Abstract
The China and Afghanistan relations have been regulated based on Beijing's approach to regional and international developments in the past decades. The pulling out of American forces from Afghanistan and the takeover of Kabul by the Taliban led to a change in China's approach to Afghanistan from different points of view. America's withdrawal will alter the balance of power in Afghanistan and, as a result, its surrounding areas. China's approach to Afghanistan has always been based on security considerations, and now economic considerations have also been added to it. China's big economic plan in Pakistan and Central Asia is one of the most imperative security concerns of China, along with the concern of the link between the extremist groups in Afghanistan and the Uyghurs in the neighborhood of this country. The presence of the Taliban in power and the withdrawal of America from Afghanistan have led to a change in the relationship pattern from calculated indifference to strategic partnership. Components such as environmental uncertainty and strategic adaptation became the basis for the acceptance of this model by China. In the current research, we are investigating the reason for the change in China's attitude towards Afghanistan from calculated indifference to strategic partnership, and we want to provide a clear picture of these developments by expressing China's activism in Afghanistan.
References
- Afghanistan, Nikkei Asian Review, 14 January 2019. At: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/China-has-economic-aims-as-it-quietly-
- ------------- (2021), Five Asian countries to implement a new railway corridor.
- Bokhari, F. (2019). China has economic aims as it quietly builds bonds with Afghanistan. Nikkei Asian Review, 14. Czechowska, L. (2013). The concept of strategic partnership as an input in the modern alliance theory. The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies, 2 (4).
- Czechowska, L. (2013). The concept of strategic partnership as an input in the modern alliance theory.
- -------------(2018), China denies having troops in Afghanistan’s Wakhan Cor- ridor, Military
- ------------- (2020), Chinese-Iranian Relations vi. Modern Afghan – Encyclopae- dia Iranica.
- at: www.iranica.com/articles/chinese-iranian-vi ------------- (2002), Chinese Embassy In Kabul Reopened, February 07, 2002. at: http://En.People.Cn/200202/06/Eng20020206_90062.Shtml ------------- (2021), Report: China & Afghanistan Trade relations. At: https:// oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/afg#:~:text=Chi – na%2DAfghanistan%3A%20In%202019%2C,Broadcasting%20Equip ment%20(%2426.4M)
- Chatzky, A. and McBride, J. (2019). China’s Massive Belt and Road initiative, Council on Foreign Relations, 21 May 2019. At: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative.
- Ghiasy, R. (2017). Opinion: why Afghanistan’s stability is so important to China, South China Morning Post, 22 May 2017. At: www.scmp.com/ news/china/diplomacy-
- Gupta, S. (2021). 10 Chinese spies caught in Kabul get a quiet pardon. fly home in chartered aircraft Hindustan Times. Jan 04, 2021.
- Hilali, A. Z. (01 Jul 2010). China's Response To The Soviet Invasion Of Afghani-stan, At: www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/Pdf/10.1080/02634930120095349
- Haywood, J., Jotischky, A., & McGlynn, S. (2001). Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492. Barnes & Noble.
- Hong, Z. (2013). China's Afghan Policy: The Forming of The" March West" Strategy?. The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 1-29.
- Huasheng, Z. (2012). China and Afghanistan: China's Interests, stances, and perspectives. Center for Strategic & International Studies.
- Lin, H. T. (2010). Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Routledge.
- Saleh, A. and Zakiyeh, Y. (2020). Iran’s Pact with China is Bad News for the West. Foreign Policy, 9 August 2020.
- Small, A. (2015). The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics. Oxford University Press.
- Safi, M. and Alizada, B. (2018). Integrating Afghanistan into the Belt and Road Initiative: Review. Analysis and Prospects, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, August 2018.
- Shen-Yu, D. (1966). China and Afghanistan. The China Quarterly. 25 (1). At: https://www.Cambridge.Org/Core/Journals/China-Quarterly/Article/ Abs/China-And-Afghanistan/78DCAD6C838CE2A31728547CF2B0B3D1
- Sharma, R. (2010). China’s Afghanistan Policy: Slow Recalibra- tion, China Report 46, No. 3. At: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ pdf/10.1177/000944551104600303.
- Unama Report (2021), Afghanistan. At: unama.unmissions.org/civilian-casu- alties-set-hit-unprecedented-highs-2021-unless-urgent-action-stem-vio- lence-%E2%80%93-un-report
- Weitz, R. (2010). Karzai’s State Visit Highlights Beijing’s Afghan Priorities. China Brief, 10 (8).
- Synovitz, R. (2003). Afghanistan: History of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Rela- tions With Pakistan. At: www.Rferl.Org/A/1103837
- Tiezzi, S. (2021), Du Youkang on China’s Stake in Afghanistan, The Diplo- mat, May 04, 2021. at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/du-youkang-on- chinas-stake-in-afghanistan/
- Toktomushev, K. (2018). China's Military Base in Afghanistan. The Diplomat. at: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/chinas-military-base-in-afghanistan/
- Wilkins, T. S. (2008). Russo–Chinese strategic partnership: A new form of security cooperation?. Contemporary Security Policy, 29 (2), 358-383.
- Yun, S. (2013). March West: China’s Response to the U.S. Rebalancing, Brook- ings, January 31. at: www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2013/01/31/ march-west-chinas-response-to-the-u-s-rebalancing/https://oec.world/ en/profile/bilateral country/chn/partner/afg
- Mansingh,Surjit,India and the US: A Closer Strategic Relationship? January 2005 Economic and Political Weekly. http://tinyurl.com/yrzkez2y Hsiao, G. T. (2010). The foreign trade of China: Policy, law, and practice Published 1977 Update Law, Political Science, http://tinyurl.com/mr2kjm3u
Abstract
The China and Afghanistan relations have been regulated based on Beijing's approach to regional and international developments in the past decades. The pulling out of American forces from Afghanistan and the takeover of Kabul by the Taliban led to a change in China's approach to Afghanistan from different points of view. America's withdrawal will alter the balance of power in Afghanistan and, as a result, its surrounding areas. China's approach to Afghanistan has always been based on security considerations, and now economic considerations have also been added to it. China's big economic plan in Pakistan and Central Asia is one of the most imperative security concerns of China, along with the concern of the link between the extremist groups in Afghanistan and the Uyghurs in the neighborhood of this country. The presence of the Taliban in power and the withdrawal of America from Afghanistan have led to a change in the relationship pattern from calculated indifference to strategic partnership. Components such as environmental uncertainty and strategic adaptation became the basis for the acceptance of this model by China. In the current research, we are investigating the reason for the change in China's attitude towards Afghanistan from calculated indifference to strategic partnership, and we want to provide a clear picture of these developments by expressing China's activism in Afghanistan.
References
- Afghanistan, Nikkei Asian Review, 14 January 2019. At: https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/China-has-economic-aims-as-it-quietly-
- ------------- (2021), Five Asian countries to implement a new railway corridor.
- Bokhari, F. (2019). China has economic aims as it quietly builds bonds with Afghanistan. Nikkei Asian Review, 14. Czechowska, L. (2013). The concept of strategic partnership as an input in the modern alliance theory. The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies, 2 (4).
- Czechowska, L. (2013). The concept of strategic partnership as an input in the modern alliance theory.
- -------------(2018), China denies having troops in Afghanistan’s Wakhan Cor- ridor, Military
- ------------- (2020), Chinese-Iranian Relations vi. Modern Afghan – Encyclopae- dia Iranica.
- at: www.iranica.com/articles/chinese-iranian-vi ------------- (2002), Chinese Embassy In Kabul Reopened, February 07, 2002. at: http://En.People.Cn/200202/06/Eng20020206_90062.Shtml ------------- (2021), Report: China & Afghanistan Trade relations. At: https:// oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/afg#:~:text=Chi – na%2DAfghanistan%3A%20In%202019%2C,Broadcasting%20Equip ment%20(%2426.4M)
- Chatzky, A. and McBride, J. (2019). China’s Massive Belt and Road initiative, Council on Foreign Relations, 21 May 2019. At: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative.
- Ghiasy, R. (2017). Opinion: why Afghanistan’s stability is so important to China, South China Morning Post, 22 May 2017. At: www.scmp.com/ news/china/diplomacy-
- Gupta, S. (2021). 10 Chinese spies caught in Kabul get a quiet pardon. fly home in chartered aircraft Hindustan Times. Jan 04, 2021.
- Hilali, A. Z. (01 Jul 2010). China's Response To The Soviet Invasion Of Afghani-stan, At: www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/Pdf/10.1080/02634930120095349
- Haywood, J., Jotischky, A., & McGlynn, S. (2001). Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492. Barnes & Noble.
- Hong, Z. (2013). China's Afghan Policy: The Forming of The" March West" Strategy?. The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 1-29.
- Huasheng, Z. (2012). China and Afghanistan: China's Interests, stances, and perspectives. Center for Strategic & International Studies.
- Lin, H. T. (2010). Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Routledge.
- Saleh, A. and Zakiyeh, Y. (2020). Iran’s Pact with China is Bad News for the West. Foreign Policy, 9 August 2020.
- Small, A. (2015). The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics. Oxford University Press.
- Safi, M. and Alizada, B. (2018). Integrating Afghanistan into the Belt and Road Initiative: Review. Analysis and Prospects, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, August 2018.
- Shen-Yu, D. (1966). China and Afghanistan. The China Quarterly. 25 (1). At: https://www.Cambridge.Org/Core/Journals/China-Quarterly/Article/ Abs/China-And-Afghanistan/78DCAD6C838CE2A31728547CF2B0B3D1
- Sharma, R. (2010). China’s Afghanistan Policy: Slow Recalibra- tion, China Report 46, No. 3. At: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ pdf/10.1177/000944551104600303.
- Unama Report (2021), Afghanistan. At: unama.unmissions.org/civilian-casu- alties-set-hit-unprecedented-highs-2021-unless-urgent-action-stem-vio- lence-%E2%80%93-un-report
- Weitz, R. (2010). Karzai’s State Visit Highlights Beijing’s Afghan Priorities. China Brief, 10 (8).
- Synovitz, R. (2003). Afghanistan: History of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Rela- tions With Pakistan. At: www.Rferl.Org/A/1103837
- Tiezzi, S. (2021), Du Youkang on China’s Stake in Afghanistan, The Diplo- mat, May 04, 2021. at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/du-youkang-on- chinas-stake-in-afghanistan/
- Toktomushev, K. (2018). China's Military Base in Afghanistan. The Diplomat. at: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/chinas-military-base-in-afghanistan/
- Wilkins, T. S. (2008). Russo–Chinese strategic partnership: A new form of security cooperation?. Contemporary Security Policy, 29 (2), 358-383.
- Yun, S. (2013). March West: China’s Response to the U.S. Rebalancing, Brook- ings, January 31. at: www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2013/01/31/ march-west-chinas-response-to-the-u-s-rebalancing/https://oec.world/ en/profile/bilateral country/chn/partner/afg
- Mansingh,Surjit,India and the US: A Closer Strategic Relationship? January 2005 Economic and Political Weekly. http://tinyurl.com/yrzkez2y Hsiao, G. T. (2010). The foreign trade of China: Policy, law, and practice Published 1977 Update Law, Political Science, http://tinyurl.com/mr2kjm3u
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Political Science (Other) |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | January 12, 2024 |
| Publication Date | January 23, 2024 |
| Submission Date | December 27, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | January 12, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 6 |
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