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EGEMEN İKTİDAR, DİSİPLİNER İKTİDAR VE BİYO-İKTİDAR: FOUCAULT’NUN İKTİDAR MEKANİZMALARINI KAVRAMLAŞTIRMASI NASIL OKUNMALI?

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 13 - 24, 31.05.2019

Abstract



Foucault’nun çalışmalarında güç nosyonu kilit kavramlardan biridir. Foucault, modern dönemde insanların maruz kaldığı hâkimiyet kurma tekniklerine ışık tutabilmek için, güç mekanizmalarının gelişim sürecinin bir takibini gerçekleştirmiştir. Kendisi, egemen otorite, disiplin mekanizmaları ve biyopolitika kavramlarına odaklanarak, Batı toplumlarında gücün nasıl işlerlik kazındığını açıklama amaçlı çeşitli kavramsallaştırmalar ortaya koymuştur. Kendilerine has özelliklere sahip olan egemenlik, disiplin ve biyo-iktidar ile ilişkili güç mekanizmaları, farklı tarihsel konjonktürlerde öne çıkıp, farklı işlevselliklere sahip olmuşlardır. Bu üç güç kaynağı arasında biyo-iktidar, üretken ve pozitif özelliğiyle diğer varyantlardan ayrışmaktadır. Batı toplumlarında biyo-iktidar, toplumların yönetiminde şekillendirici bir özelliğe sahip olup, korunması ve devam ettirilmesi gereken bir yaşam şekli için gerekli güç kaynağını teşkil etmektedir. Halihazırdaki süreçte de biyo-iktidar Batı’daki toplumsal yaşam üzerinde tayin edici bir etkiye sahiptir; fakat bu etki, egemen ve disipliner güç mekanizmalarını âtıl hale getirmemektedir. Foucault’nun merceğinden bakılarak bu çalışmada ortaya konulduğu gibi, biyopolitik hedeflerin gerçekleştirilmesinde, egemen güç ve disipliner güç mekanizmaları hala önemli işlevler görmektedir. Böylece nüfusların yönetiminde, bu üç farklı güç kaynağı birbirlerini tamamlayıcı nitelikte unsurlar olarak göze çarpmaktadır.



References

  • BAUMAN, Z. (2010). Modernity and the Holocaust, Polity Pres, Cambridge.COOPER, M. (2008). Life as Surplus: Biotechnology and Capitalism in the Neoliberal Era, University of Washington Press, London.DEAN, M. (2001). Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society, Sage Publications, London.DELEUZE, G. (2006). Foucault, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.DILLON, M. (1995). “Sovereignty and Governmentality: From the Problematics of the "New World Order" to the Ethical Problematic of the World Order”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 20 (3): 323-368.DILLON, M. (2008). “Security, Race and War”, s. 166-197, (Ed.) DILLON, M. ve NEAL, W. A., Foucault on Politics, Security and War, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. DILLON, M. (2013). “Afterlife: Living Death to Political Spirituality”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 42 (1): 114-134.DILLON, M. (2014). “Bloody Mess: Why Sovereigns Fail, and How They Get Away with It”, www.opendemocracy.net /michael-dillon/bloody-mess-why-sovereigns-fail-and-how-they-get-awaywith-it, 21.03.2019.DILLON, M. ve REID, J. (2000), “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 25 (1) Zones of Indistinction: Territories, Bodies, Politics (Jan/Mar): 117-143.DILLON, M ve REID, J. (2009). The Liberal Way of War: Killing to Make Life Live, Routledge, London.DONNIE F. (2014). “Crusaders Without a Cross: Biopolitical and Secular Reconfiguration of Cosmic War”, Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory, 14 (1): 70-83.ESPOSITO, R., CAMPBELL, T. ve PAPARCONE, A. (2006). “"Bios," Immunity, Life: The Thought of Roberto Esposito”, Diacritics, 36 (2): 49-56.EVANS, B. ve REID, J. (2014). Resilient Life: The Art of Living Dangerously, Polity Press, Cambridge.FLETCHER, P. (2004). “The Political Theology of the Empire to Come”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17 (1): 49-61.FOUCAULT, M. (1978). History of Sexuality Vol.1., Pantheon Books, New York. FOUCAULT, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings: 1972-1977, Pantheon Books, New York. FOUCAULT, M. (1988a). Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, Vintage Books, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (1988b). Politics, Philosophy, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984, Routledge, London.FOUCAULT, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Vintage Books, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (1997). Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, The New Press, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (2003a). Abnormal: Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975, Verso, London.FOUCAULT, M. (2003b). Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France 1975-1976, Picador, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (2005). The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, Routledge, London.FOUCAULT, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978-1979, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (2009). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France 1977-1978, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.GORDON, C. (1980). “Afterword”, s. 229-261, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings: 1972-1977, Pantheon Books, New York. GORDON, C. (1991), “Governmental Rationality: An Introduction”, s. 1-53, (Ed.) BURCHELL, G., GORDON, C. ve MILLER, P. The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.LAZZARATO, M. (2002). “From Biopower to Biopolitics”, Pli, 13: 99-113.LUKES, S. (2005). Power: A Radical View, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.MARCHETTI, V. and SALOMONI, A. (2003), “Course Context”, s. 331-357, Abnormal: Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975, Verso, London.MITCHELL, T. (1991). “The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics”, The American Political Science Review, (85) 1: 77-96.REID, J. (2005). “The Biopolitics of the War on Terror: A Critique of the 'Return of Imperialism' Thesis in International Relations”, Third World Quarterly, 26 (2): 237-252.REID, J. (2006). The Biopolitics of the War on Terror: Life Struggles, Liberal Modernity, and The Defense of Logistical Societies, Manchester University Press, Manchester.SENELLART, M. (2009). “Course Context”, s. 369-403, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France 1977-1978, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT'S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 13 - 24, 31.05.2019

Abstract

Power is one of the key concepts in the works of Michel Foucault. Foucault traced the development of various power mechanisms across the modern period so as to shed light on the techniques of domination which human beings were subject to. By focusing on sovereign authority, disciplinary mechanisms and biopolitics, he introduced several conceptualizations to illustrate the operation of power in modern western societies. Sovereign, disciplinary and biopower emerged at different historical junctures and thereby carry unique characteristics and fulfil different functions. As the latest variant among the three, biopower separates itself from its analogues with its positive and productive feature. Biopower acts a formative force with regards to the administration of societies in the west and constitutes a source of power that is essential for the protection and promotion of certain forms of life. Despite biopower’s determinative influence over the social body, it does not render sovereign and disciplinary powers redundant. As shown in this work through Foucault’s prism, sovereign and disciplinary power mechanisms still fulfil key functions in the pursuit of biopolitical objectives. Hence, in modern societies these three forms of power mechanisms act as complementary instruments in the administration of
populations. 

References

  • BAUMAN, Z. (2010). Modernity and the Holocaust, Polity Pres, Cambridge.COOPER, M. (2008). Life as Surplus: Biotechnology and Capitalism in the Neoliberal Era, University of Washington Press, London.DEAN, M. (2001). Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society, Sage Publications, London.DELEUZE, G. (2006). Foucault, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.DILLON, M. (1995). “Sovereignty and Governmentality: From the Problematics of the "New World Order" to the Ethical Problematic of the World Order”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 20 (3): 323-368.DILLON, M. (2008). “Security, Race and War”, s. 166-197, (Ed.) DILLON, M. ve NEAL, W. A., Foucault on Politics, Security and War, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. DILLON, M. (2013). “Afterlife: Living Death to Political Spirituality”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 42 (1): 114-134.DILLON, M. (2014). “Bloody Mess: Why Sovereigns Fail, and How They Get Away with It”, www.opendemocracy.net /michael-dillon/bloody-mess-why-sovereigns-fail-and-how-they-get-awaywith-it, 21.03.2019.DILLON, M. ve REID, J. (2000), “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 25 (1) Zones of Indistinction: Territories, Bodies, Politics (Jan/Mar): 117-143.DILLON, M ve REID, J. (2009). The Liberal Way of War: Killing to Make Life Live, Routledge, London.DONNIE F. (2014). “Crusaders Without a Cross: Biopolitical and Secular Reconfiguration of Cosmic War”, Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory, 14 (1): 70-83.ESPOSITO, R., CAMPBELL, T. ve PAPARCONE, A. (2006). “"Bios," Immunity, Life: The Thought of Roberto Esposito”, Diacritics, 36 (2): 49-56.EVANS, B. ve REID, J. (2014). Resilient Life: The Art of Living Dangerously, Polity Press, Cambridge.FLETCHER, P. (2004). “The Political Theology of the Empire to Come”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17 (1): 49-61.FOUCAULT, M. (1978). History of Sexuality Vol.1., Pantheon Books, New York. FOUCAULT, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings: 1972-1977, Pantheon Books, New York. FOUCAULT, M. (1988a). Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, Vintage Books, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (1988b). Politics, Philosophy, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984, Routledge, London.FOUCAULT, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Vintage Books, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (1997). Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, The New Press, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (2003a). Abnormal: Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975, Verso, London.FOUCAULT, M. (2003b). Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France 1975-1976, Picador, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (2005). The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, Routledge, London.FOUCAULT, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978-1979, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.FOUCAULT, M. (2009). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France 1977-1978, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.GORDON, C. (1980). “Afterword”, s. 229-261, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings: 1972-1977, Pantheon Books, New York. GORDON, C. (1991), “Governmental Rationality: An Introduction”, s. 1-53, (Ed.) BURCHELL, G., GORDON, C. ve MILLER, P. The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.LAZZARATO, M. (2002). “From Biopower to Biopolitics”, Pli, 13: 99-113.LUKES, S. (2005). Power: A Radical View, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.MARCHETTI, V. and SALOMONI, A. (2003), “Course Context”, s. 331-357, Abnormal: Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975, Verso, London.MITCHELL, T. (1991). “The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics”, The American Political Science Review, (85) 1: 77-96.REID, J. (2005). “The Biopolitics of the War on Terror: A Critique of the 'Return of Imperialism' Thesis in International Relations”, Third World Quarterly, 26 (2): 237-252.REID, J. (2006). The Biopolitics of the War on Terror: Life Struggles, Liberal Modernity, and The Defense of Logistical Societies, Manchester University Press, Manchester.SENELLART, M. (2009). “Course Context”, s. 369-403, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France 1977-1978, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Eray Alım

Publication Date May 31, 2019
Submission Date April 8, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alım, E. (2019). SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 13-24.
AMA Alım E. SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?. Artuklu Kaime. May 2019;2(1):13-24.
Chicago Alım, Eray. “SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?”. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi 2, no. 1 (May 2019): 13-24.
EndNote Alım E (May 1, 2019) SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi 2 1 13–24.
IEEE E. Alım, “SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?”, Artuklu Kaime, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13–24, 2019.
ISNAD Alım, Eray. “SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?”. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi 2/1 (May 2019), 13-24.
JAMA Alım E. SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?. Artuklu Kaime. 2019;2:13–24.
MLA Alım, Eray. “SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?”. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 1, 2019, pp. 13-24.
Vancouver Alım E. SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT’S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?. Artuklu Kaime. 2019;2(1):13-24.