.004
• Rees, K., Al-Khudairy, L., Takeda, A., & Stranges, S. (2021). Vegan dietary pattern for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2(2), CD013501. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013501.pub2
• Sakkas H., Bozidis P., Touzios C., Kolios D., Athanasiou G., Athanasopoulou E., Gerou I. & Gartzonika C. (2020). Nutritional status and the influence of the vegan diet on the gut microbiota and human health. Medicina, 56(2), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56020088
• Strasser, B., Volaklis, K., Fuchs, D., & Burtscher, M. (2018). Role of dietary protein and muscular fitness on longevity and aging. Aging and Disease, 9(1), 119. doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.0202
• Sulaiman, Y., Mat, N. K. N., & Ghani, N. H. A. (2018). The antecedents of halal consumption pattern: the mediating role of muslim lifestyle, risk perception and trust. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.38), 1006-1011.
• Tomova, A., Bukovsky, I., Rembert, E., Yonas, W., Alwarith, J., Barnard, N. D., & Kahleova, H. (2019). The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets on Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 47. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00047
• Tong, T. Y., Key, T. J., Gaitskell, K., Green, T. J., Guo, W., Sanders, T. A., & Bradbury, K. E. (2019). Hematological parameters and prevalence of anemia in white and British Indian vegetarians and nonvegetarians in the UK Biobank. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110(2), 461-472. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz072
• Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Wilcox, S., Frongillo, E. A., Murphy, E. A., Hutto, B., Wilson, M., Davey, M., Bernhart, J. A., Okpara, N., Bailey, S., & Hu, E. (2023). Effect of a plant-based vs omnivorous soul food diet on weight and lipid levels among african american adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA network open, 6(1), e2250626. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50626
• Veronese, N., & Reginster, J. Y. (2019). The effects of calorie restriction, intermittent fasting and vegetarian diets on bone health. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 753-758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01174-x
• Weikert, C., Trefflich, I., Menzel, J., Obeid, R., Longree, A., Dierkes, J., Meyer, K., Herter-Aeberli, I., Mai, K., Stangl, G., I., Müller, S., M., Schwerdtle T., Lampen, A., & Abraham, K. (2020). Vitamin and mineral status in a vegan diet. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 117(35-36), 575. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0575
• Westerterp-Plantenga M.S., Lemmens S.G., Westerterp K.R. (2012). Dietary protein – its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. British Journal of Nutrition. 108(S2), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512002589
• Wu, G. (2021). Amino acids: biochemistry and nutrition (2nd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003092742
• Wu, G., Fanzo, J., Miller, D. D., Pingali, P., Post, M., Steiner, J. L., & Thalacker‐Mercer, A. E. (2014). Production and supply of high‐quality food protein for human consumption: sustainability, challenges, and innovations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1321(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12500