Religious Treatment and Preventing for Covid-19 (Case of Indonesian Muslim Community in Managing Covid-19 Pandemy)

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 493 - 508, 23.12.2021

Muhammad Taqiyuddin

https://doi.org/10.52115/apjir.1020998

Abstract

Sociologically, the world communities behave differently in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Some countries rely on the sophistication of medical technology as sich. This is different from religious communities in Indonesia with Muslim majority. The handling of Covid-19 takes place collaboratively - despite the lack of technology and political aspects - between communities. In fact, his attitude also varied; but has a meeting point that can be studied with the theme of science and religion. This mixed method research model uses historical qualitative data from scientific articles and non-survey quantitative data; namely from the appeal circulating in the community through social media. Which, the appeal was conveyed from non-institutional religious organizations. Phenomenologically, this data is recorded through the collection of appeals and news. This study at least concluded that the majority of the Indonesian Muslim community responded to Covid-19 moderately. Although, at least their attitude is divided into 3 groups: a) ordinary people, b) scientists, c) religious. But in general, they can articulate face Covid-19 with a harmonious alignment between religious science, science and technology. Evidenced by the emergence of regulations and graphic design products and social agreements that dimension the values of Islamic teachings, science and technology as well.

Keywords

Covid-19, Indonesian Muslim, Science and Religion, religious treatment

References

• Abdullah, M. and Nadvi, M. “Understanding the Principles of Islamic World-View.” The Dialogue 6/3, (2011), 1–16. http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialog/.
• Abdullah, M. Amin. “Islam as a Cultural Capital in Indonesia and the Malay World: A Convergence of Islamic Studies, Social Sciences and Humanities.” Journal of Indonesian Islam. (2017) https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.2.307-328.
• Abdusshomad, Alwazir. “Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Penerapan Pendidikan Karakter Dan Pendidikan Islam.” QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Agama 12/2: (2020), 107–15.
• “Ablution Wisdom in the View of Quran, Hadith, and Medicine.”. Arak Medical University Journal. 2011.
• Adhikari, Sasmita Poudel, Sha Meng, Yu-Ju Wu, Yu-Ping Mao, Rui-Xue Ye, Qing-Zhi Wang, Chang Sun, et al. “Epidemiology, Causes, Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) during the Early Outbreak Period: A Scoping Review.” Infectious Diseases of Poverty 9/1, (2020), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x.
• Adiyoso, Wignyo, and Hidehiko Kanegae. “The Preliminary Study of the Role of Islamic Teaching in the Disaster Risk Reduction (A Qualitative Case Study of Banda Aceh, Indonesia).” Procedia Environmental Sciences. (2013) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.110.
• Aguilera-Carnerero, Carmen, and Abdul Halik Azeez. “KEYWORDS Islam Muslims Hate Speech Cyber Islamophobia Twitter Critical Discourse Analysis ‘Islamonausea, Not Islamophobia’: The Many Faces of Cyber Hate Speech.” Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1386/jammr.9.1.21_1.
• Ahmad Fajar, Dadang, Isep Zaenal Arifin, Hajir Tajiri, and Elly Marlina. “Membentuk Ketahanan Mental Berbasis Tasawuf Melalui Dzikir Lathifah Sebagai Metode Terapi Terhadap Efek Pandemi Covid 19.” LP2M. (2020).
• Ahmed, Qanta A, and Ziad A Memish. “The Cancellation of Mass Gatherings (MGs)? Decision Making in the Time of COVID-19.” Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 101631. (2020) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101631.
• Ahyar, Muzayyin, and Alfitri Alfitri. “Aksi Bela Islam: Islamic Clicktivism and the New Authority of Religious Propaganda in the Millennial Age in Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 9/1, (2019), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v9i1.1-29.
• Al-Sijistaniy, Abu Daud Sulaiman bin al-Asy’ats bin Ishaq bin Basyir bin Syadad bin Amru al-Azadiy. n.d. Sunan Abi Dawud. Edited by Muhammad Muhyi al Din Abdul Hamid. Beirut: Maktabah al-’Ashriyyah.
• Alyanak, O\uguz. “Faith, Politics and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Turkish Response.” Medical Anthropology. 2020. Https://Doi. Org/10.1080/01459740.2020 1745482.
• Amanambu, Uchenna Ebony. “Almajırı Islamıc Practıces And The Covıd-19 Pandemıc In Nıgerıa: Matters Arısıng.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 18/3, (2020).
• Amel, Camelia Rizka Maulida. “Konsep Rukhsah Bagi Tenaga Medis Dengan Alat Pelindung Diri Saat Menangani Pasien COVID-19.” Al-Qanun: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pembaharuan Hukum Islam 22/2, (2019), 262–82.
• Amin, M Nur Kholis Al. “Menakar Nilai Kemanfaatan Penangguhan Walimat Al-’Ursy Di Masa Darurat COVID-19 Melalui Analisis Sadd Adz-Dzari’ah.” Ulumuddin: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 10/1, (2020), 27–38.
• Arat-Koç, Sedef. “Dance of Orientalisms and Waves of Catastrophes: Culturalism and Pragmatism in Imperial Approaches to Islam and the Middle East.” Third World Quarterly. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.971563.
• Arifin, Tajul, Neni Nuraeni, Didi Mashudi, and Encang Saefudin. “Proteksi Diri Saat Pandemi COVID-19 Berdasarkan Hadits Shahih.” (2020).
• Arsad, Muhammad. “Efektıvıtas Rukhshah Dalam Pelaksanaan Ibadah Masa Pandemı Covıd-19.” Yurisprudentia: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi 6/1, (2020), 59–74.
• Ashraf, Hamid, Ahmad Faraz, Md Raihan, and Sanjay Kalra. “Fighting Pandemics: Inspiration from Islam.” JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 70/5, (2020), S152--S156.
• Auda, Jasser. Maqasid Al Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law A Systems Approach. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. (2007). https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.13.1885.
• Baškarada, Saša, and Andy Koronios. “A Philosophical Discussion of Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Research in Social Science.” Qualitative Research Journal. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-D-17-00042.
• Basri, Hasan. “Religious Community Responses to COVID-19: Case Study on Muslim Small Community.” International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24/8, (2020), 10439–46.
• Basri, Helmi. “RELEVANSI ANTARA HADITS DAN SAINS Kaedah Dan Aplikasinya Dalam Bingkai Ijaz Ilmi.” Al-Fikra: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman 17/1, (2018), 130–46.
• Brüssow, Harald. “The Novel Coronavirus – A Snapshot of Current Knowledge.” Microbial Biotechnology n/a (n/a). (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13557.
• Buaben, Jabal M. “The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam : The Qur’anic Principle of Wasatiyyah / Mohammad Hashim Kamali.” Islam and Civilisational Renewal 8/3, (2017), 444–46. https://doi.org/10.12816/0042936.
• Cascella, Marco, Michael Rajnik, Arturo Cuomo, Scott C Dulebohn, and Raffaela Di Napoli. “Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19).” In Statpearls. (2020). [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
• Dahlan, Moh, M Sirajuddin, Andri Saputra Miinuddin, A Novan Safi?i, and Adella Lovita. “Consistency of Rural Muslim Communities in Maintaining Safety (Hifdz Al-Nafs) in Performing the Worship of Daily Prayers (Shalat) in the Midst of Covid-19 Outbreak.” Journal of Talent Development and Excellence 12/1, (2020), 2134–39.
• Daniel, Tumpal Daniel Tumpal. “Penguatan Tarbiyah Umat Dan Kontribusi Islam Atasi Covid 19.” Alasma| Jurnal Media Informasi Dan Komunikasi Ilmiah 2/1, (2020), 13–22.
• Darmawan, Dadang, Deni Miharja, Roro Sri Rejeki Waluyajati, and Erni Isnaeniah. “Sikap Keberagamaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Wabah COVID-19.” Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya 4/2, (2020), 115–24.
• Daud, Wan Mohd Nor Wan. “The Metaphysical Worldview.” In A Companion to the Worldview of Islam; Course Materials for Wise Summer School 2015. Kuala Lumpur: CASIS-UTM. (2015).
• Davids, Nuraan. “Beyond the Indigenous/Non-Indigenous Knowledge Divide: The Case of Muslim Education and Its Attenuation to Cosmopolitanism.” South African Journal of Higher Education 28/5, (2016). https://doi.org/10.20853/28-5-410.
• Djalante, Riyanti, Jonatan Lassa, Davin Setiamarga, Choirul Mahfud, Aruminingsih Sudjatma, Mochamad Indrawan, Budi Haryanto, et al. “Review and Analysis of Current Responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020.” Progress in Disaster Science, 100091. (2020).
• Ebrahim, Shahul H, and Ziad A Memish. “COVID-19: Preparing for Superspreader Potential among Umrah Pilgrims to Saudi Arabia.” The Lancet 395/10227, 2020. e48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30466-9.
• Ha, Kyoo Man. “The Role of Religious Beliefs and Institutions in Disaster Management: A Case Study.” Religions. (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel6041314.
• Hajar, Andi. “Ajaran Al-Mahabbah Sebagaı Upaya Mengatası Keresahan Manusıa Dalam Menghadapı Pandemı Covıd-19.” Jurnal Al-Qalam: Jurnal Kajian Islam & Pendidikan 2/1, (2020). 18–29.
• Hanbal, Abu ’Abdullah Ahmad bin Muhammad Ibn. Musnad Al-Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal Tahqiq Syu’aib Al-Arnauth Wa Abdullah Bin Abdul Muhsin Al-Turkiy. Vol. 14. Beirut: Al-Risalah Foundation. (2001).
• Hasbiyallah, Hasbiyallah, Ratu Suntiah, Hilda Ainisyifa, and Titim Fatimah. “Fikih Corona: Studi Pandangan Ulama Indonesia Terhadap Ibadah Dalam Kondisi Darurat Covid-19.” Karya Tulis Islam Fakultas Tarbiyah Jurusan PAI. 2020.
• Hassan, Nur Jannah. “The Integration of Qur’anic Worldview with Natural Science: Answering the Long Call For Islamic Secondary Schools.” Al-Burhan: Journal Of Qur?An And Sunnah Studies 2/1, (2018), 18–34.
• Hasyim, Syafiq. “Majelis Ulama Indonesia and Pluralism in Indonesia.” Philosophy and Social Criticism. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453714566547.
• Hidayatullah, Hidayatullah, and Nasrullah Nasrullah.. “Enforcement Of Health Law In The Crisis Period Of Pandemic Outbreak Covid-19:’The Policy of Large Scale Social Limitation (LSSL) in Indonesia
• Viewed of the Theory of Al-Maqaashid Asy-Syar’iyyah’.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran 20/1, (2020), 43–58.
• Hiwasaki, Lisa, Emmanuel Luna, Syamsidik, and Rajib Shaw. “Process for Integrating Local and Indigenous Knowledge with Science for Hydro-Meteorological Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal and Small Island Communities.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 10, (2014), 15–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.07.007.
• Hosen, Nadirsyah. “Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate.” In Law and Religion, An Overview. 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315091990.
• Ilyas, Sabrida Muhammad. “Islamic Psychotherapy In The Pandemic Of Covid-19.” ENLIGHTEN: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam 3/1, (2020), 35–47.
• Irbansyah, Ricky. “Pandangan Ulama Dan Masyarakat Kecamatan Singkil Kabupaten Aceh Singkil Tentang Adat Temetok Dalam Walimah Al-’Ursy.” Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara. (2019).
• Irfan, Agus. “Local Wisdom Dalam Pemikiran Kyai Sholeh Darat: Telaah Terhadap Kitab Fiqh Majmu’at Al-Shari’ah Al-Kafiyah Li Al-’Awam.” Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 1/1, (2017), 88–109.
• Ishaq, Usep Mohamad, and Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud. “Ibn Al-Haytham’S Classification of Knowledge.” Al-Jami’ah 55/1, (2017), 189–210. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2017.551.189-210.
• Iskandar, Mizaj. “Fiqh Anticipation: Mitigation Concept Based on Islamic Law.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/273/1/012045.
• Islam, M Saiful, Kazi M Rahman, Yanni Sun, Mohammed O Qureshi, Ikram Abdi, Abrar A Chughtai, and Holly Seale. “Current Knowledge of COVID-19 and Infection Prevention and Control Strategies in Healthcare Settings: A Global Analysis.” Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, (2020), 1–11.
• Javed, Arshia, and Muhammad Javed. “The Need of Ijtihad for Sustainable Development in Islam.” IIUC Studies, (2015). https://doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v9i0.24027.
• Joakim, Erin P., and Robert S. White. “Exploring the Impact of Religious Beliefs, Leadership, and Networks on Response and Recovery of Disaster-Affected Populations: A Case Study from Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Religion, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.1025538.
• Junaedi, Jujun, Mukhlis Aliyudin, Dede Sutisna, and Prita Priantini Nur Chidayati. n.d. “Konflik Interpretasi Fatwa MUI Dalam Pelaksanaan Ibadah Selama Pandemi Covid-19.” Digital Library UIN Sunan Gunung Djati.
• Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. “Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah, Ijtihad and Civilisational Renewal.” In Maqasid Al-Shari’ah, Ijtihad and Civilisational Renewal, (2019), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkc6797.4.
• Khoiri, Khoiri. “Antara Adat Dan Syarıat (Studi Tentang Tradisi Mandi Safar Di Tasik Nambus, Riau, Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Islam).” Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 16/2, (2017), 196–210.
• Kuipers, Nicholas, Saiful Mujani, and Thomas Pepinsky. “Encouraging Indonesians to Pray From Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Experimental Political Science, (2020), 1–11.
• Kumar, Gautam. “Indonesian Religious Culture and the Undercurrent.” Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage, (2017). https://doi.org/10.31291/hn.v5i2.144.
• Kusmana, Kusmana. “The Qur’an, Woman and Nationalism In Indonesia: Ulama Perempuan’s Moral Movement.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 57/1, (2019), 83–116.
• Latif, Yudi. “The Religiosity, Nationality, and Sociality of Pancasila: Toward Pancasila through Soekarno’s Way.” Studia Islamika, (2018). https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v25i2.7502.
• Machendrawaty, Nanih, Yuliani Yuliani, Asep Iwan Setiawan, and Yuyun Yuningsih. “Optimalisasi Fungsi Mesjid Di Tengah Pandemic Covid 19: Telaah Syar’i, Regulasi Dan Aplikasi.” UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. (2020).
• Mahmuddin, Ronny, and Syandri Syandri. “Qadariyah, Jabariyah Dan Ahlus Sunnah (Studi Komparatif Merespon Kebijakan Pemerintah Dan Ulama Mencegah Merebaknya Covid-19).” Bustanul Fuqaha: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam ½, (2020), 209–22.
• Majid, Jamaluddin, and Safri Haliding. “The Need for the Islamization of Knowledge in Accounting.” Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics. (2014), https://doi.org/10.15408/ijies.v6i1.1366.
• Makin, Al. “‘Not a Religious State’: A Study of Three Indonesian Religious Leaders on the Relation of State and Religion.” Indonesia and the Malay World. (2018), https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2017.1380279.
• Mansyur, Muchtaruddin. “Hajj Health Istithaah amid the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Medical Journal of Indonesia 29/2, (2020), 115–17.
• Maravia, Usman. “Rationale for Suspending Friday Prayers, Funerary Rites, and Fasting Ramadan during COVID-19: An Analysis of the Fatawa Related to the Coronavirus.” Ethics 4/2, (2020).
• Montgomery, David W., and John Heathershaw. “Islam, Secularism and Danger: A Reconsideration of the Link between Religiosity, Radicalism and Rebellion in Central Asia.” Religion, State and Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2016.1220177.
• Musadad, Asep N. “Klasifikasi Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Perspektif Jābir Bin Ḥayyān.” Kanz Philosophia : A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 5/2, (2015), 115. https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v5i2.126.
• Mushodiq, Muhamad Agus, and Ali Imron. “Peran Majelis Ulama Indonesia Dalam Mitigasi Pandemi Covid-19 (Tinjauan Tindakan Sosial Dan Dominasi Kekuasaan Max Weber).” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I 7/5, 2020, 403.
• Muslih, Mohammad. “Al-Qur’an Dan Lahirnya Sains Teistik.” TSAQAFAH 12/2, (2016). https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v12i2.756.
• ———Pengembangan Sains Islam Dalam Perspektif Metodologi Program Riset Lakatosian. Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga Press. (2017).
• ———“Toward Theology of Science: Philosophical Reflection On The Development Of Religion-Based Science.” KALAM. (2019). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v13i1.3953.
• Nadhiroh, Wardatun. “Kitab Sanjata Mu’min: Sebuah Bentuk Tafsir Awam Di Tanah Banjar.” SUHUF Jurnal Pengkajian Al-Qur’an Dan Budaya 11/1, (2018), 119–43.
• Novanda, Galuh Dwi. “Advocacy and Legal Aid During Covid-19 Pandemic: How Indonesia Survives?” The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2/2, (2020), 101–10.
• O’Donnell, S Jonathon. “Islamophobic Conspiracism and Neoliberal Subjectivity: The Inassimilable Society.” Patterns of Prejudice 52/1, (2018), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2017.1414473.
• Putra, Muhammad Yunan. “Talfıq Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Ibadah Masyarakat Awam Serta Pandangan-Pandangan Ulama Fıkıh.” SANGAJI: Jurnal Pemikiran Syariah Dan Hukum 2/1, (2018), 160– 82.
• Qotadah, Hudzaifah Achmad. “Covıd-19: Prayers Performance Of Medıcal Team Wıthout Ablutıon And Tayammum Based On Four Madhab Fıqh.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I 7/8, (2020a.).
• ———“Covıd-19: Tınjauan Maqasıd Al-Sharıah Terhadap Penangguhan Pelaksanaan Ibadah Shalat Dı Tempat Ibadah (Hifdz Al-Nafs Lebih Utama Dari Hifdz Al-Din?).” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I 7/7, (2020b).
• Rahman, Z. “Mujahadah Al-Nafs among Covid 19 Patients in Quarantine.” International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24/1, (2020).
• Rajab, Alif Jumai, Muhamad Saddam Nurdin, and Hayatullah Mubarak. “Tinjauan Hukum Islam Pada Edaran Pemerintah Dan MUI Dalam Menyikapi Wabah Covid-19.” BUSTANUL FUQAHA: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam ½, (2020), 156–73.
• Rifa’i, Ilyas, Ferli Septi Irwansyah, Mar’atus Sholihah, and Astri Yuliawati. “Dampak Dan Pencegahan Wabah Covid-19: Perspektif Sains Dan Islam.” Jurnal Lembaga Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (LP2M). (2020).
• Rokib, Mohammad. “The Importance of Faith-Based Organization in Shaping Natural Disaster : Case Study of Muhammadiyah.” SALAM Jurnal Study Masyarakat Islam, (2012).
• Rusyana, Ayi Yunus, Dedi Supriyadi, Ali Khosim, and Fahmi Hasan Nugroho. “Fatwa Penyelenggaraan Ibadah Di Saat Pandemi Covid-19 Di Indonesia Dan Mesir.” Digital Library UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, (2020).
• Saebani, Beni Ahmad, Mohammad Nadjib, Mustopa Kamal, and Yana Sutian. “Kesadaran Teologis Keberagamaan Umat Manusia Dalam Menghadapi Wabah Covid-19.” Digital Library UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, (2020).
• Saefi, Muhammad, Ahmad Fauzi, Evi Kristiana, Widi Cahya Adi, M Muchson, M Eval Setiawan, Novita Nurul Islami, Dian Eka Aprilia Fitria Ningrum, M Alifudin Ikhsan, and Mavindra Ramadhani. “Survey Data of COVID-19-Related Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among Indonesian Undergraduate Students.” Data in Brief, 105855, (2020).
• Salzberger, Bernd, Thomas Glück, and Boris Ehrenstein. “Successful Containment of COVID-19: The WHO-Report on the COVID-19 Outbreak in China.” Infection, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010- 020-01409-4.
• Sindre, Gyda M. “From Secessionism to Regionalism: Intra-Organizational Change and Ideological Moderation within Armed Secessionist Movements.” Political Geography 64, (2018), 23–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.02.004.
• Solahudin, Dindin, Dang Eif Saiful Amin, Deden Sumpena, and Fathin Anjani Hilman. “Analisis Kepemimpinan Di Indonesia Dalam Kerangka Tanggap-Darurat Covid-19.” Penulisan Karya Tulis Ilmiah UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Di Masa Work From Home Tahun 2020.
• Stein, Richard Albert. “The 2019 Coronavirus: Learning Curves, Lessons, and the Weakest Link.” International Journal of Clinical Practice, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13488.
• Stratton, Samuel J. “COVID-19: Not a Simple Public Health Emergency.” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35/2, (2020), 119–119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X2000031X.
• Suhendar, Dede, Asep Supriadin, Gina Giftia Azmiana Delilah, and Tety Sudiarti. n.d. “Potensi Mineral Tanah Liat--Surfaktan Untuk Aplikasi Bahan Sanitasi Dalam Pencegahan Covid-19: Pembelajaran Dari Taharah Yang Menggunakan Tanah.” Article.
• Suherdiana, Dadan, Aang Ridwan, Uwes Fatoni, and others. “Pesan Dakwah Ormas Islam Indonesia Dalam Menghadapi Krisis Keagamaan Masa Pandemi Covid-19.” Karya Tulis Ilmiah, 2020.
• Syahnan, Mhd. “Nahdlatul Ulama Scholar In Mandaılıng Land: A Biography of Shaykh Ali Hasan Ahmad Ad-Dary.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies, (2019). https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v3i1.4138.
• Syamsuddin, M. Din. “The Muhammadiyah Da’wah and Allocative Politics in the New Order Indonesia.” Studia Islamika, (1995). https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v2i2.834.
• Taqiyuddin, Muhammad. “Sample from Social Media (Sampel Dari Media Sosial).” Zenodo, 2020a. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3940717.
• ———“Sample from Social Organization and Government (Sampel Dari Organisasi Masyarakat Dan Negara).” (2020b). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3940736.
• ———“Sample from Websites (Sampel Dari Berita Website).” Zenodo, (2020c). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3940719.
• Turpin, Merrill J., Miho Asano, and Marcia Finlayson. “Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis Methods in Understanding Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue Management.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691501400206.
• Yono, Yono. “Sikap Manusia Beriman Menghadapi Covid 19.” Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law 4/1, 2020.
• Yono, Yono, Indriya Rusmana, and Hielda Noviyanty. “Psikoterapi Spiritual Dan Pendidikan Islam Dalam Mengatasi Dan Menghadapi Gangguan Anciety Disorder Di Saat Dan Pasca Covid 19.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I 7/8, (2020).
• Zahrotunnimah, Zahrotunnimah. “Langkah Taktis Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Pencegahan Penyebaran Virus Corona Covid-19 Di Indonesia.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I 7/3, (2020), 247– 60.
• Zarkasyi, Hamid Fahmy. “The Rise of Islamic Religious-Political Movements in Indonesia: The Background, Present Situation and Future.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 2/2, (2008), 336–78.
• ———“Epistemological Implication of Al-Ghazzali’s Account of Causality.” Intellectual Discourse 26/1, 2018, 51–73.
• ———“Appraising the Moderation Indonesian Muslims with Special Reference to Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama.” ADDIN 12/1, (2019), 1. https://doi.org/10.21043/addin.v12i1.4179.