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Karmaşıklık Teorisi Perspektifinden Çin-Türkiye İlişkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 775 - 789, 24.05.2021

Abstract

Türkiye ve Çin uzun bir tarihi geçmişe sahip olmakla beraber hiç şüphe yok ki, tarihsel gerçekler ve algılar karşılıklı ilişkilerini etkiledi. 21. yüzyılda uluslararası sistem, karşılıklı ilişkilerin daha çeşitlendiği ve yoğunlaşarak karmaşık ve birbirine bağımlı haline gelmiştir. Bu nedenle karmaşıklık teorisi, uluslararası sistemin doğasını anlamak için yeni ve daha gerçekçi bir yaklaşım olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu makale, karmaşıklık teorisi çerçevesinde birlikte evrilme, karşılıklı bağımlılık ve zuhur etme kavramlarıyla eş zamanlı modernleşme, ekonomik ve güvenlik işbirliği olarak Türkiye ve Çin ilişkisinin üç boyutunu anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Analiz edildiği gibi, karmaşık uluslararası sistem, özellikle COVID-19 döneminden sonra, iki aktör tarafından daha maddi, operasyonel ve kurumsallaşmış politikalarla birlikte yeni fırsatlar getirecektir.

References

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  • Açıkalın, Ş. N., & Bölücek, C. A. (2014). Understanding of Arab spring with chaos theory–uprising or revolution. In Chaos theory in politics (pp. 29-47). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Akdağ, Z. (2019). Türkiye–Çin ilişkilerinin tarihsel gelişimi. Hafıza, 1(1), 40-57.
  • Alemdaroğlu, A., & Tepe, S. (2020). Erdogan is turning Turkey into a Chinese client state. Foreign policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/16/erdogan-is-turning-turkey-into-a-chinese-client-state/.
  • Atay, F. Ö. (2010). Impact of the xinjiang problem on the China's external relations (Master's thesis).
  • BBC News. (2020). Chinese economy to overtake US “by 2028” due to COVID. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55454146.
  • Bousquet, A., & Curtis, S. (2011). Beyond models and metaphors: Complexity theory, systems thinking and international relations. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24(01), 43-62.
  • China Daily. (2008, November 29). China signs 19 purchase contracts with Turkey. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/chinagate/2008-11/29/content_7256322.htm.
  • Cindea, I. (2006). Complex systems-new conceptual tools for international relations. Perspectives.
  • Çolakoğlu, S. (2013). Turkey-China relations: Rising partnership. Middle Eastern Analysis/Ortadoğu Analiz, 5(52).
  • Çolakoğlu, S. (2014). Turkish perceptions of China’s rise. USAK Center for Asia-Pacific Studies, Report No: 39.
  • Çolakoğlu, S. (2018). Turkey-China relations: From strategic cooperation to strategic partnership?. Middle East Institute. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkey-china-relations-strategic-cooperation-strategic-partnership#_ftn2.
  • Daily Sabah. (2021). Chinese tech giant Xiaomi opens its Turkey factory. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tech/chinese-tech-giant-xiaomi-opens-its-turkey-factory.
  • Daloğlu, T. (2013). Turkey, China cooperation on ballistic missiles not new. Retrieved from http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/12/turkey-china-missile-agreement-history.html#ixzz3rxyceZmj.
  • Demircan, N. (2020). The communism and China perception created in Turkey during the Korean war. International Journal of Political Studies, 6(3), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2020.6.3.07.
  • Egeli, S. (2017). Turkey embarks upon ballistic missiles: Why and how?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 14(56), 3-22.
  • En Son Haber. (2012, Feb 22). Türkiye ile Çin yedi anlaşmaya imza attı. Retrieved from https://www.ensonhaber.com/dunya/turkiye-ile-cin-yedi-anlasmaya-imza-atti-2012-02-22.
  • Erkin, E. (2011). Türkiye-Çin ilişkilerinin 40 yılı (1971-2011). Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü (SDE) Raporu, http://sde.org.tr/ tr/newsdetail/turkiye-cin-iliskilerinin-40-yili-1971-2011-raporu/2902.
  • Erkoçak, E., & Açıkalın, Ş.N. (2014). Complexity theory in public administration and metagovernance. In Ş.Ş. Erçetin, S. Banerjee (Eds). Chaos, complexity and leadership 2013 (pp. 73-85). Netherlands: Springer.
  • Gençtürk, A. (2021). 50 years on, Turkish-Chinese ties grow stronger. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/50-years-on-turkish-chinese-ties-grow-stronger/2187525.
  • Geyer, R. (2003). Beyond third way: The science of complexity and the politics of choice. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 5(2):237-257.
  • Global Times. (2021). China’s GDP makes up over 17% of the world economy in 2020: NBS - Global Times. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/ page/202102/ 1216746.shtml.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2012, May 31). Türk iş adamlarının Çin çıkarması. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/turk-isadamlarinin-cin-cikarmasi-20663583.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2015). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ndan Çin’e “Uygur” mesajı. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/cumhurbaskani-erdoganndan-cine-uygur-mesaji-29678534.
  • Isik, A. F., & Zou, Z. (2019). China-Turkey security cooperation under the background of the ‘Belt and Road’and the ‘Middle Corridor’initiatives. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(2), 278-293.
  • Jones, D. (2010). China, Turkey deepen ties during rare visit. Voice of America. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/content/china-turkey-deepen-ties-during-rare-visit-104723729/166476.html.
  • Kanwa Defence Review. (2005). PRC, Turkey upgrade BMP 3 turret, 12 May.
  • Kavalski, E. (2007). The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 20(3), 435-454.
  • Kirişçi, K. (2009). The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The rise of the trading state. New Perspectives on Turkey, (40): 29-57.
  • Kumar, A. (2013). Sino-Turkish strategic partnership: Prudent hedging or irreversible shift?. China Report, 49(1), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445513479457.
  • La Porte, T. (1975). Organised social complexity: Challenge to politics and policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Law, J., & Urry, J. (2004). Enacting the social. Economy and Society, 33(3): 390-410.
  • Li, C. (2012). Leadership transition in the CPC: Promising progress and potential problems. An International Journal, (10). 2: 23-33.
  • Mahoney, J. G. (2020). The sick man - CGTN. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-07-22/The-sick-man-Skqw7WKoU0/index.html.
  • Minzner, C., & Wallace, J. (2015). Is China reform era over?. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/28/china-reform-era-xi-jinping-new-normal/.
  • Mitleton-Kelly, E. (2003). Ten principles of complexity and enabling ınfrastructures. In E. Mitleton-Kelly (ed.) Complex systems and evolutionary perspectives of organisations: The application of complexity theory to organisations, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Morçöl, G. (2012). A complexity theory for public policy. Routledge: London.
  • Öniş, Z., & Güven, A. B. (2011). Global crisis, national responses: The political economy of Turkish exceptionalism. New Political Economy, 16(5), 585-608. Pamuk, H. (2015). Turkish help for Uighur refugees looms over Erdogan visit to Beijing | Reuters. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-china-uighurs-insight-idUSKCN0Q10PM20150727
  • Rakipoğlu, Z., Özkan, B., & Kurukiz, H. S. (2021). Erdogan: 2021 to be year of reforms for Turkey. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/erdogan-2021-to-be-year-of-reforms-for-turkey/2089556.
  • Rosenau, J. (2003). Distant proximities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Savunma Sanayii Dergilik. (2019). İlk kez Pençe Harekatı’nda kullanılan “BORA”yı yakından tanıyalım. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.savunmasanayiidergilik.com/tr/HaberDergilik/ilk-kez-Pence-Harekati-nda-kullanilan-BORA-yi-yakindan-taniyalim.
  • Seren, M. (2015). 5 Soru: Milli Füze Savunma Sistemine Doğru | Güvenlik | SETA. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.setav.org/5-soru-milli-fuze-savunma-sistemine-dogru/
  • Shichor, Y. (2009). Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations.
  • Tanchum, M. (2019). Turkey’s Purchase and the Path to a Post-American Alliance Architecture - TPQ. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from http://turkishpolicy.com/blog/32/turkeys-purchase-and-the-path-to-a-post-american-alliance-architecture
  • Temel, M. (2007). Atatürk devrimlerinin Çin aydınlarınca algılanışı ve XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki Türkiye-Çin ilişkilerine yansıması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (21), 105-123.
  • Temiz, K. (2017). Türkiye-Çin İlişkileri.SETA İstanbul.
  • Thomson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in action. Social science bases of administrative theory. New York. Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company.
  • Togan, İ. (2013). Türk-Çin ilişkilerinde ticaretin rolü. Türkiye’de Çin’i düşünmek: Ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel ilişkilere yeni yaklaşımlar, ed. Selçuk Esenbel, İsenbike Togan & Altay Atlı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 12.
  • Tomé, L., & Açıkalın, Ş. N. (2017, October). Complexity theory as a new Lens in IR: System and change. In International Symposium on Chaos, Complexity and Leadership (pp. 1-15). Springer, Cham.
  • Trading Economics. (2021). Turkey exports to China - 1989-2019 Data: 2021 Forecast. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/exports/china.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2020). 2020 yılına girerken girişimci ve insani dış politikamız. Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın 2020 Mali Yılı Bütçe Tasarısının TBMM Plan ve Bütçe Komisyonu’na Sunulması Vesilesiyle Hazırlanan Kitapçık.” Retrieved October 23, 2020 from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/2020-yilina-girerken-girisimci-ve-insani-dis-politikamiz.pdf.
  • Valle, V. (2000). Chaos, complexity and deterrence: A term project for the national academy of war. Canberra, viewed on June 23rd, 2013. Wenqian, Z. (2019). The Turks are the most similar to us: Chinese intellectuals’ conceptions of the Ottoman movements (Doctoral dissertation, Central European University).
  • Worldbank. (2021). Türkiye genel bakış. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.worldbank.org/tr/ country/turkey/overview.
  • Xiaosi, R. (2013). The Chinese dream what ıt means for china and the rest of the world. Beijing: New World Press.
  • Yalınkılıç, T. (2014). Çinli Tarihçi Wu Yugui’nin Çince kaynaklarda geçen eski Türk tarihi ile ilgili çalışmaları. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, (3-1), 85.
  • Yazıcı, S. (2004). The impact of The EU on the liberalization and democratization process in Turkey. Turkey and The EU Enlargement Ed. Richard T. Griffths and Durmuş Özdemir. İstanbul: Bilgi University Press.
  • Yıldırım, C. (2017). AK Parti döneminde Türkiye ekonomisi. 2nd International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS), May 19th-22nd, Sarajevo, pp. 50-64.
  • Yoon, H. (2019). Turkish foreign policy and strategic partnership in Asia-Pacific (Master's thesis).
  • Yusufu, M. (2019). Küreselleşme sürecindeki Çin ekonomisinin Türk yazılı basınına yansıması. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Zou, Z. (2015). Sino-Turkish strategic economic relationship in New Era. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 14(3), 13-25.

China and Turkey Relations from Complexity Theory Perspective

Year 2021, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 775 - 789, 24.05.2021

Abstract

Turkey and China have been raising countries in last decade. Two countries have shared long historical background. There is no doubt, historical facts and perceptions affected their mutual relations. International system in the 21st century is complex and interdependent where mutual relations have been more diversified and intensified. That’s why complexity theory has been useful tool to understand nature of international system. In this respect, this article seeks to understand three dimensions of Turkey and China relationship which are concurrent modernization, economic and security cooperation with the notion of co-evolution, interdependency and emergence vis á vis complexity theory. As analyzed, complex international system would bring new opportunities especially post COVID-19 era together with more material, operational and institutionalized policies by two actors.

References

  • Açıkalın, Ş. N. (2020). Foreign Policy And Political Leadership: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan And Angela Merkel. Middle East Technical University, The Graduate School Of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Açıkalın, Ş. N., & Bölücek, C. A. (2014). Understanding of Arab spring with chaos theory–uprising or revolution. In Chaos theory in politics (pp. 29-47). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Akdağ, Z. (2019). Türkiye–Çin ilişkilerinin tarihsel gelişimi. Hafıza, 1(1), 40-57.
  • Alemdaroğlu, A., & Tepe, S. (2020). Erdogan is turning Turkey into a Chinese client state. Foreign policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/16/erdogan-is-turning-turkey-into-a-chinese-client-state/.
  • Atay, F. Ö. (2010). Impact of the xinjiang problem on the China's external relations (Master's thesis).
  • BBC News. (2020). Chinese economy to overtake US “by 2028” due to COVID. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55454146.
  • Bousquet, A., & Curtis, S. (2011). Beyond models and metaphors: Complexity theory, systems thinking and international relations. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24(01), 43-62.
  • China Daily. (2008, November 29). China signs 19 purchase contracts with Turkey. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/chinagate/2008-11/29/content_7256322.htm.
  • Cindea, I. (2006). Complex systems-new conceptual tools for international relations. Perspectives.
  • Çolakoğlu, S. (2013). Turkey-China relations: Rising partnership. Middle Eastern Analysis/Ortadoğu Analiz, 5(52).
  • Çolakoğlu, S. (2014). Turkish perceptions of China’s rise. USAK Center for Asia-Pacific Studies, Report No: 39.
  • Çolakoğlu, S. (2018). Turkey-China relations: From strategic cooperation to strategic partnership?. Middle East Institute. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkey-china-relations-strategic-cooperation-strategic-partnership#_ftn2.
  • Daily Sabah. (2021). Chinese tech giant Xiaomi opens its Turkey factory. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tech/chinese-tech-giant-xiaomi-opens-its-turkey-factory.
  • Daloğlu, T. (2013). Turkey, China cooperation on ballistic missiles not new. Retrieved from http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/12/turkey-china-missile-agreement-history.html#ixzz3rxyceZmj.
  • Demircan, N. (2020). The communism and China perception created in Turkey during the Korean war. International Journal of Political Studies, 6(3), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2020.6.3.07.
  • Egeli, S. (2017). Turkey embarks upon ballistic missiles: Why and how?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 14(56), 3-22.
  • En Son Haber. (2012, Feb 22). Türkiye ile Çin yedi anlaşmaya imza attı. Retrieved from https://www.ensonhaber.com/dunya/turkiye-ile-cin-yedi-anlasmaya-imza-atti-2012-02-22.
  • Erkin, E. (2011). Türkiye-Çin ilişkilerinin 40 yılı (1971-2011). Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü (SDE) Raporu, http://sde.org.tr/ tr/newsdetail/turkiye-cin-iliskilerinin-40-yili-1971-2011-raporu/2902.
  • Erkoçak, E., & Açıkalın, Ş.N. (2014). Complexity theory in public administration and metagovernance. In Ş.Ş. Erçetin, S. Banerjee (Eds). Chaos, complexity and leadership 2013 (pp. 73-85). Netherlands: Springer.
  • Gençtürk, A. (2021). 50 years on, Turkish-Chinese ties grow stronger. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/50-years-on-turkish-chinese-ties-grow-stronger/2187525.
  • Geyer, R. (2003). Beyond third way: The science of complexity and the politics of choice. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 5(2):237-257.
  • Global Times. (2021). China’s GDP makes up over 17% of the world economy in 2020: NBS - Global Times. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/ page/202102/ 1216746.shtml.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2012, May 31). Türk iş adamlarının Çin çıkarması. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/turk-isadamlarinin-cin-cikarmasi-20663583.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2015). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ndan Çin’e “Uygur” mesajı. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/cumhurbaskani-erdoganndan-cine-uygur-mesaji-29678534.
  • Isik, A. F., & Zou, Z. (2019). China-Turkey security cooperation under the background of the ‘Belt and Road’and the ‘Middle Corridor’initiatives. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(2), 278-293.
  • Jones, D. (2010). China, Turkey deepen ties during rare visit. Voice of America. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/content/china-turkey-deepen-ties-during-rare-visit-104723729/166476.html.
  • Kanwa Defence Review. (2005). PRC, Turkey upgrade BMP 3 turret, 12 May.
  • Kavalski, E. (2007). The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 20(3), 435-454.
  • Kirişçi, K. (2009). The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The rise of the trading state. New Perspectives on Turkey, (40): 29-57.
  • Kumar, A. (2013). Sino-Turkish strategic partnership: Prudent hedging or irreversible shift?. China Report, 49(1), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445513479457.
  • La Porte, T. (1975). Organised social complexity: Challenge to politics and policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Law, J., & Urry, J. (2004). Enacting the social. Economy and Society, 33(3): 390-410.
  • Li, C. (2012). Leadership transition in the CPC: Promising progress and potential problems. An International Journal, (10). 2: 23-33.
  • Mahoney, J. G. (2020). The sick man - CGTN. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-07-22/The-sick-man-Skqw7WKoU0/index.html.
  • Minzner, C., & Wallace, J. (2015). Is China reform era over?. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/28/china-reform-era-xi-jinping-new-normal/.
  • Mitleton-Kelly, E. (2003). Ten principles of complexity and enabling ınfrastructures. In E. Mitleton-Kelly (ed.) Complex systems and evolutionary perspectives of organisations: The application of complexity theory to organisations, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Morçöl, G. (2012). A complexity theory for public policy. Routledge: London.
  • Öniş, Z., & Güven, A. B. (2011). Global crisis, national responses: The political economy of Turkish exceptionalism. New Political Economy, 16(5), 585-608. Pamuk, H. (2015). Turkish help for Uighur refugees looms over Erdogan visit to Beijing | Reuters. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-china-uighurs-insight-idUSKCN0Q10PM20150727
  • Rakipoğlu, Z., Özkan, B., & Kurukiz, H. S. (2021). Erdogan: 2021 to be year of reforms for Turkey. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/erdogan-2021-to-be-year-of-reforms-for-turkey/2089556.
  • Rosenau, J. (2003). Distant proximities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Savunma Sanayii Dergilik. (2019). İlk kez Pençe Harekatı’nda kullanılan “BORA”yı yakından tanıyalım. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.savunmasanayiidergilik.com/tr/HaberDergilik/ilk-kez-Pence-Harekati-nda-kullanilan-BORA-yi-yakindan-taniyalim.
  • Seren, M. (2015). 5 Soru: Milli Füze Savunma Sistemine Doğru | Güvenlik | SETA. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.setav.org/5-soru-milli-fuze-savunma-sistemine-dogru/
  • Shichor, Y. (2009). Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations.
  • Tanchum, M. (2019). Turkey’s Purchase and the Path to a Post-American Alliance Architecture - TPQ. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from http://turkishpolicy.com/blog/32/turkeys-purchase-and-the-path-to-a-post-american-alliance-architecture
  • Temel, M. (2007). Atatürk devrimlerinin Çin aydınlarınca algılanışı ve XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki Türkiye-Çin ilişkilerine yansıması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (21), 105-123.
  • Temiz, K. (2017). Türkiye-Çin İlişkileri.SETA İstanbul.
  • Thomson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in action. Social science bases of administrative theory. New York. Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company.
  • Togan, İ. (2013). Türk-Çin ilişkilerinde ticaretin rolü. Türkiye’de Çin’i düşünmek: Ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel ilişkilere yeni yaklaşımlar, ed. Selçuk Esenbel, İsenbike Togan & Altay Atlı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 12.
  • Tomé, L., & Açıkalın, Ş. N. (2017, October). Complexity theory as a new Lens in IR: System and change. In International Symposium on Chaos, Complexity and Leadership (pp. 1-15). Springer, Cham.
  • Trading Economics. (2021). Turkey exports to China - 1989-2019 Data: 2021 Forecast. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/exports/china.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2020). 2020 yılına girerken girişimci ve insani dış politikamız. Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın 2020 Mali Yılı Bütçe Tasarısının TBMM Plan ve Bütçe Komisyonu’na Sunulması Vesilesiyle Hazırlanan Kitapçık.” Retrieved October 23, 2020 from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/2020-yilina-girerken-girisimci-ve-insani-dis-politikamiz.pdf.
  • Valle, V. (2000). Chaos, complexity and deterrence: A term project for the national academy of war. Canberra, viewed on June 23rd, 2013. Wenqian, Z. (2019). The Turks are the most similar to us: Chinese intellectuals’ conceptions of the Ottoman movements (Doctoral dissertation, Central European University).
  • Worldbank. (2021). Türkiye genel bakış. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from https://www.worldbank.org/tr/ country/turkey/overview.
  • Xiaosi, R. (2013). The Chinese dream what ıt means for china and the rest of the world. Beijing: New World Press.
  • Yalınkılıç, T. (2014). Çinli Tarihçi Wu Yugui’nin Çince kaynaklarda geçen eski Türk tarihi ile ilgili çalışmaları. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, (3-1), 85.
  • Yazıcı, S. (2004). The impact of The EU on the liberalization and democratization process in Turkey. Turkey and The EU Enlargement Ed. Richard T. Griffths and Durmuş Özdemir. İstanbul: Bilgi University Press.
  • Yıldırım, C. (2017). AK Parti döneminde Türkiye ekonomisi. 2nd International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS), May 19th-22nd, Sarajevo, pp. 50-64.
  • Yoon, H. (2019). Turkish foreign policy and strategic partnership in Asia-Pacific (Master's thesis).
  • Yusufu, M. (2019). Küreselleşme sürecindeki Çin ekonomisinin Türk yazılı basınına yansıması. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Zou, Z. (2015). Sino-Turkish strategic economic relationship in New Era. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 14(3), 13-25.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın 0000-0002-5361-7667

Publication Date May 24, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 25 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Açıkalın, Ş. N. (2021). China and Turkey Relations from Complexity Theory Perspective. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2), 775-789.

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