<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-5851</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1308-9765</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ankara University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33688/aucbd.1826897</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Social Geography</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Sosyal Coğrafya</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Türkiye’de Kadınların İşgücüne Katılımı ve Ücretsiz Aile İşçiliği: Coğrafi Bir Değerlendirme</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Female Labour Force Participation and Unpaid Family Workers in Türkiye: A Geographical Assessment</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-2452</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Cırık</surname>
                                    <given-names>Deniz</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>MANİSA CELÂL BAYAR ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9038-464X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yüceşahin</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mustafa Murat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                                                <issue>Advanced Online Publication</issue>
                                        <fpage>79</fpage>
                                        <lpage>107</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251120">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>20</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260204">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>04</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2003, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2003</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Dünyada cinsiyet eşitsizliklerin azaltılmasına yönelik önemli adımlar atılmış olsa da bu eşitsizlikler farklı düzey ve boyutlarda varlıklarını sürdürmektedir. Kadınların işgücüne katılım oranları ile ücretsiz aile işçiliğinin yaygınlığı, kadınların yaşam koşullarını doğrudan etkileyen temel göstergeler olması nedeniyle cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ekonomik boyutunu yansıtmaktadır. Çalışmada, Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımı ve ücretsiz aile işçiliği, 2000 ve 2021 yıllarına ait İBBS-2 düzeyindeki veriler kullanılarak bölgesel ölçekte incelenmektedir. Bulgular; kadınların işgücüne katılımı, ücretsiz aile işçiliği ve ev işleri nedeniyle işgücü dışında kalma oranlarının bölgeler arasında belirgin eşitsizlikler sergilediğini; özellikle doğu ve güneydoğuda düşük katılımın sürekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Tarımsal çözülmeyle birlikte ücretsiz aile işçiliğinin payı gerilerken, ev işleri, işgücüne katılımı engelleyici bir faktör olmaya devam etmektedir. Ayrıca işgücüne katılımdaki oransal değişimlerin tek başına bir iyileşme göstergesi olarak ele alınmaması gerektiği; değişimlerin istihdamın niteliği ve enformel çalışma biçimleri üzerine mevcut literatür ışığında tartışılması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Although significant progress has been made in reducing gender inequalities worldwide, they persist across various levels and dimensions. Female labour force participation and unpaid family work reflect the economic dimension of gender inequality, as they directly affect women’s living conditions. This study examines female labour force participation and unpaid family work in Türkiye at the regional scale, using NUTS-2-level data for 2000 and 2021. The findings reveal that participation, unpaid family work, and being outside the labour force due to housework display marked regional inequalities, indicating the persistence of low participation, particularly in the eastern and southeastern regions. While the share of unpaid family labour declines with deagrarianisation, domestic labour continues to hinder labour force participation. It is also emphasized that proportional changes in labour force participation should not be considered sole indicators of improvement, and that these changes should be discussed, in light of the existing literature, in relation to the quality of employment and informal forms of work.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Kadınların işgücüne katılımı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ücretsiz aile işçisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İBBS2</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Female labour force participation</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Unpaid family workers</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  NUTS2</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acar Savran, G. (2004). Beden emek tarih: Diyalektik bir feminizm için. İstanbul: Kanat Kitap.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akinyemi, F. O., Kupoluyi, J. A., &amp; Akinyemi, A. I. (2016). Unpaid family workers. In C. L. Shehan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Family Studies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs351</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Antonopoulos, R. (2008). The unpaid care work/paid work connection (Working Paper No. 541). The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altuğ, F. &amp; Almammadlı, G. (2025). Türkiye’de kadın istihdamının sektörel ve bölgesel düzeyde yoğunlaşma durumu. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (54), 164-193. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1488162</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Atasü Topçuoğlu, R. (2012). Küreselleşme ve üretimin esnekleşmesi sürecinde kadın emeği. TTB Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, 12(44), 3-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aysan, M. F. (2014). Türkiye’nin demografik dönüşümü ve yeni meydan okumalar. L. Sunar (Ed.), Türkiye’de toplumsal değişim içinde (s. 67-88). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barnett, R. C. (2004). Preface: Women and work: Where are we, where did we come from, and where are we going? The Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 667-674.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bardasi, E. &amp; Wodon, Q. (2010). Working long hours and having no choice: Time poverty in guinea. Feminist Economics, 16(3), 45-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.508574</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beaujot, R. &amp; Liu, J. (2005). Models of time use in paid and unpaid work. Journal of Family Issues, 26(7), 924-946. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x04273583</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Becker, G. S. (1981). Treatise on the family. Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1, Part 2), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1086/298075</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bergmann, B. R. (2005). The economic emergence of women. Gordonsville, Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bora, A. (2005). Kadınların sınıfı: Ücretli ev emeği ve kadın öznelliğinin inşası. İletişim Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boratav, K. (1980). Tarımsal yapılar ve kapitalizm. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boserup, E. (2007). Woman’s role in economic development. Earthscan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Breitkreuz, R. S., Williamson, D. L. &amp; Raine, K. D. (2010). Dis-integrated policy: welfare-to-work participants’ experiences of integrating paid work and unpaid family work. Community, Work &amp; Family, 13(1), 43-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902923753</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buğra, A. &amp; Adar, S. (2008). Social policy change in countries without mature welfare states: The case of Turkey. New perspectives on Turkey, 38, 83-106. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600004933</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buğra, A. &amp; Keyder, Ç. (2006). The Turkish welfare regime in transformation. Journal of European social policy, 16(3), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928706065593</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Caldwell, J. C. (1982). Theory of fertility decline. Academic Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clark, C. (1957). The conditions of economic progress. Macmillan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Crompton, R. (2006). Employment and the family: The reconfiguration of work and family life in contemporary societies. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Daly, P. A. (1982). Unpaid family workers: Long-term decline continues. Monthly Labor Review, 105(10), 3-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deere, C. D. &amp; Doss, C. R. (2006). The gender asset gap: What do we know and why does it matter? Feminist Economics, 12(1-2), 1-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700500508056</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dedeoğlu, S. (2000). Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri açısından Türkiye’de aile ve kadın emeği. Toplum ve Bilim, 86(3), 139-170.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (DİE). (2002). Çocuk İşgücü 1999. (Yayın Numarası: 2547).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (DİE). (2003). Genel Nüfus Sayımı 2000: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Ankara (Türkiye Geneli Yayın Numarası: 2759 ve 81 il için hazırlanmış raporlar).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ducoff, L. J. &amp; Bancroft, G. (1945). Experiment in the measurement of unpaid family labor in agriculture. Journal of the American Statistical Assoc0(230), 205-213. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1945.10501843</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dur, V. (2017).  Women employment and family in Turkey: A comparison between perceptions  and the theory. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi (Journal of Social Security). 7(2), 233-258.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ecevit, M. (1994). Tarımda kadının toplumsal konumu: Bazı kavramsal ilişkiler. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 27(2): 89- 106.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erdut, T. (2005). İşgücü piyasasında enformelleşme ve kadın işgücü. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(6), 11-49.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ergün, Z. E. &amp; Özmen Yılmaz, D. (2024). Cinsiyetli ve çelişkili bir kategori olarak ücretsiz aile işçiliğinin Türkiye’deki seyri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 4(83), 1585-1626. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1569674</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erol, S. (2015). Türkiye’de kadının çalışma hayatına katılımının belirleyicileri. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 1-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Falconi, A. M., Weber, A. M., Cullen, M. R., Stefanick, M. L., Michael, Y. L. &amp; Darmstadt, G. L. (2020). Shifts in women’s paid employment participation during the World War II era and later life health. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 66(1), 42-50.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Flora, C. B. (2014). Agricultural labor: Gender issues. Encyclopedia of agriculture and food systems içinde (ss. 123-130). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00103-0</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hakim, C. (1991). Grateful slaves and self-made women: fact and fantasy in women’s work orientations. European Sociological Review, 7(2), 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036590</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hakim, C. (1993). The myth of rising female employment. Work, Employment &amp; Society: A Journal of the British Sociological Association, 7(1), 97-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001709371005</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hakim, C. (1995). Five feminist myths about women’s employment. The British Journal of Sociology, 46(3), 429-455. https://doi.org/10.2307/591850</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Himmelweit, S. (1995). The discovery of “unpaid work”: the social consequences of the expansion of “work”. Feminist Economics, 1(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/714042229</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hochschild, A. R. (2003). The second shift. Penguin Books.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Labour Organization (ILO) Statistics Department. (2024). The impact of care responsibilities on women’s labour force participation. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO). https://doi.org/10.54394/lptt5569</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Irwin, S. (2003). Interdependencies, values and the reshaping of difference: gender and generation at the birth of twentieth-century modernity. The British Journal of Sociology, 54(4), 565-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131032000143591</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jung, A.-K. &amp; O’Brien, K. M. (2019). The profound influence of unpaid work on women’s lives: An overview and future directions. Journal of Career Development, 46(2), 184-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317734648</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khan, N. R., Arif, G. M., Sabir, M. &amp; Abbasi, J. Y. (2024). Unpaid work and women empowerment. Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment, 34(7), 1172-1191. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2023.2251549</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kağıtçıbaşı, C. &amp; Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and Family Change: A three‐decade portrait from Turkey. Psychologie appliquee [Applied Psychology], 54(3), 317-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00213.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kılıç, D. &amp; Öztürk, S. (2014). Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: Bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Laslett, B. &amp; Brenner, J. (1989). Gender and social reproduction: historical perspectives. Annual Review of Sociology, 15(1), 381-404. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.002121</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 211-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00328.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lesthaeghe, R. (2014). The second demographic transition: a concise overview of its development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(51), 18112-18115. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420441111</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Massey, D. (1994). Space, place and gender. University of Minnesota Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mehrotra, S. &amp; Parida, J. K. (2017). Why is the labour force participation of women declining in India? World Development, 98, 360-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.003</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nelson, B. J. (1984). Women’s poverty and women’s citizenship: Some political consequences of economic marginality. Signs, 10(2), 209-231. https://doi.org/10.1086/494134</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nussbaum, M. (2000). Women’s capabilities and social justice. Journal of Human Development, 1(2), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/713678045</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öksüz, M. &amp; Özgür, E. (2021). Emeğin etnikleşmesi ve feminizasyonu: Çay tarımında kadın ve Gürcü emeği. Coğrafya Dergisi / Journal of Geography, 43, 55-75. https://doi.org/10.26650/jgeog2021-845700</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özgür, E. M. (2004). Türkiye’de toplam doğurganlık hızının mekansal dağılışı. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000047</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, S. (2018). Regional differences in labour force participation in Turkey. Sosyoekonomi, 153-168. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.312610</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, S. &amp; Başar, D. (2018). Türkiye’de kadınların işgücü piyasasına yönelik tercihleri. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 8(2), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.492887</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pearce, D. (1978). The feminization of poverty: Women, work, and welfare. The Urban &amp; Social Change Review, 11(1-2), 28-36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Peterson, J. (1987). The feminization of poverty. Journal of Economic Issues, 21(1), 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1987.11504613</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reher, D. S. (2004). The demographic transition revisited as a global process. Population, space and place, 10(1), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.313</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rowe, B. R. &amp; Hong, G.-S. (2000). The role of wives in family businesses: The paid and unpaid work of women. Family Business Review, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2000.00001.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stockemer, D. &amp; Byrne, M. (2012). Women’s representation around the world: The importance of women’s participation in the workforce. Parliamentary Affairs, 65(4), 802-821. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr063</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tilly, L. A. &amp; Scott, J. W. (1989). Women, work and family. Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tuysuz, S. &amp; Mutlu, K. (2021). Kadın istihdamının coğrafyası ve bölgesel yakınsama. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (77), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.897597</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (10 Mart 2021). Hanehalkı işgücü araştırmasında yapılan düzenlemelere ilişkin metodoloji dokümanı, https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/metodolojikDokumanlar/hia_metod_tr.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.03.2025).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2020). İstatistiklerle Çocuk 2020. (Yayın Numarası: 4614).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). 2021 Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı. (Yayın Numarası: 4727).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2025). İşgücü İstatistikleri (2000-2021). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/ (Erişim tarihi: 29.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu &amp; UN Women. (2024). Türkiye’de istatistiklerle kadın 2024. Erişim adresi: https://turkiye.unwomen.org/tr/digital-library/publications/2025/05/turkiyede-istatistiklerle-kadin-2024</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vadnjal, J. &amp; Zupan, B. (2009). The role of women in family businesses. Economic and Business Review, 11(2), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.15458/2335-4216.1265</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Walby, S. (1989). Theorising patriarchy. Sociology, 23(2), 213-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038589023002004</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">White, J. B. (1999). Para ile akraba: Kentsel Türkiye’de kadın emeği (A. Bora, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World Economic Forum. (2025). Global Gender Gap Report 2025. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2025/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wicks, D., Mishra, G. &amp; Milne, L. (2002). Young women, work and inequality: Is it what they want or what they get? An Australian contribution to research on women and workforce participation. Sociological Research Online, 7(3), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.737</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırımalp, S., &amp; Özdemir, A. (2013). Yapabilirlikten yoksunluk bağlamında Türkiye’de kadın yoksulluğu. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 2(4), 50-83.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, B. &amp; Şahin, F. (2019). Esping-Andersen’in refah devleti sınıflandırması ve makro sosyal hizmet uygulamaları temelinde Türkiye’nin konumu. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(18). https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.542395</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yücesan Özdemir, G. (2010). “Ekmek ve Gül”: Güvencesiz çalışan kadınların sağlığı. TTB Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, 10(37), 9-12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yüceşahin, M. M. (2009). Türkiye’nin demografik geçiş sürecine coğrafi bir yaklaşım. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000096</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yüceşahin, M. M. (2011). Küresel bir süreç olarak demografik dönüşüm: Mekânsal bir değerlendirme. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.1501/cogbil_0000000115</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yüceşahin, M. M. &amp; Özgür, E. M. (2008). Regional fertility differences in Turkey: Persistent high fertility in the southeast. Population. Space and Place, 14(2), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.480</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
