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Kültürel şiddetten radikalleşmeye: Hindistan’da Müslümanlara yönelik ayrımcılığın radikalleşmeye çift taraflı etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 305 - 315, 20.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.53487/atasobed.1424196

Abstract

Radikalleşme ile ilgili çalışmalar hızla artmaktadır. Tartışılan konuların başında, radikalleşmenin tanımı ile ilgili sorunlar ve bireylerin/grupların radikalleşmesine yol açan nedenler bulunmaktadır. Çalışılan konuların en çok dikkat çektiği husus ise radikal fikirlerin şiddet içeren eylemlere dönüşme sürecidir. Bu çalışmada Johan Galtung tarafından şiddetin kökeninde yer alan nedenleri anlamaya yönelik geliştirilmiş olan kültürel şiddet kavramının radikalleşmeye etkisi incelenecektir. Çalışmanın temel iddiası, kültürel şiddetin topluluklar arasında damgalama ve ötekileştirmeye yol açması nedeniyle topluluklar içerisinde yer alan bireyleri radikalleştirdiğidir. Bu iddiayı test etmek maksadıyla Hindistan örneği ele alınacaktır. Hindistan’da yüzyıl önce ortaya çıkmış olan Hindutva ideolojisinin son on yılda iktidar olmasıyla Müslümanlara yönelik şiddet ve ayrımcılık artmıştır. Hindutva ideolojisinin etkisiyle hem Hindu gençleri hem de Müslüman gençler aşırı uçlara itilmekte ve yıllarca kültürel olarak dışlanan, damgalanan ve ötekileştirilen Müslümanlara yönelik şiddet eylemleri fiziksel bir şekilde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ancak yalnızca ortaya çıkan fiziksel şiddet vakalarını ele alarak Müslüman ve Hindu gençlerin radikalleşmelerini açıklamak mümkün değildir. Topluluklar arasındaki radikalleştirici etkileri anlayabilmek için fiziksel şiddetin patlak vermesinden önce gelişen sürece yani Galtung’un deyimiyle kültürel şiddetin temeline bakmak gerekmektedir.

References

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  • Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27, 291–305.
  • Galtung, J. (1964). What is peace research?. Journal of Peace Research, 1, 1–4
  • Gürsözlü, F. (2018). Cultural Violence, Hegemony, and Agonistic Interventions. Ed. F. Gursozlu, Peace, Culture, and Violence (s.84–105). Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004361911_006.
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  • Kıllıoğlu, M. E. (2021). Hindistan’da Hindutva Söylemi’nin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimi. Novus Orbis Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3, (2), s.200-235.
  • Kumar, A. (2023). Virus Jihad: The (Mis)Representation of Muslims during Covid 19 Outbreak in Indian Media. Howard Journal of Communications. 34, (5),538-558.
  • Kulkarni, P. (2022). How Did Savarkar, A Staunch Supporter Of British Colonialism,Come To Be Known As 'Veer'?. The Wire, https://thewire.in/history/veer-savarkar-the-staunchest-advocate-of-loyalty-to-the-english-government
  • Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M.J., Bélanger, J.J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M. & Gunaratna, R. (2014). The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism: Processes of Radicalization and Deradicalization. Political Psychology, 35,69–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163.
  • Kurum, M. & Avcı, E. (2018). Radikalizm ve Aşırıcılıktan Terörizme: Siyasal Şiddetin Araçsallaştırılması, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 14,(28), s.37-90.
  • Lobato, R. M., Moya,M., Moyano, M. & Trujillo, H. M. (2018). From Oppression to Violence: The Role of Oppression, Radicalism, Identity, and Cultural Intelligence in Violent Disinhibition. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-11.
  • Mishra, I. (2023). Proposed mosque in Ayodhya gets a new name and design. The Hindu.
  • https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/proposed-mosque-in-ayodhya-gets-a-new-name-and-design/article67413089.ece
  • Nath, H. K. (2021). CAA-NRC is not against Muslim citizens of India: RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat. India Today https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caa-nrc-is-not-against-muslim-citizens-of-india-rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-1830882-2021-07-21
  • NGWA, N.R (2020). Drivers of Political Radicalization and De-Radicalization of Terrorism in Northern Nigeria. International Journal of Politics and Security, 2, 1-33.
  • Noorani, A. G. (2002). Savarkar and Hindutva: Godse Connection.: Leftword Books.
  • Pandey, G. (2021). Beaten and humiliated by Hindu mobs for being a Muslim in India.
  • BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58406194 Adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Pandey, G. (2021). Sulli Deals: The Indian Muslim women 'up for sale' on an app. BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57764271
  • Rauf, T. A. (2011). Violence Inflicted on Muslims: Direct, Cultural and Structural, Economic and Political Weeekly, 46, İnternet Makalesi https://www.epw.in/journal/2011/23/notes/violence-inflicted-muslims-direct-cultural-and-structural.html
  • Safi, A. M. (2023). Modi isn’t Hiding his Demographic Designs in Kashmir. International Policy Digest, 05.08.2023, https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/modi-isn-t-hiding-his-demographic-designs-in-kashmir/
  • Sahni, A. (2015). Vulnerabilities and Resistance to Islamist Radicalization in India. Middle East Institute, https://www.mei.edu/publications/vulnerabilities-and-resistance-islamist-radicalization-india adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Saldanha, K. (2020). Modi and the Hindu Nationalist Agenda: The Babri Masjid Controversy in 2020. Columbia Political Review, https://www.cpreview.org/blog/2020/12/modi-and-the-hindu-nationalist-agenda-the-babri-masjid-controversy-in-2020
  • Sarıaslan, F. (2023). Hindu Nationalism and Rising Anti-Islamism in India. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, (1), 103-124.
  • Savarkar, S. (1923), Essantials of Hindutva, https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/284/1/Essentials%20of%20Hindutva.pdf BJP Sharma, A. (2020). On the Difference Between Hinduism and Hindutva, Asian Philosophies and Religions, 25 (1) 43-47.
  • Shih, G. & Verma, P. (26 Eylül 2023). He live-streamed his attacks on Indian Muslims. YouTube gave him an award. The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/26/india-monu-manesar-viligante-social-media/
  • Singh, N. (2023). Hindistan'da çoğu Müslüman 2 bin kişinin öldüğü Gucerat olaylarının son 27 sanığı da beraat ettirildi. Independent Türkçe, https://l24.im/PDhr9Q
  • Sotelo, P. & Acharya, A. K. (2006). Religion and India’s Growing Population: Evidence From Some Selected States of India. Caminhos De Geografia, 6 (15), 1-11.
  • Srinivasan, K. B. & Sreelatha A. (2018). A Case Study on Demolition of Babri Masjid. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 120, (5),1619-1633.
  • Standish, K. (2015). Cultural Violence in the Classroom: Peace, Conflict and Education in Israel, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholar Publishing.
  • Sundar, N. (2004). Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme. Economic and Political Weekly. 39, (16), 1605-1612.
  • Taşçı, M. N. (2021). Hindistan'da yıkılan Babri Camisi'nin yerine inşa edilecek caminin temeli atıldı. Anadolu Ajansı, 26.01.2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/hindistanda-yikilan-babri-camisinin-yerine-insa-edilecek-caminin-temeli-atildi/2122863
Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 305 - 315, 20.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.53487/atasobed.1424196

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, Z. S. & Jan, W. (2020). Indian Revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's Special Status: Options for Pakistan, Siyassat Arabiya, 46, 45-56. Makalenin İngilizcesi için bknz. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347975373_Indian_Revocation_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir's_Special_Status_Options_for_Pakistan_algha_alhnd_wd_walyt_jamw_wkshmyr_alkhas_khyarat_bakstan
  • Akins, H. (2020). Legislation Factsheet İndia. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom https://www.uscirf.gov/resources/factsheet-citizenship-amendment-act-india
  • Al Jazeera. (12 Aralık 2023). Açık tehdit': Hindistan yüksek mahkemesindeki Keşmirliler özerkliğin kaldırılmasını onayladı. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/12/clear-threat-kashmiris-on-india-top-court-upholding-removal-of-autonomy
  • Ali, R. (2015). De-radicalization and Integration The United Kingdom’s Channel Programme Program on Extremism, Araştırma Raporu.
  • Andersen, W. (2018). “Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh- I Early Concern”, EPW Engage. https://www.epw.in/engage/article/early-history-rss-reading-list
  • Apoorvanand. (15 Eylül 2023). India’s Hindu children are being radicalised – will the country speak up?. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/9/15/indias-dirty-hush-hush-truth-hindu-children-are-being-radicalised
  • BBC. (10 Nisan 2012). India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751
  • Borum, R. (2003). Understanding the Terrorist Mind-Set. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 72(7), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1037/e318402004-002.
  • Ayaydın, M. (2022). Hindutva Gölgesi Altında Hindistan ve Müslümanlar, İNSAMER Analiz, https://www.insamer.com/tr/hindutva-golgesi-altinda-hindistan-ve-muslumanlar.html
  • Chowdhury, D. (2021). Is India Headed for an Anti-Muslim Genocide?. Time. 4 Ekim 2021. 25 Aralık 2023 https://time.com/6103284/india-hindu-supremacy-extremism-genocide-bjp-modi/
  • Corbridge, S. & Harriss, J. (2000). Reinventing India. Polity Press.
  • Deka, K. (23 Aralık 2019). Everything you wanted to know about the CAA and NRC. India Today Insight, https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-caa-and-nrc-1630771-2019-12-23
  • Ellis-Petersen, H. (2023). India invokes emergency laws to ban BBC Modi documentary, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/23/india-emergency-laws-to-ban-bbc-narendra-modi-documentary
  • Embree, A. (2013). Religion, communalism, and security in post-independence India. Seiple C. Hoover, D., Otis, P. (Ed.). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. (226-238).
  • Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27, 291–305.
  • Galtung, J. (1964). What is peace research?. Journal of Peace Research, 1, 1–4
  • Gürsözlü, F. (2018). Cultural Violence, Hegemony, and Agonistic Interventions. Ed. F. Gursozlu, Peace, Culture, and Violence (s.84–105). Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004361911_006.
  • Hameed, A. A. (T.B.). Nathuram Godse in Perspectives: The Cult of an Assassin in the Indian English Writings. https://standrewscollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Nathuram-Godse-in-Perspectives-The-Cult-of-an-Assassin-in-the-Indian-English-Writings.pdf
  • Independent. (2023) Hindistan hükümeti, Müslümanların tarihini ders kitaplarından siliyor.
  • Independent,https://www.indyturk.com/node/622301/d%C3%BCnya/hindistanh%C3%BCk%C3%BCmeti-m%C3%BCsl%C3%BCmanlar%C4%B1n-tarihini-ders-kitaplar%C4%B1ndan-siliyor
  • Kıllıoğlu, M. E. (2021). Hindistan’da Hindutva Söylemi’nin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimi. Novus Orbis Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3, (2), s.200-235.
  • Kumar, A. (2023). Virus Jihad: The (Mis)Representation of Muslims during Covid 19 Outbreak in Indian Media. Howard Journal of Communications. 34, (5),538-558.
  • Kulkarni, P. (2022). How Did Savarkar, A Staunch Supporter Of British Colonialism,Come To Be Known As 'Veer'?. The Wire, https://thewire.in/history/veer-savarkar-the-staunchest-advocate-of-loyalty-to-the-english-government
  • Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M.J., Bélanger, J.J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M. & Gunaratna, R. (2014). The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism: Processes of Radicalization and Deradicalization. Political Psychology, 35,69–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163.
  • Kurum, M. & Avcı, E. (2018). Radikalizm ve Aşırıcılıktan Terörizme: Siyasal Şiddetin Araçsallaştırılması, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 14,(28), s.37-90.
  • Lobato, R. M., Moya,M., Moyano, M. & Trujillo, H. M. (2018). From Oppression to Violence: The Role of Oppression, Radicalism, Identity, and Cultural Intelligence in Violent Disinhibition. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-11.
  • Mishra, I. (2023). Proposed mosque in Ayodhya gets a new name and design. The Hindu.
  • https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/proposed-mosque-in-ayodhya-gets-a-new-name-and-design/article67413089.ece
  • Nath, H. K. (2021). CAA-NRC is not against Muslim citizens of India: RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat. India Today https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caa-nrc-is-not-against-muslim-citizens-of-india-rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-1830882-2021-07-21
  • NGWA, N.R (2020). Drivers of Political Radicalization and De-Radicalization of Terrorism in Northern Nigeria. International Journal of Politics and Security, 2, 1-33.
  • Noorani, A. G. (2002). Savarkar and Hindutva: Godse Connection.: Leftword Books.
  • Pandey, G. (2021). Beaten and humiliated by Hindu mobs for being a Muslim in India.
  • BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58406194 Adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Pandey, G. (2021). Sulli Deals: The Indian Muslim women 'up for sale' on an app. BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57764271
  • Rauf, T. A. (2011). Violence Inflicted on Muslims: Direct, Cultural and Structural, Economic and Political Weeekly, 46, İnternet Makalesi https://www.epw.in/journal/2011/23/notes/violence-inflicted-muslims-direct-cultural-and-structural.html
  • Safi, A. M. (2023). Modi isn’t Hiding his Demographic Designs in Kashmir. International Policy Digest, 05.08.2023, https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/modi-isn-t-hiding-his-demographic-designs-in-kashmir/
  • Sahni, A. (2015). Vulnerabilities and Resistance to Islamist Radicalization in India. Middle East Institute, https://www.mei.edu/publications/vulnerabilities-and-resistance-islamist-radicalization-india adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Saldanha, K. (2020). Modi and the Hindu Nationalist Agenda: The Babri Masjid Controversy in 2020. Columbia Political Review, https://www.cpreview.org/blog/2020/12/modi-and-the-hindu-nationalist-agenda-the-babri-masjid-controversy-in-2020
  • Sarıaslan, F. (2023). Hindu Nationalism and Rising Anti-Islamism in India. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, (1), 103-124.
  • Savarkar, S. (1923), Essantials of Hindutva, https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/284/1/Essentials%20of%20Hindutva.pdf BJP Sharma, A. (2020). On the Difference Between Hinduism and Hindutva, Asian Philosophies and Religions, 25 (1) 43-47.
  • Shih, G. & Verma, P. (26 Eylül 2023). He live-streamed his attacks on Indian Muslims. YouTube gave him an award. The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/26/india-monu-manesar-viligante-social-media/
  • Singh, N. (2023). Hindistan'da çoğu Müslüman 2 bin kişinin öldüğü Gucerat olaylarının son 27 sanığı da beraat ettirildi. Independent Türkçe, https://l24.im/PDhr9Q
  • Sotelo, P. & Acharya, A. K. (2006). Religion and India’s Growing Population: Evidence From Some Selected States of India. Caminhos De Geografia, 6 (15), 1-11.
  • Srinivasan, K. B. & Sreelatha A. (2018). A Case Study on Demolition of Babri Masjid. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 120, (5),1619-1633.
  • Standish, K. (2015). Cultural Violence in the Classroom: Peace, Conflict and Education in Israel, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholar Publishing.
  • Sundar, N. (2004). Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme. Economic and Political Weekly. 39, (16), 1605-1612.
  • Taşçı, M. N. (2021). Hindistan'da yıkılan Babri Camisi'nin yerine inşa edilecek caminin temeli atıldı. Anadolu Ajansı, 26.01.2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/hindistanda-yikilan-babri-camisinin-yerine-insa-edilecek-caminin-temeli-atildi/2122863
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kaan Kılıç 0000-0002-7926-1662

Publication Date September 20, 2024
Submission Date January 23, 2024
Acceptance Date May 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kılıç, K. (2024). Kültürel şiddetten radikalleşmeye: Hindistan’da Müslümanlara yönelik ayrımcılığın radikalleşmeye çift taraflı etkisi. Current Perspectives in Social Sciences, 28(3), 305-315. https://doi.org/10.53487/atasobed.1424196

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