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Devlet-içi Çatışmalarda Üçüncü Devletlerin Rolü: Afganistan Çatışmasında Pakistan ile Hindistan’ın Mücadelesi

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 102 - 127, 30.03.2021

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Afganistan çatışma sahasında, bölgesel düzeyde üçüncü taraflar olan Pakistan ile Hindistan’ın mücadelesine odaklanmaktadır. Bu yönde bir çalışma yapılmasının nedeni, Afgan topraklarının uzun yıllardır süregelen bir çatışma sahası olması ve dolayısıyla, çatışmanın etkilerinin ülke sınırlarını aşmasıdır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın önemi, Afganistan çatışma sahasına Hindistan ile Pakistan’ın müdahalelerini üçüncü taraflar nezdinde karşılaştırmalı bir perspektiften açıklama sumasından ileri gelmektedir. Nitel araştırma deseninin kullanıldığı mevcut çalışmanın öne çıkan sonucuna göre, Afgan coğrafyasında süregelen çatışmaların çözüme kavuşamamasında, Hindistan ile Pakistan’ın bölgesel rekabeti önemli olmaktadır.. Hindistan ve Pakistan, Afganistan'da karşılıklı olarak birbirini dışlayan hedefler peşinde koşmakla birlikte, her iki ülkede kendi hedefine ulaşmada farklı araçlardan yararlanmaktadır.

References

  • Abdali, Shaida Mohammad (2016),Afghanistan Pakistan India: A Paradigm Shift, New Delhi: Pentagon Press.
  • Adelkhah Fariba,(2017) “War and State (Re)Construction in Afghanistan: Conflicts of Tradition or Conflicts of Development?”, Development as a Battlefield, s.137–163.
  • Ahmed, Zahid Shahab ve Stuti Bhatnagar, (2015),“Conflict or Cooperation? The Role of India and Pakistan in Post-2014 Afghanistan”, South Asian Studies,A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(1), s.259-276.
  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan ve Andrew J. Enterline (2000),“Killing Time: The World Politics of Civil War Duration, 1820-1992”, International Studies Quarterly, 44(4), s.615-642.
  • Balanchandar,, Shreshta “India’s Role in Afganistan: Past Relations and Future Prospects”, Foreign Policy Journal, 30.10. 2012, https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/11/30/indias-role-in-afghanistan-past-relations-and-future-prospects/ (27.08.2020)
  • Burget, Fazıl Ahmed (2013),“Durand Hattı”: Afganistan-Pakistan Arasında Yaşanan Kavganın Diğer Adı”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 5(56), s.60-67.
  • Bozatay, Deniz Anbarlı ve İsmail Meriç, (2013),“Afganistan’da Şiddet ve Terörün Toplumsal Arka Planı”, Akademik Ortadoğu, 7(14), s. 149-173.
  • Chalmers, John,”Analysis: With us or against us? A decade on, Pakistan wavering”, Reuters, 10.09.2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sept11-pakistan-usa-idUSTRE7890HS20110910 (26.08.2020)
  • Chand ,Atul ve Kafil Ahmad, (2020)“US-Taliban Peace Deal and India-Afghanistan Relations”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 9(5), s.75-81.
  • Croco, Sarah E. ve Tze Kwang Teo, (2005) “Assessing the Dyaclic Approach to Interstate Conflict Process:A.k.a “Dangerous” Dyad-Years, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 22(1), s. 5-18.
  • Çınarlı, Özgür(2016), “Afganistan’daki İç Savaş ve Dış Müdahale (1989-2001)”, Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), s.10-16.
  • Dixon, William J.(1996) “Third-Party Techniques for Preventing Conflict Escalation and Promoting Peaceful Settlement”, International Organization, 50(4), s. 653-681.
  • Erman, Kubilay(2019),“Çatışma Çocukları: Afganistan’ın Kayıp Nesilleri”, Yeni Güvenlik Ekosistemi ve Çok Taraflı Bedeli, TASAM, s.31-47.
  • Fair, Christine (2008),’’Pakistan’s relations with Central Asia: Is past prologue?’’ Journal of Strategic Studies 31( 2), , s. 201-227.
  • Feste, Karen(1992), Expanding the Frontiers: Superpower Intervention in the Cold War, Prager Publishers, New York 1992.
  • Findley, Michael G. ve Tze Kwang Teo (2006), “Rethinking Third-Party Interventions into Civil Wars: An Actor-Centric Approach”, The Journal of Politics, 68(4), s. 828-837.
  • Findley, Michael G. ve Josiah F. Marineau,(2015),“Lootable resources and third-party intervention into civil wars," Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(5), s. 465-486.
  • Ganguly, Sumit ve Nicholas Howenstein(2009), “India-Pakistan Rivalry in Afghanistan”, Journal of International Affairs, 63(1), Pakistan & Afghanistan: Domestic Pressures and Regional Threats, s. 127-140.
  • Gaznevi, Abuzer Pirzade-yi(2010), تاریخ سیاسی معاصر افغانستان (Afganistan’ın Çağdaş Siyasi Tarihi), Tahran: İhsan.
  • Gregory, Shaun, (2007),“The ISI and the War on Terrorism”, Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30(12),s.1013-1031.
  • Javaid, Umbreen(2016), “Analyzing the Dynamics of Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations: Past and Present”, South Asian Studies , 31(1), J s.137-147.
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  • Kapral, Andrew (2004),“Third-Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflict: A Cost Benefit Analysis”, Res Politico-Journal of Undergraduate Research, 9(1), s.27-38.
  • Kapur, Paul S. ve Sumit Ganguly, (2012),’’The jihad paradox: Pakistan and Islamist militancy in South Asia’’, International Security, 37( 1), s. 111–141.
  • Kathman, Jacob D. (2010) “Civil War Contagion and Neighboring Interventions”, International Studies Quarterly, 54(4), s.989-1012.
  • Koga,, Jun(2011),“Where Do Third Parties Intervene? Third Parties’ Domestic Institutions and Military Interventions in Civil Conflicts”, International Studies Quarterly, 55(4), s.1143–1166
  • MacFarlane, Neil S., (2002),“The Terms of the Debate”, Intervention in Contemporary World Politics, Adelphi Paper 350, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Oxford University Press, London, s. 15-18.
  • Miller, Laurel, “The Trump Administration’s Afghanistan Policy”, Crisis Group, 19 September 2019, https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/trump-administrations-afghanistan-policy, (20 Haziran 2020).
  • Munir, Muhammad ve Muhammad Shafiq,(2017) “Trump’s New Afghan Strategy: Policy Options for Pakistan”, Journal of Contemporary Studies, Vol. 2, s. 29-46.
  • Nagra, Ghulam Muhammad, Ghulam Mustafa ve Muhammad Imran (2019,)“Major Powers’ Interest in Afghanistan and the Impact on Pakistan, Global Regional Review , IV(II), s. 57-66.
  • Öztop, Fatma Anıl(2019), “Devlet-içi Çatışmalarda Üçüncü Taraf Aktörler: Suriye İç Savaşında Türkiye’nin Rolü”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, 13(25), s.103-131.
  • Pant, Harsh V., “India’s Changing Afghanistan Policy: Regional and Global Implications, Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, December 2012, https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/2213.pdf (15.07. 2020).
  • Pickering, Jeffrey, (2001) “The Conflict-Prone and the Conflict-Weary:War Outcomes and Types of Military Intervention, 1946-1996”, Journal of political and Military Sociology”,29(2), s.221-239
  • Rashid, Ahmed (2010), Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia,New Haven: Yale University Press,.
  • Reagan, Patrick M. (1998),“Choosing to Intervene: Outside Interventions in Internal Conflicts". Journal of Politics, 60 (3), s. 754–779.
  • Reagan, Patrick M. (2000), Civil Wars and Foreign Powers:Interventions and Intrastate Conflicts, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • Reagan, Patrick M. (2002),“Third-Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts”,Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(1), 2002, s.55-73.
  • Regan, Patrick M. (2009), Richard W. Frank ve Ayşegül Aydin “Diplomatic Interventions and Civil War: A New Dataset”, Journal of Peace Research ,46(1), s.135–146.
  • Rubin, Barnett(1992), The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Rubin, Barnett ve Abubakar Siddique,(2006)”Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate”, U.S. Institute of Peace Special Report ,176, s.1-20.
  • Sakstrup, Casper ve Jakob Tolstrup (2020),“To Intervene or Not to Intervene? Democratic Constraints on Third-Party Support in Civil Wars”, Government and Opposition, s.1-22.
  • Schofield, Julian(2011),“Diversionary wars:: Pashtun unrest and the sources of the Pakistan-Afghan confrontation”, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 17(1),s.38-49.
  • Seren, Merve ve Yusuf Özer, (2013),“Çatışma Sonrası Ulus/Devlet İnşası: ‘STTK Afganistan Modeli’,(ed.)Nezir Akyeşilmen, Barışı Konuşma Teori ve Pratikte Çatışma Yönetimi, ODTÜ Yayıncılık, s.131-157.
  • Sitez, Malek, “رقابت‌های استراتژیک هند و پاکستان در افغانستان (Afganistan'da Hindistan-Pakistan Stratejik Rekabeti)”, 8 Subh, 1 Ocak 2013. https://8am.af/pakistan-india-strategic-competition-afghanistan/, (15.07.2020).
  • Shahzad, Syed Aleem (2011,), Inside Al-Qaeda and the Taliban Beyond Bin Laden and 9/11, London, PlutoPress.
  • Stern, Paul C. ve Daniel Druckman (2000) “Conflict Resolution in a Changing World”, Paul C. Stern ve Daniel Druckman(ed.), International Conflict Resolution After Cold War, National Academy Press, Washington, s.1-37.
  • Stern, Paul C. ve Daniel Druckman, (2000), “Evaluating Interventions in History: The Case of International Conflict Resolution”, International Studies Review, 2(1), s. 33-63.
  • Weinbaum, Marvin G. ve Jonathan B. Harder,(2008) “Pakistan's Afghan policies and their consequences”, Contemporary South Asia, 16 (1), s.25-38.
  • Weinbaum, Marvin G. (2009),’’Hard choices in countering insurgency and terrorism along Pakistan’s north-west frontier,’’ Journal of International Affairs, 63 (1), s.73–88.
  • Ziring, Lawrence (2009)’’Unraveling the Afghanistan-Pakistan riddle’,’ Asian Affairs: An American Review, 36( 2), s. 59–78.
  • The Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, Conflict Barometer 2019, 2020, https://hiik.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ConflictBarometer_2019_4.pdf (01.10.2020)
  • The White House, “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan”, 01 December 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-address-nation-way-forward-afghanistan-and-pakistan, (17 Haziran 2020).
  • “ABD ve Taliban anlaşma imzaladı, Afganistan'daki Amerikan askerleri 14 ay içinde çekilebilir”, BBC Türkçe, 25.02.2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51688527 (30.11.2020).
  • ”Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions,” Bonn Agreement, United Nations, Bonn, Germa- ny, December 5, 2001, available from www.unhcr.org/refworld/ docid/3f48f4754.html.
  • “Afganistan hükümeti ile Taliban arasında 'tarihi' barış görüşmeleri başladı”, BBC Türkçe, 12.12.2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54129379 (30.11.2020).
  • “Afghanistan: Crisis of Impunity, the Role of Pakistan, Russia, and Iran in fueling the Civil War”, Human Rights Watch, 13 Julay 2001, https://www.hrw.org/report/2001/07/01/crisis-impunity-role-pakistan-russia-and-iran-fueling-civil-war-afghanistan, (10 Eylül 2020).
  • “Obama Afghanistan Strategy: More Troops in Quickly, Drawdown in 2011”, CNN, 2 December 2009, https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/01/obama.afghanistan/index.html, (17 Haziran 2020).
  • “The U.S. War in Afghanistan”, The Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan, (14 Haziran 2020).
  • “به عبارت ديگر: ضيا مجيد (Başka Bir Deyişle: Ziya Mecit)”, BBC Farsça, 4 Ağustos 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhkuiSFVtvE, (22 Mart 2020).
  • “اعضای لویه‌جرگه با آزادی ۴۰۰ زندانی 'خطرناک' طالبان موافقت کردند؛ ... (Loye Cirge Üyeleri 400 ‘Tehlikeli’ Taliban Mahkûmunun Serbest Bırakmasını Kabul Etti; …)”, BBC Farsça, 8 Ağustos 2020, https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-53706651, (20 Haziran 2020).
Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 102 - 127, 30.03.2021

Abstract

References

  • Abdali, Shaida Mohammad (2016),Afghanistan Pakistan India: A Paradigm Shift, New Delhi: Pentagon Press.
  • Adelkhah Fariba,(2017) “War and State (Re)Construction in Afghanistan: Conflicts of Tradition or Conflicts of Development?”, Development as a Battlefield, s.137–163.
  • Ahmed, Zahid Shahab ve Stuti Bhatnagar, (2015),“Conflict or Cooperation? The Role of India and Pakistan in Post-2014 Afghanistan”, South Asian Studies,A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(1), s.259-276.
  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan ve Andrew J. Enterline (2000),“Killing Time: The World Politics of Civil War Duration, 1820-1992”, International Studies Quarterly, 44(4), s.615-642.
  • Balanchandar,, Shreshta “India’s Role in Afganistan: Past Relations and Future Prospects”, Foreign Policy Journal, 30.10. 2012, https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/11/30/indias-role-in-afghanistan-past-relations-and-future-prospects/ (27.08.2020)
  • Burget, Fazıl Ahmed (2013),“Durand Hattı”: Afganistan-Pakistan Arasında Yaşanan Kavganın Diğer Adı”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 5(56), s.60-67.
  • Bozatay, Deniz Anbarlı ve İsmail Meriç, (2013),“Afganistan’da Şiddet ve Terörün Toplumsal Arka Planı”, Akademik Ortadoğu, 7(14), s. 149-173.
  • Chalmers, John,”Analysis: With us or against us? A decade on, Pakistan wavering”, Reuters, 10.09.2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sept11-pakistan-usa-idUSTRE7890HS20110910 (26.08.2020)
  • Chand ,Atul ve Kafil Ahmad, (2020)“US-Taliban Peace Deal and India-Afghanistan Relations”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 9(5), s.75-81.
  • Croco, Sarah E. ve Tze Kwang Teo, (2005) “Assessing the Dyaclic Approach to Interstate Conflict Process:A.k.a “Dangerous” Dyad-Years, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 22(1), s. 5-18.
  • Çınarlı, Özgür(2016), “Afganistan’daki İç Savaş ve Dış Müdahale (1989-2001)”, Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), s.10-16.
  • Dixon, William J.(1996) “Third-Party Techniques for Preventing Conflict Escalation and Promoting Peaceful Settlement”, International Organization, 50(4), s. 653-681.
  • Erman, Kubilay(2019),“Çatışma Çocukları: Afganistan’ın Kayıp Nesilleri”, Yeni Güvenlik Ekosistemi ve Çok Taraflı Bedeli, TASAM, s.31-47.
  • Fair, Christine (2008),’’Pakistan’s relations with Central Asia: Is past prologue?’’ Journal of Strategic Studies 31( 2), , s. 201-227.
  • Feste, Karen(1992), Expanding the Frontiers: Superpower Intervention in the Cold War, Prager Publishers, New York 1992.
  • Findley, Michael G. ve Tze Kwang Teo (2006), “Rethinking Third-Party Interventions into Civil Wars: An Actor-Centric Approach”, The Journal of Politics, 68(4), s. 828-837.
  • Findley, Michael G. ve Josiah F. Marineau,(2015),“Lootable resources and third-party intervention into civil wars," Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(5), s. 465-486.
  • Ganguly, Sumit ve Nicholas Howenstein(2009), “India-Pakistan Rivalry in Afghanistan”, Journal of International Affairs, 63(1), Pakistan & Afghanistan: Domestic Pressures and Regional Threats, s. 127-140.
  • Gaznevi, Abuzer Pirzade-yi(2010), تاریخ سیاسی معاصر افغانستان (Afganistan’ın Çağdaş Siyasi Tarihi), Tahran: İhsan.
  • Gregory, Shaun, (2007),“The ISI and the War on Terrorism”, Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30(12),s.1013-1031.
  • Javaid, Umbreen(2016), “Analyzing the Dynamics of Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations: Past and Present”, South Asian Studies , 31(1), J s.137-147.
  • Javaid, Umbreen ve Rameesha Javaid, (2016) “Indian Influence in Afghanistan and its Implications for Pakistan”, JRSP, 53(1), s.1-12. Johnson, Thomas H. ve Chris Mason (2008) “No sign until the burst of fire”, International Security, 32(4), s. 41–77.
  • Kapral, Andrew (2004),“Third-Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflict: A Cost Benefit Analysis”, Res Politico-Journal of Undergraduate Research, 9(1), s.27-38.
  • Kapur, Paul S. ve Sumit Ganguly, (2012),’’The jihad paradox: Pakistan and Islamist militancy in South Asia’’, International Security, 37( 1), s. 111–141.
  • Kathman, Jacob D. (2010) “Civil War Contagion and Neighboring Interventions”, International Studies Quarterly, 54(4), s.989-1012.
  • Koga,, Jun(2011),“Where Do Third Parties Intervene? Third Parties’ Domestic Institutions and Military Interventions in Civil Conflicts”, International Studies Quarterly, 55(4), s.1143–1166
  • MacFarlane, Neil S., (2002),“The Terms of the Debate”, Intervention in Contemporary World Politics, Adelphi Paper 350, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Oxford University Press, London, s. 15-18.
  • Miller, Laurel, “The Trump Administration’s Afghanistan Policy”, Crisis Group, 19 September 2019, https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/trump-administrations-afghanistan-policy, (20 Haziran 2020).
  • Munir, Muhammad ve Muhammad Shafiq,(2017) “Trump’s New Afghan Strategy: Policy Options for Pakistan”, Journal of Contemporary Studies, Vol. 2, s. 29-46.
  • Nagra, Ghulam Muhammad, Ghulam Mustafa ve Muhammad Imran (2019,)“Major Powers’ Interest in Afghanistan and the Impact on Pakistan, Global Regional Review , IV(II), s. 57-66.
  • Öztop, Fatma Anıl(2019), “Devlet-içi Çatışmalarda Üçüncü Taraf Aktörler: Suriye İç Savaşında Türkiye’nin Rolü”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, 13(25), s.103-131.
  • Pant, Harsh V., “India’s Changing Afghanistan Policy: Regional and Global Implications, Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, December 2012, https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/2213.pdf (15.07. 2020).
  • Pickering, Jeffrey, (2001) “The Conflict-Prone and the Conflict-Weary:War Outcomes and Types of Military Intervention, 1946-1996”, Journal of political and Military Sociology”,29(2), s.221-239
  • Rashid, Ahmed (2010), Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia,New Haven: Yale University Press,.
  • Reagan, Patrick M. (1998),“Choosing to Intervene: Outside Interventions in Internal Conflicts". Journal of Politics, 60 (3), s. 754–779.
  • Reagan, Patrick M. (2000), Civil Wars and Foreign Powers:Interventions and Intrastate Conflicts, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • Reagan, Patrick M. (2002),“Third-Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts”,Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(1), 2002, s.55-73.
  • Regan, Patrick M. (2009), Richard W. Frank ve Ayşegül Aydin “Diplomatic Interventions and Civil War: A New Dataset”, Journal of Peace Research ,46(1), s.135–146.
  • Rubin, Barnett(1992), The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Rubin, Barnett ve Abubakar Siddique,(2006)”Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate”, U.S. Institute of Peace Special Report ,176, s.1-20.
  • Sakstrup, Casper ve Jakob Tolstrup (2020),“To Intervene or Not to Intervene? Democratic Constraints on Third-Party Support in Civil Wars”, Government and Opposition, s.1-22.
  • Schofield, Julian(2011),“Diversionary wars:: Pashtun unrest and the sources of the Pakistan-Afghan confrontation”, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 17(1),s.38-49.
  • Seren, Merve ve Yusuf Özer, (2013),“Çatışma Sonrası Ulus/Devlet İnşası: ‘STTK Afganistan Modeli’,(ed.)Nezir Akyeşilmen, Barışı Konuşma Teori ve Pratikte Çatışma Yönetimi, ODTÜ Yayıncılık, s.131-157.
  • Sitez, Malek, “رقابت‌های استراتژیک هند و پاکستان در افغانستان (Afganistan'da Hindistan-Pakistan Stratejik Rekabeti)”, 8 Subh, 1 Ocak 2013. https://8am.af/pakistan-india-strategic-competition-afghanistan/, (15.07.2020).
  • Shahzad, Syed Aleem (2011,), Inside Al-Qaeda and the Taliban Beyond Bin Laden and 9/11, London, PlutoPress.
  • Stern, Paul C. ve Daniel Druckman (2000) “Conflict Resolution in a Changing World”, Paul C. Stern ve Daniel Druckman(ed.), International Conflict Resolution After Cold War, National Academy Press, Washington, s.1-37.
  • Stern, Paul C. ve Daniel Druckman, (2000), “Evaluating Interventions in History: The Case of International Conflict Resolution”, International Studies Review, 2(1), s. 33-63.
  • Weinbaum, Marvin G. ve Jonathan B. Harder,(2008) “Pakistan's Afghan policies and their consequences”, Contemporary South Asia, 16 (1), s.25-38.
  • Weinbaum, Marvin G. (2009),’’Hard choices in countering insurgency and terrorism along Pakistan’s north-west frontier,’’ Journal of International Affairs, 63 (1), s.73–88.
  • Ziring, Lawrence (2009)’’Unraveling the Afghanistan-Pakistan riddle’,’ Asian Affairs: An American Review, 36( 2), s. 59–78.
  • The Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, Conflict Barometer 2019, 2020, https://hiik.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ConflictBarometer_2019_4.pdf (01.10.2020)
  • The White House, “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan”, 01 December 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-address-nation-way-forward-afghanistan-and-pakistan, (17 Haziran 2020).
  • “ABD ve Taliban anlaşma imzaladı, Afganistan'daki Amerikan askerleri 14 ay içinde çekilebilir”, BBC Türkçe, 25.02.2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51688527 (30.11.2020).
  • ”Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions,” Bonn Agreement, United Nations, Bonn, Germa- ny, December 5, 2001, available from www.unhcr.org/refworld/ docid/3f48f4754.html.
  • “Afganistan hükümeti ile Taliban arasında 'tarihi' barış görüşmeleri başladı”, BBC Türkçe, 12.12.2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54129379 (30.11.2020).
  • “Afghanistan: Crisis of Impunity, the Role of Pakistan, Russia, and Iran in fueling the Civil War”, Human Rights Watch, 13 Julay 2001, https://www.hrw.org/report/2001/07/01/crisis-impunity-role-pakistan-russia-and-iran-fueling-civil-war-afghanistan, (10 Eylül 2020).
  • “Obama Afghanistan Strategy: More Troops in Quickly, Drawdown in 2011”, CNN, 2 December 2009, https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/01/obama.afghanistan/index.html, (17 Haziran 2020).
  • “The U.S. War in Afghanistan”, The Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan, (14 Haziran 2020).
  • “به عبارت ديگر: ضيا مجيد (Başka Bir Deyişle: Ziya Mecit)”, BBC Farsça, 4 Ağustos 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhkuiSFVtvE, (22 Mart 2020).
  • “اعضای لویه‌جرگه با آزادی ۴۰۰ زندانی 'خطرناک' طالبان موافقت کردند؛ ... (Loye Cirge Üyeleri 400 ‘Tehlikeli’ Taliban Mahkûmunun Serbest Bırakmasını Kabul Etti; …)”, BBC Farsça, 8 Ağustos 2020, https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-53706651, (20 Haziran 2020).
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatma Anıl Öztop 0000-0002-6755-2876

Ertan Efegil 0000-0003-4509-8892

Ghulam Faroq Keskin 0000-0001-6834-0333

Publication Date March 30, 2021
Acceptance Date April 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Öztop, F. A., Efegil, E., & Keskin, G. F. (2021). Devlet-içi Çatışmalarda Üçüncü Devletlerin Rolü: Afganistan Çatışmasında Pakistan ile Hindistan’ın Mücadelesi. Akademik Tarih Ve Düşünce Dergisi, 8(1), 102-127.

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