Antik Roma Uygarlığı’nın İlk Yazılı Yasaları “Leges Duodecim Tabularum” Üzerinde Hellen Hukuku’nun Tesirleri

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 1027 - 1066, 25.06.2020

Etem Dönmez

Abstract

Modern dünyadaki hukuk sistemlerinin doğrudan yahut dolaylı olarak Roma Hukuku’nun tesirleri altında kaldıkları bariz bir hakikattir. Bugün temel aldığımız Roma Hukuku’nun tarihte yazı ile kaydedilmiş ilk metni ise, M.Ö. V. asrın ortalarında vücuda getirilen XII Levha Kanunları olmuştur. Söz konusu dönemde, bilhassa Akdeniz kültür havzasında mevcut bulunan gelişmiş uygarlıkların Roma kültürüne ve dolayısıyla hukuk sistemine tesirlerde bulunmuş oldukları aşikardır. Şüphesiz ki Latin-Roma kültürü üzerinde etkileri gözlenen toplumlar arasında en önde gelenler de Hellen Uygarlığı’nın temsilcileri olmuşlardır. Bu araştırma ile Romalılara coğrafi anlamda en yakın olan yerleşik toplumlardan Hellen Medeniyeti’ne ait hukuk yapılarının, Roma’nın ilk yazılı yasalarına olan tesirleri, incelenerek ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Buna göre öncelikle bahsi geçen zamana ait Hellen hukuk metinlerinden XII Levha Kanunları ile mukayese edilmek üzere seçilmiş olanlar ve XII Levha Kanunları genel olarak tanıtılmış, ardından bütün bu yasa derlemeleri ile, Roma Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk yazılı kanun metinleri arasında, gerekli görülen ilgili pasajlardan alıntılar yapılarak, mukayeseler yapılmaya ve muhakemeler yürütülmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

XII Levha Kanunları, Lykurgos, Solon, Gortyn, Hukuk

Первые письменные законы древнеримской цивилизации «Leges Duodecim Tabularum»

Abstract

Очевидно, что правовые системы в современном мире прямо или косвенно находятся под влиянием римского права. Первым текстом римского закона, на котором мы основаны сегодня, написанным в истории Закон двенадцати таблиц , введенный в середине 5-го века до нашей эры. Очевидно, что развитые цивилизации, существовавшие в средиземноморском культурном бассейне в этот период, оказали влияние на римскую культуру и, следовательно, на правовую систему. Несомненно, лидирующими среди обществ, чье влияние наблюдалось на латино-римскую культуру, были представители греческой цивилизации. С помощью этого исследования были исследованы последствия правовых структур, принадлежащих эллинам, одной из устоявшихся общин, ближайших к римлянам, для первых письменных законов Рима. Соответственно, во-первых, в целом были введены отобранные для сравнения Закон двенадцати таблиц а затем цитаты из соответствующих отрывков между всеми этими сборниками законов и первыми письменными текстами законов римской республики. 

Keywords

Закон двенадцати таблиц, Лукург, Солон, Гортина, Закон.

Influences of the Greek Law on the “Leges Duodecim Tabularum” the First Written Laws of Ancient Roman Civilization

Abstract

It is an obvious reality that law systems in the modern World are influenced by Roman Law directly or indirectly. The first inscribed text of Roman Law which today we are using it as base, is Law of the Twelve Tables (also known as The Twelve Tables) that are created in the middle of the fifth century B.C. It is clear that in the mentioned time, developed civilizations, especially presented in Mediterranean cultural area, had effected Roman culture and hence law system. Undoubtedly that, the foremost among the communities whose effects are sighted on the Latin-Roman culture is the representatives of Greek (Hellenic) Civilization. In this research study, it is tried to exhibit by analyzing influences of law structures which belong to Hellenes who are one of geographically the nearest settled societies for Romans, on the first written codes of Rome. Accordingly, primarily the selected ones, for comparing, among the Greek (Hellenic) Law texts which are involved aforesaid time, and Law of the Twelve Tables are generally introduced; subsequently between all these codifications and the first registered law texts of Roman Republic, it is tried to compare and judge by quoting related passages which are found necessary.

Keywords

Law of the Twelve Tables, Lycurgus, Solon, Gortyn, law

References

• Metinde Kullanılan Literatür, Standart ve Süreli Yayınlar Kısaltmaları Listesi
• A) Antik Kaynaklar
• - Aristot., Ath., pol. : (Ἀριστοτέλης = Aristoteles, Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία = Athenaion Politeia) = Aristotle, The Athenaian Constitution ; The Eudemian Ethics ; On Virtues and Vices, with an English translation by H. Rackham, London/Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1935 ; Aristoteles, Atinalıların Devleti, 3. Basım, (Çev.: A. Çokona), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2016.
• - Aug. civ. : (Augustinus, De Civitate Dei) = Augustine, City of God, with an English translation by G. E. McCracken, I, Cambridge, Mass.: The Loeb Classical Library, 1957.
• - Cic. de or. : (Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Oratore) = Cicero, De Oratore, with an English translation, by E. W. Sutton, III, London / Cambridge, MA: The Loeb Classical Library, 1967.
• - Cic. leg. : (Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Legibus) = M. TVLLI CICERONIS, DE RE PVBLICA ; DE LEGIBVS ; CATO MAIOR DE SENECTVTE ; LAELIVS DE AMICITIA ; J. G. F. Powell, New York: Oxford University Press, The Loeb Classical Library, 2006.
• - Cic. rep. : (Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Legibus) = M. TVLLI CICERONIS, DE RE PVBLICA ; DE LEGIBVS ; CATO MAIOR DE SENECTVTE ; LAELIVS DE AMICITIA ; J. G. F. Powell, New York: Oxford University Press, The Loeb Classical Library, 2006.
• - Cic. S. Rosc. : (Marcus Tullius Cicero, pro Sexto Roscio Amerino) = Cicero, Pro Quinctio ; Pro Roscio Amerino ; Pro Roscio Comoedo ; On the Agrarian Law ; with and English translation by J. H. Freese, VI, Cambridge, Mass.: The Loeb Classical Library, 1930.
• - Cic. top. : (Cicero, Topica) = Cicero, On Invention ; The Best Kind of Orator ; Topics, with an English translation by H. M. Hubbell, II, Cambridge, Mass.: The Loeb Classical Library, 1949.
• - Cic. Tusc. : (Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes) = Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, with an English translation by J. E. King, XVIII, Cambridge, Mass.: The Loeb Classical Library, 1927.
• - Cic. Verr. : (Marcus Tullius Cicero, in Verrem actio 2) = Cicero, Against Caecilius ; Against Verrest, Part 1 ; Part 2, Books 1-2 ; with an English translation by L. H. G. Greenwood, VII, Cambridge, Mass.: The Loeb Classical Library, 1928.
• - Dig. : (Digesta Iustiniani), The Digest of Justinian vol.1, (Ed.: A. Watson), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
• - Dig. (a). : (Digesta Iustiniani), The Digest of Justinian vol.4, (Ed.: A. Watson), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
• - Diod. : (Diodorus Siculus, Ἱστορικὴ Βιβλιοθήκη), = DIODORVS : BIBLIOTHECA HISTORICA, vol.: II, ed.3, Edidit : Fr. Vogel, Hemsbach, TEVBNERIANA, 1985.
• - Dion. Hal. : (Dionysios Halikarnasseus, Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἀρχαιολογία) = Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities, with an English translation by E. Cary, VI, London / Cambridge, MA: The Loeb Classical Library, 1963.
• - Gai. Inst. : (Gaius, Institutiones) = Gai Institutiones, 2nd ed., (Ed., E. Seckel and B. Kübler), Berlin, 1935.
• - Gell. : (Aulus Gellius, Nostes Atticae) = Gellius, Attic Nights, with an English translation by J. C. Rolfe, I, Harvard University Press, The Loeb Classical Library, 1927.
• - Gor. : (Gortyn Kanunları) = R. F. WILLETTS, The Law Code of Gortyn, Berlin, 1967.
• - Hdt. : (Herodotos, ἱστορία) = Herodotus, Books I-II, with an English translation by A. D. Godley, I, Cambridge/London, The Loeb Classical Library, 1975 ; Herodotos, Tarih, 11. Baskı, (Çev.: M. Ökmen), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2015.
• - Hom., Il. : (Homeros, Ilıas) = Homer, The Ilıad, with an English translation by A. T. Murray, I, London/New York, The Loeb Classical Library, 1928 ; Homeros, İlyada, (Çev.: A. Erhat – A. Kadir), 2. Basım, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2014.
• - Hom., Od. : (Homeros, Odysseia) = Homer, The Odyssey, with an English translation by A. T. Murray, I, Cambridge/London, The Loeb Classical Library, 1945 ; Homeros, Odysseia, (Çev.: A. Erhat – A. Kadir), 2. Basım, İstanbul, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2015.
• - Liv. : (Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita) = Livy, History of Rome, with an English translation by B. O. Foster, II, London / Cambridge, MA: The Loeb Classical Library, 1939.
• - Plin. : (Gaius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia) = Pliny the Elder, NH, by K. F. T. Mayhoff Lipsiae, Teubner, 1906 ; Pliny the Elder, Natural History, with an English translation by H. Rackham, I, Cambridge, The Loeb Classical Library, 1938.
• - Plut., Lykr. : (Plutarkhos, Lykurgos) = Plutarch’s Lives: Theseus and Romulus ; Lycurgus and Numa ; Solon and Publicola, with an English translation by B. PERRIN, I, Cambridge, MA / London, The Loeb Classical Library, 1967 ; Paralel Hayatlar: Lykurgos’un Hayatı, 3. Basım, (Çev.: S. Eyüboğlu – V. Günyol), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2019.
• - Plut., Sol. : (Plutarkhos, Solon) = Plutarch’s Lives: Theseus and Romulus ; Lycurgus and Numa ; Solon and Publicola, with an English translation by B. PERRIN, I, Cambridge, MA / London, The Loeb Classical Library, 1967.
• - Strab. : (Strabon, Geographika) = The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by H. L. Jones, VI, London/Cambridge, The Loeb Classical Library, 1960 ; Geographika XII – XIII – XIV, 4. Baskı, (Çev.: A. Pekman), İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2000.
• - XII Tab. : (Duodecim Tabularum) = Remains of Old Latin III, Lucilius ; The Twelve Tables, newly edited and translated by E. H. Warmington, London / Cambridge, MA: The Loeb Classical Library, 1938.
• B) Modern Kaynaklar
• - ALEXANDER, M. C., “Law in the Roman Republic”, A Companion To The Roman Republic, (Ed.: N. Rosenstein – R. Morstein-Marx), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
• - ATLAN, S., Roma Tarihi’nin Ana Hatları I. Kısım Cumhuriyet Devri, Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 2014.
• - AUBERT, J. J., “The Republican Economy And Roman Law: Regulation, Promotion, Or Reflection?”, The Cambridge Companion To The Roman Republic, 2nd Edition, (Ed.: Harriet I. Flower), New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• - BALDUS, C., “Possession In Roman Law”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis – C. Ando – K. Tuori), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, ss.537-552.
• - BEARD, M., SPQR Antik Roma Tarihi, (Çev.: İ. Sağlamer), İstanbul: Pegasus Yayınları, 2018.
• - BEEKES, R., Etymological Dictionary of Greek v.1, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010.
• - BERGER, A., Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society Independence Square, 1953.
• - BRYEN, A. Z., “Crimes Against The Individual: Violence And Sexual Crimes”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society, (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis – C. Ando – K. Tuori), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, ss.322-332.
• - CANTARELLA, E., “Women And Patriarchy In Roman Law”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society, (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis – C. Ando – K. Tuori), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, ss.419-431.
• - CANTARELLA, E., “Homeros Hukuku”, Antik Yunan, (Ed.: Umberto Eco), İstanbul: ALFA TARİH, 2017, ss.313-316.
• - COLEMAN-NORTON, P. R., “Cicero's Contribution to the Text of the Twelve Tables”, The Classical Journal, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Nov., 1950), pp. 51-60, The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Inc. (CAMWS).
• - CONANT, E. B., "The Laws of the Twelve Tables." St. Louis Law Review, vol. 13, no. 4, June 1928, p. 231-245. HeinOnline.
• - CRAWFORD, M. H., Roman Statutes Vol. II, London: Institute of Classical Studies School of Advanced Study University of London, 1996.
• - CURSI, M. F., “The Scope And Function Of Civil Wrongs In Roman Society”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society, (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis – C. Ando – K. Tuori), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, ss.596-606.
• - ÇELGİN, G., Eski Yunanca-Türkçe Sözlük, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2011.
• - Dar-Sagl. : Dictionnaire Des Antiquités Grecques Et Romaines, (Ed.: C. V. Daremberg – E. Saglio), Saint-Germain: Librairie Hachette Boulevard, 1892, 1896.
• - DE VAAN, M. De, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden-Boston: Brill 2008.
• - DEGRASSI, A., Fasti Capitolini, Società per Azioni Gb. Paravia & C. Torino - Corso Racconigi, 1954.
• - DEMİRCİOĞLU, H., Roma Tarihi I. Cilt Cumhuriyet I. Kısım Menşe’lerden Akdeniz Havzasında Hakimiyet Kurulmasına Kadar, 5. Baskı, Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 2011.
• - DIAKOV, V., - KOVALEV, S., İlkçağ Tarihi Cilt: 2 – Roma, 3. Baskı, (Çev.: Ö. İnce), İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2015.
• - DIAKOV, V., - KOVALEV, S., İlkçağ Tarihi Cilt: 1 – Ortadoğu Uzakdoğu Eski Yunan, 4. Baskı, (Çev.: Ö. İnce), İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2017.
• - DÜLL, R., Das Zwölftafelgesetz, 4. verbesserte Auflage, München: Ernst Heimeran Verlag, 1971.
• - ELIOT, S., Liberty of Rome: History. With an Historical Account of the Liberty of Ancient Nations, London – New York, 1849.
• - FAULKNER, N., Roma: Kartalların İmparatorluğu, 2. Baskı, (Çev.: Ç. Sümer), İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2017.
• - FORSYTHE, G., A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
• - FREEMAN, C., Mısır, Yunan ve Roma Antik Akdeniz Uygarlıkları, 4. Baskı, (Çev.: S. K. Angı), Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, 2013.
• - FRISK, H., Griechisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch Band I: A – Ko, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag, 1960.
• - GAGARIN, M., Early Greek Law, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
• - GRUEN, E. S., “Romans and Others”, A Companion To The Roman Republic, (Ed.: N. Rosenstein – R. Morstein-Marx), Blackwell Companions To The Ancient World, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006, ss.459-477.
• - HARRIES, J., “Roman Law Codes and the Roman Legal Tradition”, Beyond Dogmatics Law and Society in the Roman World, (Ed.: J. W. CAIRNS – P. Du Plessis), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
• - HEURGON, J., The Rise Of Rome To 264 B.C., (Trns.: J. Willis), Berkeley and Los Angeles: University Of California Press, 1973.
• - HOWATSON, M. C., (Ed.), Oxford Antikçağ Sözlüğü, 2. Baskı, (Çev.: F. Ersöz), İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2015.
• - HÖLKESKAMP, K. J., “Under Roman Roofs: Family, House, and Household”, The Cambridge Companion To The Roman Republic, 2nd Edition, (Ed.: Harriet I. Flower), New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014, ss.101-126.
• - İPLİKÇİOĞLU, Bülent, Hellen ve Roma Tarihi’nin Anahatları, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2007.
• - İPLİKÇİOĞLU, Bülent, Eskibatı Tarihi I Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, 2. Baskı, Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 2015.
• - JAKAB, É., “Inheritance”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society, (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis – C. Ando – K. Tuori), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, ss.498-509.
• - JOLOWICZ, H. F., Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, 2nd Edition, London: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
• - JONES, Peter, Geldim Gördüm Yendim Romalılar Hakkında Bilmek İsteyeceğiniz Her Şey, (Çev.: F. Sezer), İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2016.
• - KANAR, Mehmet, Osmanlı Türkçesi Sözlüğü, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2011.
• - KOCOUREK A., - WIGMORE J. H., Sources of Ancient and Primitive Law, Boston, 1915.
• - KOOPS, E., “Price Setting And Other Attemps To Control The Economy”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society, (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis – C. Ando – K. Tuori), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2016, ss.609-620.
• - KP : Der Kleine Pauly.
• - LAUFFER S., Griechenland Lexikon der historischen Stätten Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1989.
• - LIDDELL H. G., - SCOTT R., A Greek-English Lexicon With a Revised Supplement, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940.
• - LIDDELL H. G., - SCOTT R., A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
• - MANSEL, A. M., Ege ve Yunan Tarihi, 10. Baskı, Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 2014:
• - MARTIN, T., Eski Yunan, 2. Baskı, (Çev.: Ü. H. Yolsal), İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2014.
• - MOMMSEN, Theodor, The History of Rome vol.1, (Trns.: W. P. DICKSON), London, 1894.
• - MOUSOURAKIS, G., A Legal History Of Rome, London and New York, 2007.
• - MOREY, W. C., Outlines of Roman Law: Comprising Its Historical Growth and General Principles, New York, 1894.
• - MRR : BROUGHTON, T. R. S., The Magistrates of The Roman Republic 509 B.C. – 100 B.C. v.1, New York: The Americam Philological Association, 1951.
• - NASMITH, D., Outline of Roman History from Romulus to Justinian, London, 1890.
• - NIEBUHR, B. G., Lectures on the History of Rome, From the Earliest Times to Fall of the Western Empire v.1, 2nd Edition, London, 1850.
• - OCD : The Oxford Classical Dictionary, (Ed.: M. Cary – H. H. Scullard vd.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, March 1949.
• - OCD2 : The Oxford Classical Dictionary, (Ed.: N. G. L. Hammond – H. H. SCULLARD), Second Edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.
• - OCD3 : The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition, (Ed.: S. Hornblower – A. Spawforth), New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• - OCD4 : The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Fourth Edition, (Ed.: S. Hornblower – A. Spawforth), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• - OLD : Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1968.
• - PA II : I. KIRCHNER, Prosopographia Attica II (Λ – Ω), Berlin, 1903.
• - PALAZ ERDEMİR, H., Genel Hatlarıyla Roma Tarihi İ.Ö. 753 – İ.S. 305, Ankara: Serencam Akademi Yayınevi, 2017.
• - PEPE, L., “Yunan Hukuku”, Antik Yunan, (Ed.: Umberto Eco), İstanbul: ALFA TARİH, 2017, ss.316-323.
• - PEPE (a), 2017 : PEPE, L., “Drakon’un Cinayet Yasası”, Antik Yunan, (Ed.: Umberto Eco), İstanbul: ALFA TARİH, ss.327-330.
• - PORALLA, P., Prosopographie Der Lakedaimonier bis auf die Zeit Alexanders des Großen, Breslau, 1913.
• - RADICE, B., Who’s Who In The Ancient World, New York, 1973.
• - RE : Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
• - ROBY, H. J., “Twelve Tables Of Gortyn”, Law Quarterly Review, vol. 2, no. 2, 1886, p.135-152. HeinOnline.
• - RODGERS, N., Antik Yunan, (Çev.: Ü. E. UYSAL), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2015.
• - ROSELAAR, S. T., “The Concept of Conubium in the Roman Republic”, New Frontiers Law and Society in the Roman World, (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013, ss.102-122.
• - SCHILLER, A. A., Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development, New York, 1978.
• - SMITH, W., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Boston, 1859.
• - SOPHOCLES, E. A., Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (From B. C. 146 to A. D. 1100), Cambridge/London, 1914.
• - STANZIONE, N. J., "Reconstructing the Twelve Tables: Some Problems and Challenges," Digest: National Italian American Bar Association Law Journal 18 (2010): ss.21-36.
• - STEINBERG, M., “The Twelve Tables and Their Origins: An Eighteenth-Century Debate”, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1982), pp. 379-396, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• - TAHİROĞLU, B., - ERDOĞMUŞ, B., Roma Hukuku Dersleri, Tarihi Giriş - Hukuk Tarihi - Genel Kavramlar - Usul Hukuku, 13. Baskı, İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 2019.
• - TELLEGEN-COUPERUS, O., A Short History of Roman Law, Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2003.
• - UMUR, Z., Roma Hukuku, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayını, 1982.
• - ÜÇER, M., Roma Hukuku, İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2018.
• - VERVAET, F. J. “Magistrates who Made and Applied the Law”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society, (Ed.: P. J. Du Plessis – C. Ando – K. Tuori), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, ss.219-233.
• - WALDE, A., Lateinisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Zweite Umgearbeitete Auflage, Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg, 1910.
• - WALTON, F. P., Historical Introduction to the Roman Law, Edinburgh, 1903.
• - WATSON, A., “Law and Society”, Beyond Dogmatics Law and Society in the Roman World, (Ed.: J. W. CAIRNS – P. Du Plessis), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
• - WARRINGTON, J., Every Man’s Classical Dictionary 800 B.C. – A.D. 337, London, 1961.
• - WILLETS, R. F., The Civilization of Ancient Crete, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977.