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European Critical Raw Materials Regulation and its Significance for Turkey

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 32 - 125, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1376277

Abstract

This article provides an overview on the European Critical Raw Materials Regulation proposed by the EU Commission. Significant progress has been made in the legislative process, and on 3 October 2023 it was accepted by an overwhelming majority in the European Parliament. As next course of action, the Regulation will be discussed by the European Council. In this article, it is argued that the Regulation is not just a stand-alone legislative piece that aims to address the issue of critical raw materials, rather is designed to protect the integrity of the supply chains and for the protection of consumers, bearing in mind the manufacturing sectors in the Internal Market, instigated by the EU's climate change targets and institutional security approach. It is dwelled on that Turkey, which is the largest export partner of the EU countries and is a party to Customs Agreement with the EU, must quickly adapt to the border carbon regulation mechanism for low-carbon products and simultaneously develop its own holistic approach regarding critical raw materials. For this purpose, the legislation and institutional composition in Turkey are mentioned and a number of suggestions are put forward.

References

  • Birleşmiş Milletler. İş Dünyası ve İnsan Haklarına Dair Rehber İlkeler – ABD, New York: UN, 2011, Erişim tarihi Kasım 6, 2023. https://www.ihd.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/BM-is-dunyas%C4%B1-ve-insan-haklari.pdf.
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  • Conference on the Future of Europe. Report on the Final Outcome. Brussels: EU Commission, 2022. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://wayback.archive-it.org/12090/20230216232855/https://prod-cofe-platform.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/2po250fn174z62m8g8c9ya9e62m7?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22Book_CoFE_Final_Report_EN_full.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Book_CoFE_Final_Report_EN_full.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA3LJJXGZPDFYVOW5V%2F20230216%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20230216T232855Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=fae9e09b13dde256be1b5543c1a98033ef542b08bf1ed00564a38c025743c057.
  • Demarais, Agathe. “What the EU list of critical technologies tells us about its de-risking plans.” European Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://ecfr.eu/article/what-the-eu-list-of-critical-technologies-tells-us-about-its-de-risking-plans/.
  • Dursun, Cemal. Maden Hukukunda Rödovans Sözleşmesi. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2022. EU Commission. “State of the Union.” Erişim tarihi Kasım 6, 2023. https://state-of-the-union.ec.europa.eu/state-union-2022_en.
  • Gehrke, Tobias ve Julian Ringhof. “Indispensable leverage: How the EU can build its technological edge, Commentary at European Council on Foreign Relations.” ECFR Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://ecfr.eu/article/indispensable-leverage-how-the-eu-can-build-its-technological-edge/.
  • Hansens, Pascal, Sigrid Melchior, Maxence Peigné ve Harald Schumann. “Russia: Europe imports €13 billion of ‘critical’ metals in sanctions blindspot.” Investigate Europe. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.investigate-europe.eu/posts/russia-sanctions-europe-critical-raw-materials-imports.
  • Indonesia, “Measures Relating to Raw Materials.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds592_e.html.
  • Jones, Mared Gwyn. “EU strikes clean energy deals in global forum to counter China’s investment plan.” Euronews. Erişim tarihi Ekim 25, 2023. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/10/25/eu-strikes-clean-energy-deals-in-global-forum-to-counter-chinas-investment-plan.
  • Kenanoğlu, Murat ve Selin Özokcu. Hammaddelerin Kritikliği/Stratejikliği ve Türkiye. Ankara: İTÜ Vakfı, 2022. Erişim tarihi Ocak 6, 2023. https://www.ituvakif.org.tr/hammaddelerin-kritikligi-stratejikligi-ve-turkiye.
  • Kenanoğlu, Murat ve Selin Özokcu. “Türk Firmaları Yeşil Dönüşüme Ne Kadar Hazır? Sınırda Karbon Düzenlemesi kapsamındaki sektörlerin Yeşil Mutabakat’a hazırlık görünümleri.” Ankara: TEPAV, 2022. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1653382580-7.Turk_Firmalari_Yesil_Donusume_Ne_Kadar_Hazir.pdf.
  • Munzur Üniversitesi. “Türkiye Kritik Hammaddeler Listesi Rapor Özeti.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.munzur.edu.tr/yonetim/admin/duyuru_img/kritikhammaddelerlistesi.pdf.
  • Nicholas, Simon ve Soroush Basirat. “Australia faces growing green iron competition from overseas.” Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://ieefa.org/resources/australia-faces-growing-green-iron-competition-overseas.
  • Noble, Philippa. “Impacts and Opportunities for Developing Economies under the European Critical Raw Materials Regulation, A Circular Economy Vision.” iç. Circular Economy Vision, eds. Johannes Kaldalu, Kristina Kasumovic and Maria Montull Rodriguez. Copenhagen: Circular Press, 2023.
  • Onstad, Eric. “Boliden launches low-carbon copper products.” Reuters. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-copper-boliden-carbon-idUSKBN2BB1C2.
  • Özdemir Mallı, Nilüfer. “Maden Mevzuatının ve Madencilik Faaliyetlerinin Nizamnameler Kapsamında İncelenmesi.” MAPEG Bülteni, no. 9 (2023): 36-49.
  • Reuters. “Namibia bans export of unprocessed critical minerals.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/namibia-bans-export-unprocessed-critical-minerals-2023-06-08/.
  • Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı Sanayi Bölgeleri Genel Müdürlüğü. “Askeri Yasak Bölgeler ve Güvenlik Bölgeleri Yönetmeliği Uyarınca Yayınlanan Stratejik Önemi Haiz Tesislere İlişkin Duyuru (Endüstri Bölgeleri).” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://sanayi.gov.tr/assets/pdf/sanayi-bolgeleri/7-Stratejik%C3%96nemiHaizTesisDuyurusuEB.pdf.
  • Szczepański, Marcin. EU anti-coercion instrument. European Parliamentary ResearchService (EPRS), Members' Research Service, PE 729.299 – March 2024. Erişim tarihi Mart 25, 2024. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/729299/EPRS_BRI%282022%29729299_EN.pdf.
  • Steinberg, Julie Steinberg. “Wyoming discovery could be America’s first new source of rare-earth elements since 1952.” The Wall Street Journal. Erişim tarihi Kasım 10, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/the-2-million-coal-mine-that-might-hold-a-37-billion-treasure-181dbdcf?mod=hp_lead_pos7&mod=wknd_pos1.
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  • Tuna, İbrahim Kürşat. “Stratejik ve Kritik Madenlere İlişkin Küresel Politikalar Çerçevesinde Türkiye’deki Stratejik ve Kritik Madenlerin Ulusal Güvenliğe Etkileri.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çanakkale: Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2011.
  • U.S. Geological Survey. “Mineral Commodity Summaries.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-lithium.pdf.
  • Zanbak, Caner. “Hammaddelerin Kritikliği/Stratejikliği ve Türkiye.” İTÜ Vakfı (blog), Erişim Tarihi Ocak 2023. https://www.ituvakif.org.tr/hammaddelerin-kritikligi-stratejikligi-ve-turkiye.

AVRUPA KRİTİK HAMMADDELER TÜZÜĞÜ VE TÜRKİYE İÇİN ÖNEMİ

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 32 - 125, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1376277

Abstract

Bu makalede AB Komisyonu tarafından teklif edine Avrupa Kritik Hammaddeler Tüzüğü’ne ilişkin bilgiler verilmektedir. Tüzüğün yasalaşması sürecinde ilerleme kaydedilmiş, 3 Ekim 2023 tarihinde Avrupa Parlamentosu’nda ezici çoğunluk ile kabul edilmiştir. Tüzük, bir sonraki aşamada Avrupa Konseyi tarafından görüşülecektir. Makalede Tüzüğün kritik hammaddeler konusunu tek başına ele alan bir düzenleme olmadığı, AB’nin iklim değişikliği hedefleri ile kurumsal güvenlik yaklaşımının bir parçası olarak İç Pazar’daki imalat sektörlerinden hareketle tedarik zincirinin bütünlüğünün ve bu sayede tüketicilerin korunması üzerine kurgulandığı ifade edilmektedir. En büyük ihracat ortağı AB ülkeleri olan ve AB ile Gümrük Anlaşması imzalamış bulunan Türkiye’nin düşük karbon içerikli ürünlere yönelik sınırda karbon düzenleme mekanizmasına hızla adapte olmasının ve eş zamanlı olarak kritik hammaddelere ilişkin kendi bütüncül yaklaşımını geliştirmesi zorunluluğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu amaçla Türkiye’de mevzuata ve kurumsal yapıya değinilmiş ve bir dizi öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Birleşmiş Milletler. İş Dünyası ve İnsan Haklarına Dair Rehber İlkeler – ABD, New York: UN, 2011, Erişim tarihi Kasım 6, 2023. https://www.ihd.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/BM-is-dunyas%C4%B1-ve-insan-haklari.pdf.
  • Bloomberg. “US Demands Are Why Mineral Deal With EU Failed, Dombrovskis Says.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 28, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-28/us-demands-are-why-mineral-deal-with-eu-failed-dombrovskis-says.
  • European Commission. Conference on the Future of Europe. Brussels: EU Commission, 2022. Erişim tarihi Kasım 6, 2023. https://wayback.archive-it.org/12090/20220915201021/https://prod-cofe-platform.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/2po250fn174z62m8g8c9ya9e62m7?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22Book_CoFE_Final_Report_EN_full.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Book_CoFE_Final_Report_EN_full.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA3LJJXGZPDFYVOW5V%2F20220915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20220915T200910Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=9da6e64b707df344c8772d076bc07e818cd0e1e0b662480f30d2f367446042e8.
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  • Dursun, Cemal. Maden Hukukunda Rödovans Sözleşmesi. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2022. EU Commission. “State of the Union.” Erişim tarihi Kasım 6, 2023. https://state-of-the-union.ec.europa.eu/state-union-2022_en.
  • Gehrke, Tobias ve Julian Ringhof. “Indispensable leverage: How the EU can build its technological edge, Commentary at European Council on Foreign Relations.” ECFR Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://ecfr.eu/article/indispensable-leverage-how-the-eu-can-build-its-technological-edge/.
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  • Jones, Mared Gwyn. “EU strikes clean energy deals in global forum to counter China’s investment plan.” Euronews. Erişim tarihi Ekim 25, 2023. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/10/25/eu-strikes-clean-energy-deals-in-global-forum-to-counter-chinas-investment-plan.
  • Kenanoğlu, Murat ve Selin Özokcu. Hammaddelerin Kritikliği/Stratejikliği ve Türkiye. Ankara: İTÜ Vakfı, 2022. Erişim tarihi Ocak 6, 2023. https://www.ituvakif.org.tr/hammaddelerin-kritikligi-stratejikligi-ve-turkiye.
  • Kenanoğlu, Murat ve Selin Özokcu. “Türk Firmaları Yeşil Dönüşüme Ne Kadar Hazır? Sınırda Karbon Düzenlemesi kapsamındaki sektörlerin Yeşil Mutabakat’a hazırlık görünümleri.” Ankara: TEPAV, 2022. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1653382580-7.Turk_Firmalari_Yesil_Donusume_Ne_Kadar_Hazir.pdf.
  • Munzur Üniversitesi. “Türkiye Kritik Hammaddeler Listesi Rapor Özeti.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.munzur.edu.tr/yonetim/admin/duyuru_img/kritikhammaddelerlistesi.pdf.
  • Nicholas, Simon ve Soroush Basirat. “Australia faces growing green iron competition from overseas.” Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://ieefa.org/resources/australia-faces-growing-green-iron-competition-overseas.
  • Noble, Philippa. “Impacts and Opportunities for Developing Economies under the European Critical Raw Materials Regulation, A Circular Economy Vision.” iç. Circular Economy Vision, eds. Johannes Kaldalu, Kristina Kasumovic and Maria Montull Rodriguez. Copenhagen: Circular Press, 2023.
  • Onstad, Eric. “Boliden launches low-carbon copper products.” Reuters. Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-copper-boliden-carbon-idUSKBN2BB1C2.
  • Özdemir Mallı, Nilüfer. “Maden Mevzuatının ve Madencilik Faaliyetlerinin Nizamnameler Kapsamında İncelenmesi.” MAPEG Bülteni, no. 9 (2023): 36-49.
  • Reuters. “Namibia bans export of unprocessed critical minerals.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/namibia-bans-export-unprocessed-critical-minerals-2023-06-08/.
  • Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı Sanayi Bölgeleri Genel Müdürlüğü. “Askeri Yasak Bölgeler ve Güvenlik Bölgeleri Yönetmeliği Uyarınca Yayınlanan Stratejik Önemi Haiz Tesislere İlişkin Duyuru (Endüstri Bölgeleri).” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://sanayi.gov.tr/assets/pdf/sanayi-bolgeleri/7-Stratejik%C3%96nemiHaizTesisDuyurusuEB.pdf.
  • Szczepański, Marcin. EU anti-coercion instrument. European Parliamentary ResearchService (EPRS), Members' Research Service, PE 729.299 – March 2024. Erişim tarihi Mart 25, 2024. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/729299/EPRS_BRI%282022%29729299_EN.pdf.
  • Steinberg, Julie Steinberg. “Wyoming discovery could be America’s first new source of rare-earth elements since 1952.” The Wall Street Journal. Erişim tarihi Kasım 10, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/the-2-million-coal-mine-that-might-hold-a-37-billion-treasure-181dbdcf?mod=hp_lead_pos7&mod=wknd_pos1.
  • Times of India. “G20 Summit: New ‘Spice Route’ Deal to Counter China’s OBOR.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/g20-summit-new-spice-route-deal-to-counter-chinas-obor/articleshow/103542127.cms?from=mdr.
  • Tuna, İbrahim Kürşat. “Stratejik ve Kritik Madenlere İlişkin Küresel Politikalar Çerçevesinde Türkiye’deki Stratejik ve Kritik Madenlerin Ulusal Güvenliğe Etkileri.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çanakkale: Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2011.
  • U.S. Geological Survey. “Mineral Commodity Summaries.” Erişim tarihi Ekim 15, 2023. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-lithium.pdf.
  • Zanbak, Caner. “Hammaddelerin Kritikliği/Stratejikliği ve Türkiye.” İTÜ Vakfı (blog), Erişim Tarihi Ocak 2023. https://www.ituvakif.org.tr/hammaddelerin-kritikligi-stratejikligi-ve-turkiye.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Mining, Energy and Natural Resources Law
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cemal Dursun 0000-0002-3674-9684

Publication Date July 1, 2024
Submission Date October 15, 2023
Acceptance Date March 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Dursun, Cemal. “AVRUPA KRİTİK HAMMADDELER TÜZÜĞÜ VE TÜRKİYE İÇİN ÖNEMİ”. Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 1 (July 2024): 32-125. https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1376277.

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