Globalization has profoundly transformed societal dynamics, bringing attention to phenomena such as anomie and identity fragmentation. Additionally, the digital era, marked by social media, digitalization, and information overload, has significantly influenced human neurobiology, altering cognitive patterns, emotional responses, and biological functions. This study examines the relationship between anomie, identity fragmentation, and the neurobiological impacts of globalization, with a focus on how rapid social changes weaken social norms and cohesion. Using a qualitative, exploratory approach, the research synthesizes relevant theories, concepts, and empirical data, situating globalization as a framework that connects these phenomena. The findings reveal that anomie, as described by Émile Durkheim, refers to the weakening of social norms that leaves individuals directionless and diminishes social cohesion. Identity fragmentation, on the other hand, arises from environmental, cultural, and digital pressures that disrupt individual identity. From a neuroscientific perspective, these conditions affect brain function, including heightened stress due to amygdala hyperactivation, reduced emotional regulation by the prefrontal cortex, and increased reliance on the brain's reward system through social media validation. Social isolation, linked to anomie, further reduces oxytocin production, exacerbating alienation and interpersonal disconnection. This study highlights the critical need for integrative approaches to address the socio-neurobiological impacts of globalization.