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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2667-4866</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-4886</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>UNDER THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES IN TECHNOLOGY POLICY MAKING: THE CASES OF TURKISH HEALTH BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTORS</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>UNDER THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES IN TECHNOLOGY POLICY MAKING: THE CASES OF TURKISH HEALTH BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTORS</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-3966</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Evsel</surname>
                                    <given-names>Gülsevim</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-6685</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Erden Topal</surname>
                                    <given-names>Yelda</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230126">
                    <day>01</day>
                    <month>26</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>10</volume>
                                        <issue>28</issue>
                                        <fpage>98</fpage>
                                        <lpage>110</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20221211">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20230115">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014, </copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder></copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Health biotechnology (HEB) and renewable energy (RES) are emerging and promising research areas for developing countries and Turkey. Science and Technology (S&amp;amp;T) policies can potentially be exploited to eradicate the unbalances in S&amp;amp;T capacity building for developed and developing countries. Nonetheless, policy-making in these sectors is seen as ambiguous and unsettled in Turkey due to the developing nature of the technologies, the dynamic environment in which technologies are used and changing circumstances depending on the actors’ problems and needs. Policies in HEB are loose compared to policies in RES. Nonetheless, these two sectors are distinct and unique in their peculiarities; responses to the policy problems are converging due to the common motivation of political intervention, namely uncertainty in decision-making. This joint structural response makes them search for illegal or auxiliary solutions for their sectoral problems and needs. Therefore, here the main examination unit is the ‘uncertainty’ in policy-makers&#039; actions that make the actors behave in parallel despite structural differences. In this context, we discuss the socioeconomic impacts of the political intervention of the Turkish policy-makers in HEB and RES. For this purpose, two qualitative data sets are elaborated, and the joint and separate patterns behind the policy-making were examined with interview data from HEB and RES. In other words, we discussed the &quot;character&quot; sitting under the sword of Damocles. Is it a &quot;policy-maker&quot;, &quot;researcher&quot;, or the &quot;firm owner&quot;? Or are they inseparable, and so are they feeling the same fear?</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                                            <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Sağlık biyoteknolojisi ve yenilenebilir enerji, Türkiye&#039;nin yanı sıra gelişmekte olan ülkeler için de yeni ortaya çıkan ve gelecek vaat eden iki araştırma alanıdır. Bu sektörlere yönelik Bilim ve Teknoloji (B&amp;amp;T) politikaları, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki B&amp;amp;T kapasite birikimindeki farklılıkları ve eşitsizlikleri ortadan kaldırmak için güçlü araçlar olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Ancak bu iki sektör, Türkiye&#039;de B&amp;amp;T politikalarının oluşturulmasında sorunlu araştırma alanları olarak büyümektedir. Sağlık biyoteknolojisi sektörüne yönelik hükümet politikaları, yenilenebilir enerji sektörüne yönelik titiz hükümet politikalarına kıyasla gevşektir. Politika oluşturmadaki bu yapısal farklılıklara rağmen, &quot;siyasi müdahaleler ve prosedürlerdeki belirsizlik&quot; güdüsü her iki sektördeki aktörlerin karar alma sürecinde standarttır. Bu güdü onları ulusal ve/veya uluslararası piyasalarda hayatta kalabilmek için yasadışı veya kayıt dışı çözümler aramaya zorlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu makalede, politika yapıcıların eylemlerindeki &quot;belirsizliğin&quot; bu birbirinden farklı  iki sektördeki aktörleri aynı tepkiye yönlendiren kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti&#039;nin sağlık biyoteknolojisi sektörü ve yenilenebilir enerji sektörüne siyasi müdahalesinin sosyo-ekonomik etkileri tartışılmıştır. Bu makalede, sorunların bu sektörlere içkin olup olmadığı ve sektörlerin yapısal özellikleri tarafından mı yeniden üretildiği yoksa sektörlere dışsal mı olduğu incelenmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla bu sektörlerdeki politika oluşturma yaklaşımları arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkilerin, benzerliklerin ve farklılıkların ampirik bir analizi yapılmıştır. Başka bir deyişle, Demokles&#039;in kılıcı altında duran &quot;karakter&quot; ele alınmıştır. Bu kişi &quot;politika yapıcı&quot; mı, &quot;araştırmacı&quot; mı yoksa &quot;firma sahibi&quot; midir? Yoksa bunlar birbirinden ayrılamaz olduğu için aynı korkuyu mu hissediyorlar?</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Health Biotechnology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Renewable Energy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  S&amp;T Policy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Technological Innovation System</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                    
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="fr">
                                                    <kwd>Health Biotechnology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Renewable Energy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  S&amp;T Policy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Technological Innovation System</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Sağlık Biyoteknolojisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yenilenebilir Enerji</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  B&amp;T Politikası</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Teknoloji Yenilik Sistemi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Health Biotechnology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Renewable Energy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  S&amp;T Policy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Technological Innovation System</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                        <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">TUBITAK</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>114K 070</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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