TÜRKİYE’DE CO2 EMİSYONU İLE DIŞA AÇIKLIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ
Year 2018,
Cilt:32 Sayı:1, 83 - 98, 11.01.2018
Seval Akbulut Bekar
,
Harun Terzi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, 1974-2013
dönemi Türkiye ekonomisinde CO2 emisyonu ile dışa açıklık arasındaki ilişki Hsiao, Sims ve VAR nedensellik
yöntemleri yardımıyla
araştırılmıştır. Ekonometrik analizlerde, 1974-2013 dönemi Türkiye’de CO2
emisyonu ile dışa açıklık düzeyi arasında nedensellik ilişkisinin var olduğu
tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular, dışa açıklık ile CO2 emisyonunun
birbirini etkileğini göstermektedir.
References
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Ali,Z., Zaman, Z. ve Ali, M. (2015) “The Effect of International Trade on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Pakistan”, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(9), 289-300.
Akın, C. S. (2014) “The Impact of Foreign Trade, Energy Consumption and Income on Co2 Emissions”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 465-475.
Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R. ve Taylor, M. S. (2001) “Is Free Trade Good For The Environment?”, The American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. ve Seyhan, B. (2015) “Türkiye’de Çevre Kirliliği, Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 308-325, Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/JMER435.
Atıcı, C. ve Kurt, F. (2007) “Türkiye’nin Dış Ticareti ve Çevre Kirliliği: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı”, Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 13(2): 61-69.
Bozkurt, C. ve Okumuş, İ. (2015) “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12832, 23-35.
Charfeddine, L. ve Khediri, K. B. (2016) “Financial Development and Environmental Quality in UAE: Cointegration with Structural Breaks”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55,1322–1335.
Chebbi, H. E., Olarreaga, M. ve Zitouna, H. (2010) “Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions in Tunisia”, Economic Research Forum, 518, 1-18.
Choi, E., Heshmati, A. ve Cho, Y. (2010) “An Empirical Study of the Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Openness”, IZA Discussion Paper Series, 5304, 1-29.
Cole, M. A. (2004) “Trade, The Pollution Haven Hypothesis and The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining The Linkages”, Ecological Economics, 48,71-81.
Cole, M. A., Elliot, R. J. R. ve Fredriksson, P. G. (2004) “Endogenous pollution havens: Does FDI influence environmental regulations?”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 108 (1), pp. 157-178, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2006.00439.x.
Çetin, M. ve Şeker, F.(2014) “ Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye için Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İİBF Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 21(2), 213-230.
Doğan, E. ve Turkekul, B. (2016) “CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade,Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing The EKC Hypothesis for The USA”, Environmental Science Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203–1213, DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-5323-8.
Doğan, E. ve Şeker, F. (2016) “The İnfluence of Real Output, Renewable and Non-Renewableenergy, Trade and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in the top Renewable Energy Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1074–1085.
Doğan, E., Şeker, F. ve Bülbül, S. (2015) “Investigating The İmpacts of Energy Consumption, Real GDP, Tourism and Trade on CO2 Emissions by Accounting for Cross-Sectional Dependence: A Panel Study of OECD Countries”, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103.
Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J. ve Stock, J. H. (1996) “Efficient Tests for An Autoregressive Unit Root”, Econometrica, 64 (4), 813–836.
Ertuğrul H. M., Çetin, M., Şeker, F. ve Doğan , E. (2016) “The Impact of Trade Openness on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions:Evidence from the top ten Emitters among Developing Countries”, Ecological Indıcators, 67, 543-555.
Farhani, S. ve Özturk, İ. (2015) “Causal Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Trade Openness, and Urbanizationin Tunisia”, Environmental Science Pollution Research, 22, 15663–15676, DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-4767-1.
Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M. ve Arouri, M. E. H. (2013) “Panel analysis of CO2 Emissions, GDP, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Urbanization for MENA countries”, MPRA Paper 49258, 1-19, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49258.
Feridun, M. (2006) “Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Environment in Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria”, MPRA Paper 731, 39-56, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/731, (15.06.2016)
Fotros, M. H. ve Maaboudi, R. (2011) “Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions in Iran, 1971-2008”, International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 3(1), 73-84.
Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991) “Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper, 3914, 1-39.
Gökalp F. M. ve Yıldırım, A. (2004) “Dış Ticaret ve Çevre: Kirlilik Sığınakları Hipotezi Türkiye Uy¬gulaması”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 11(2), 100.
Gu, Z., Gao, Y. ve Li, C. (2013) “An Empirical Research on Trade Liberalization and CO2 Emissions in China”, International Conference on Education Technology and Information System (ICETIS), 243-246.
Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009), “An Econometric Study of CO2 emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164.
Hsiao, C. (1981) “Autoregressive Modelling and Money-Income Causality Detection”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 7(1), 85-106.
Hossain S. M. (2011) “Panel estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries”, Energy Policy, 39, 6991–6999.
Hossain, S. (2012) “An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan”, Low Carbon Economy, 3, 92-105.
Jayanthakumaran, K., Verma, R. ve Liu, Y. (2012) “CO2emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade and Income: A comparative analysis of China and India”, Energy Policy, 42, 450–460.
Keskingöz, H. ve Karamelikli, H. (2015) “Dış Ticaret- Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyümenin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Etkisi”, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 7-17.
Kızılkaya, O., Sofuoğlu, E. ve Çoban, O. (2016) “Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Çevre Kirliliği Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 255-272.
Kohler, M. (2013) “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade: A South African Perspective”, ERSA Working Paper, 356, 1-19.
Lebe, F. (2016) “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme Ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
Mehrara, M. (2014) “The Relationship between GDP, Globalization and Environment”, International Journal of Applied Economic Studies, 2(3), ISSN: 2345-5721, 1-6, http://sijournals.com/IJAE (22.06.2016).
Mohapatra, G. ve Gri, A. K. (2015) “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Empirical evidence from India”, The Empirical Econometrics and Quantitative Economics Letters, 4(1), 17-32.
Naranpanawa, A. (2011) “Does Trade Openness Promote Carbon Emissions? Empirical Evidence from Sri Lanka”, The Empirical Economics Letters, 10(10), 974-986.
Nasir, M. ve Rehman, F. U. (2011) “Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation”, Energy Policy, 39, 1857–1864.
Özturk, İ. ve Acaravci, A. (2013) “The Long-Run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Openness and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey”, Energy Economics, 36, 262–267.
Rahman, M. Z. (2013) “Relationship between Trade Openness and Carbon Emission: A Case of Bangladesh”, Journal Of Empirical Economics, 1(4),126-134.
Ren, S., Yuan, B., Ma,.X. ve Chen, X. (2014) “International Trade, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and Embodied CO2 Emissions: A case study of Chinas Industrial Sectors”, China Economic Review, 28, 123-134.
Seymen, D. (2005) “Dış Ticaret-Çevre İlişkilerinin Dengelenmesi: Sürdürülebilir Ticaret, Teori ve Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 99-127.
Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A.l K. ve Nasir, M. (2013) “The Effects Of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Coal Consumption and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in South Africa, Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459.
Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Mahmood, H. ve Arouri, M. (2013) “Does Financial Development reduce CO2 Emissions in Malaysian Economy? A Time Series Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 35, 145–152.
Sharma, S. S. (2011) “Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence from 69 countries”, Applied Energy, 88, 376-382.
Sims, C.A. (1972) “Money, Income and Causality”, American Economic Review, 62(4), 540-552.
Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M. ve Hye, Q. M. (2013) “The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Role of Coal Consumption in India: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in An Open Economy”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 8, 519–527.
Yazdı, S. K. ve Mastorakis, N. (2014) “Renewable, CO2 emissions, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth in Iran”, Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development, ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9, 360-370.
Yıldırım, B. (2013) “Ticari Açıklık ve CO2 Emisyonu: Karşılaştırmalı Ülke Analizi”, International Journal of Social Science, 6(1): 1611-1621.
Zerbo, E. (2016) “CO2 Emissions, Growth, Energy Consumption an Foreign Trade in Sub-Sahara African Countries”, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01110769, (15.10.2016).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CO2 EMISSION AND TRADE OPENNESS IN TURKEY
Year 2018,
Cilt:32 Sayı:1, 83 - 98, 11.01.2018
Seval Akbulut Bekar
,
Harun Terzi
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between CO2
emissions and trade openness in Turkish economy during 1974-2013 by using
Hsiao, Sims and VAR causality methods. It has been determined that there is a
causality relationship between CO2 emission and trade openness in
Turkey for the period 1974-2013 in econometric analyzes. These results indicate
that trade openness and CO2 emissions affect each other.
References
- REFERENCES
- Alam, S. ve Paramati, S. R. (2015) “Do oil consumption and economic growth intensify environmental degradation? Evidence from developing economies”, Applied Economics, 47 (48), 5186–5203.
Ali,Z., Zaman, Z. ve Ali, M. (2015) “The Effect of International Trade on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Pakistan”, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(9), 289-300.
Akın, C. S. (2014) “The Impact of Foreign Trade, Energy Consumption and Income on Co2 Emissions”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 465-475.
Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R. ve Taylor, M. S. (2001) “Is Free Trade Good For The Environment?”, The American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. ve Seyhan, B. (2015) “Türkiye’de Çevre Kirliliği, Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 308-325, Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/JMER435.
Atıcı, C. ve Kurt, F. (2007) “Türkiye’nin Dış Ticareti ve Çevre Kirliliği: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı”, Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 13(2): 61-69.
Bozkurt, C. ve Okumuş, İ. (2015) “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12832, 23-35.
Charfeddine, L. ve Khediri, K. B. (2016) “Financial Development and Environmental Quality in UAE: Cointegration with Structural Breaks”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55,1322–1335.
Chebbi, H. E., Olarreaga, M. ve Zitouna, H. (2010) “Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions in Tunisia”, Economic Research Forum, 518, 1-18.
Choi, E., Heshmati, A. ve Cho, Y. (2010) “An Empirical Study of the Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Openness”, IZA Discussion Paper Series, 5304, 1-29.
Cole, M. A. (2004) “Trade, The Pollution Haven Hypothesis and The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining The Linkages”, Ecological Economics, 48,71-81.
Cole, M. A., Elliot, R. J. R. ve Fredriksson, P. G. (2004) “Endogenous pollution havens: Does FDI influence environmental regulations?”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 108 (1), pp. 157-178, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2006.00439.x.
Çetin, M. ve Şeker, F.(2014) “ Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye için Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İİBF Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 21(2), 213-230.
Doğan, E. ve Turkekul, B. (2016) “CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade,Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing The EKC Hypothesis for The USA”, Environmental Science Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203–1213, DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-5323-8.
Doğan, E. ve Şeker, F. (2016) “The İnfluence of Real Output, Renewable and Non-Renewableenergy, Trade and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in the top Renewable Energy Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1074–1085.
Doğan, E., Şeker, F. ve Bülbül, S. (2015) “Investigating The İmpacts of Energy Consumption, Real GDP, Tourism and Trade on CO2 Emissions by Accounting for Cross-Sectional Dependence: A Panel Study of OECD Countries”, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103.
Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J. ve Stock, J. H. (1996) “Efficient Tests for An Autoregressive Unit Root”, Econometrica, 64 (4), 813–836.
Ertuğrul H. M., Çetin, M., Şeker, F. ve Doğan , E. (2016) “The Impact of Trade Openness on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions:Evidence from the top ten Emitters among Developing Countries”, Ecological Indıcators, 67, 543-555.
Farhani, S. ve Özturk, İ. (2015) “Causal Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Trade Openness, and Urbanizationin Tunisia”, Environmental Science Pollution Research, 22, 15663–15676, DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-4767-1.
Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M. ve Arouri, M. E. H. (2013) “Panel analysis of CO2 Emissions, GDP, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Urbanization for MENA countries”, MPRA Paper 49258, 1-19, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49258.
Feridun, M. (2006) “Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Environment in Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria”, MPRA Paper 731, 39-56, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/731, (15.06.2016)
Fotros, M. H. ve Maaboudi, R. (2011) “Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions in Iran, 1971-2008”, International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 3(1), 73-84.
Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991) “Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper, 3914, 1-39.
Gökalp F. M. ve Yıldırım, A. (2004) “Dış Ticaret ve Çevre: Kirlilik Sığınakları Hipotezi Türkiye Uy¬gulaması”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 11(2), 100.
Gu, Z., Gao, Y. ve Li, C. (2013) “An Empirical Research on Trade Liberalization and CO2 Emissions in China”, International Conference on Education Technology and Information System (ICETIS), 243-246.
Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009), “An Econometric Study of CO2 emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164.
Hsiao, C. (1981) “Autoregressive Modelling and Money-Income Causality Detection”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 7(1), 85-106.
Hossain S. M. (2011) “Panel estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries”, Energy Policy, 39, 6991–6999.
Hossain, S. (2012) “An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan”, Low Carbon Economy, 3, 92-105.
Jayanthakumaran, K., Verma, R. ve Liu, Y. (2012) “CO2emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade and Income: A comparative analysis of China and India”, Energy Policy, 42, 450–460.
Keskingöz, H. ve Karamelikli, H. (2015) “Dış Ticaret- Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyümenin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Etkisi”, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 7-17.
Kızılkaya, O., Sofuoğlu, E. ve Çoban, O. (2016) “Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Çevre Kirliliği Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 255-272.
Kohler, M. (2013) “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade: A South African Perspective”, ERSA Working Paper, 356, 1-19.
Lebe, F. (2016) “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme Ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
Mehrara, M. (2014) “The Relationship between GDP, Globalization and Environment”, International Journal of Applied Economic Studies, 2(3), ISSN: 2345-5721, 1-6, http://sijournals.com/IJAE (22.06.2016).
Mohapatra, G. ve Gri, A. K. (2015) “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Empirical evidence from India”, The Empirical Econometrics and Quantitative Economics Letters, 4(1), 17-32.
Naranpanawa, A. (2011) “Does Trade Openness Promote Carbon Emissions? Empirical Evidence from Sri Lanka”, The Empirical Economics Letters, 10(10), 974-986.
Nasir, M. ve Rehman, F. U. (2011) “Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation”, Energy Policy, 39, 1857–1864.
Özturk, İ. ve Acaravci, A. (2013) “The Long-Run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Openness and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey”, Energy Economics, 36, 262–267.
Rahman, M. Z. (2013) “Relationship between Trade Openness and Carbon Emission: A Case of Bangladesh”, Journal Of Empirical Economics, 1(4),126-134.
Ren, S., Yuan, B., Ma,.X. ve Chen, X. (2014) “International Trade, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and Embodied CO2 Emissions: A case study of Chinas Industrial Sectors”, China Economic Review, 28, 123-134.
Seymen, D. (2005) “Dış Ticaret-Çevre İlişkilerinin Dengelenmesi: Sürdürülebilir Ticaret, Teori ve Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 99-127.
Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A.l K. ve Nasir, M. (2013) “The Effects Of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Coal Consumption and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in South Africa, Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459.
Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Mahmood, H. ve Arouri, M. (2013) “Does Financial Development reduce CO2 Emissions in Malaysian Economy? A Time Series Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 35, 145–152.
Sharma, S. S. (2011) “Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence from 69 countries”, Applied Energy, 88, 376-382.
Sims, C.A. (1972) “Money, Income and Causality”, American Economic Review, 62(4), 540-552.
Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M. ve Hye, Q. M. (2013) “The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Role of Coal Consumption in India: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in An Open Economy”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 8, 519–527.
Yazdı, S. K. ve Mastorakis, N. (2014) “Renewable, CO2 emissions, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth in Iran”, Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development, ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9, 360-370.
Yıldırım, B. (2013) “Ticari Açıklık ve CO2 Emisyonu: Karşılaştırmalı Ülke Analizi”, International Journal of Social Science, 6(1): 1611-1621.
Zerbo, E. (2016) “CO2 Emissions, Growth, Energy Consumption an Foreign Trade in Sub-Sahara African Countries”, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01110769, (15.10.2016).