<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-5851</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1308-9765</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ankara University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33688/aucbd.1844045</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Physical Geography</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Fiziki Coğrafya</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>A Comparative Analysis of Heat Waves in Türkiye Based on Different Methodologies (1975–2022)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Türkiye’deki Sıcak Hava Dalgalarının Farklı Metodolojilere Göre Karşılaştırmalı Analizi (1975–2022)</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-9687</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Balcıoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Yunus Emre</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6535-4481</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Gönençgil</surname>
                                    <given-names>Barbaros</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                                                <issue>Advanced Online Publication</issue>
                                        <fpage>237</fpage>
                                        <lpage>272</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251218">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>18</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260307">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>07</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2003, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2003</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Climate change is one of the most significant environmental issues of our time. Consequently, heat waves are becoming increasingly common. This study based on an evaluation of 159 meteorological stations across Türkiye to determine the number, duration, and intensity of heat waves between 1975 and 2022 using both the 90th percentile and 3℃ methods. Analyses were performed using the Mann Kendall test and linear trend analysis. The results were mapped using GIS techniques. The findings indicate that although the statistical significance of the number of heat waves across the region was mostly at the 0.001 and 0.01significance levels for both methods, the continuity index was higly significant only in the 90th-percentile method. Significance remained low for the intensity index across both methods compared with other indices. In linear trend analyses, the number of heat waves increased at all stations. Most stations showed a positive trend in persistence and intensity over a 48-year period.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>İklim değişikliği günümüzün en önemli çevresel sorunlarındandır. Bununla birlikte sıcak hava dalgaları da giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye genelinde toplam 159 meteoroloji istasyonunun değerlendirilmesiyle 1975-2022 yılları arasında sıcak hava dalgalarının sayısı, sürekliliği ve şiddeti hem 90 persentil hem de 3℃ metodu ile çözümlenmiştir. Analizler, Mann Kendall istatistiki analizi ve doğrusal eğilim analizi metodu ile yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçların çıktıları CBS teknikleri kullanılarak haritalandırılmıştır. Bulgulara göre sıcak hava dalgalarının sayısında bölge genelinde her 2 metotta da istatistiki anlamlılık çoğunlukla 0.001 ve 0.01 seviyesindeyken süreklilik indisinde sadece 90 persentil metodunda genel olarak anlamlılığın yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Şiddet indisinde ise istatistiki anlamlılık her 2 metotta da diğer indislere göre düşük kalmıştır. Doğrusal eğilim analizlerinde ise incelenen dönemde sıcak hava dalgası sayısı tüm istasyonlarda artış göstermiştir. Süreklilik ve şiddet indisinde ise 48 yıllık periyotta istasyonların çoğunda pozitif bir eğilim olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>İklim değişikliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sıcak hava dalgaları</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekstrem hadiseler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Trend analizi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Climate change</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Heatwaves</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Extreme events</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Trend analysis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abbasnia, M. (2019). Climatic characteristics of heat waves under climate change: A case study of mid-latitudes, Iran. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(2), 637-656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0052-4</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acar Deniz, Z. &amp; Gönençgil, B. (2015). Trends of summer daily maximum temperature extremes in Turkey. Physical Geography, 36(4), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2015.1045285</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akyol, İ. (1945). Atmosfer sarsımları ve Türkiye&#039;de hava tipleri. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (7-8), 1-36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Atzori, R., Fyall, A. &amp; Miller, G. (2018). Tourist responses to climate change: Potential impacts and adaptation in Florida&#039;s coastal destinations. Tourism Management, 69, 12-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baltaci, H., Ozturk, Y. &amp; Akkoyunlu, B. O. (2024). Long-term variations and synoptic features of heat waves in Turkiye. International Journal of Global Warming, 33(1), 51-68.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bonett, D. G. &amp; Wright, T. A. (2000). Sample size requirements for estimating Pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlations. Psychometrika, 65(1), 23-28.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bonino, G., McAdam, R., Athanasiadis, R., Cavicchia, L., Rodrigues, R. R., Scoccimarro, E., … Masina, S. (2025). Mediterranean summer marine heatwaves triggered by weaker winds under subtropical ridges. Nature Geoscience, 18, 948–953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01762-9</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cao, L. J. &amp; Yan, Z. W. (2012). Progress in research on homogenization of climate data. Advances in Climate Change Research, 3(2), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00059</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chang, D., Bu, N., Zhang, N. &amp; Xiao, H. (2024). Climate change and tourism demand: Risks for extreme heat? Heliyon, 10(17).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çiçek, İ. (2000). Türkiye&#039;de termik dönemlerin yayılışı ve süreleri. Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1–2), 189–212.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cowan, T., Undorf, S., Hegerl, G. C., Harrington, L. J. &amp; Otto, F. E. (2020). Present-day greenhouse gases could cause more frequent and longer Dust Bowl heatwaves. Nature Climate Change, 10(6), 505–510. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0771-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DeCoster, J., &amp; Claypool, H. M. (2004). Data analysis in SPSS. Retrieved March 2, 2026, from http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demircan, M., Arabacı, H., Akçakaya, A., Şensoy, S., Bölük, E., Kömüşçü, A. Ü. &amp; Coşkun, M. (2017). A review of the Turkey February heat wave of 2016. 8. Atmospheric Sciences Symposium (ATMOS2017) Bildiriler Kitabı (ss. 1–4).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demircan, M. (2019). Sıcaklık verilerindeki kırılma tarihleriyle iklim indekslerinin ilişkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans/doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Coğrafya Anabilim Dalı, Fiziki Coğrafya Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demirtaş, M. (2017). High impact heat waves over the Euro-Mediterranean region and Turkey in concert with atmospheric blocking and large dynamical and physical anomalies. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A – Applied Sciences and Engineering, 18(1), 97–114.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Donmez, B., Donmez, K., Sonuç, C, Y., &amp; Unal, Y. (2024). Future change of humid heat extremes and population exposure in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 44(11), 3912-3929. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8559</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dore, M. H. (2005). Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: What do we know? Environment International, 31(8), 1167-1181.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Durmuş, B., Bulut, İ. &amp; Gönençgil, B. (2021). Antalya bölümünde sıcaklık ve yağış indislerinin değişim analizleri. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 78, 91-108. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1009270</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ebi, K. L., Vanos, J., Baldwin, J. W., Bell, J. E., Hondula, D. M., Errett, N. A., . . . Berry, P. (2021). Extreme weather and climate change: Population health and health system implications. Annual Review of Public Health, 42(1), 293-315.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erinç, S. (1996). Klimatoloji ve metodları (4. baskı). İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erlat, E. &amp; Avşar, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Mayıs 2020 gözlenen sıcak hava dalgasının klimatolojik ve sinoptik değerlendirmesi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 29(2), 201–215.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erlat, E., &amp; Türkeş, M. (2013). Observed changes and trends in numbers of summer and tropical days, and the 2010 hot summer in Turkey, International Journal of Climatology, 33(8), 1898-1908.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. &amp; Aydin-Kandemir, F. (2021). Observed changes and trends in heatwave characteristics in Turkey since 1950. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 145(1), 137-157.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Goodman, T. P. (1956). Technique for approximate measurement of correlation coefficients. Journal of Applied Physics, 27, 773–775.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">González-Reyes, A., Jacques-Coper, M., Bravo, C., Rojas, M. &amp; Garreaud, R. (2023). Evolution of heatwaves in Chile since 1980. Weather and Climate Extremes, 41, 100588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2023.100588</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gönençgil, B. ve Acar-Deniz, Z. (2016). İklim değişikliği. İçinde B. Gönençgil ve Z. Acar-Deniz (Ed.), Atmosfer kökenli afetler ve ekstrem hava olayları (ss. 58–84). İstanbul: Anka Matbaa.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gürkan, H., Demircan, M., Eskicioğlu, O., Yazıcı, B., Sümer, U. M., Kömüşçü, A. Ü., … Aksoy, M. (2018). 1971–2017 dönemi Türkiye iklim değerlendirmesi. Türkiye Ulusal Jeodezi ve Jeofizik Birliği Bilimsel Kongresi Bildirileri. İzmir, Türkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">IPCC. (2019). Summary for policymakers. İçinde P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H. O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts &amp; J. Malley (Ed.), Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (ss. 3–36). Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SPM_Updated-Jan20.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">IPCC. (2023). Sections. İçinde Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, H. Lee ve J. Romero (Ed.)), 35–115. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Junninen, H., Niska, H., Tuppurainen, K., Ruuskanen, J. &amp; Kolehmainen, M. (2004). Methods for imputation of missing values in air quality data sets. Atmospheric Environment, 38(18), 2895-2907.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kendall, M. G. (1975). Rank correlation methods. London, UK: Griffin.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kessel, D. G. (2000). Global warming—facts, assessment, countermeasures. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 26(1-4), 157-168.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuşçu, Ç. ve Şengezer, B. (2011). Landsat TM verilerinden ısı adasının belirlenmesi: İstanbul’da yüzey sıcaklığı ile kentleşme faktörleri arasındaki ilişki. 34. Uluslararası Uzaktan Algılama Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı (ss. 10–15). Sydney, Avustralya.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuglitsch, F. G., Toreti, A., Xoplaki, E., Della‐Marta, P. M., Zerefos, C. S., Türkeş, M. &amp; Luterbacher, J. (2010). Heat wave changes in the eastern Mediterranean since 1960. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(4).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li, A., Toll, M. &amp; Bentley, R. (2024). The risk of energy hardship increases with extreme heat and cold in Australia. Communications Earth &amp; Environment, 5(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liaqat, W., Barutçular, C., Farooq, M., Ahmad, H., Jan, M., Ahmad, Z., . . . Li, M. (2022). Climate change in relation to agriculture: A review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 20(2).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lindsey, R. &amp; Dahlman, L. (2024, January 18). Climate change: Global temperature. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Malhi, G. S., Kaur, M. &amp; Kaushik, P. (2021). Impact of climate change on agriculture and its mitigation strategies: A review. Sustainability, 13, 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031318</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mann, H. B. (1945). Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, 3(13), 245-259.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martinez-Villalobos, C., Fu, D., Loikith, P. C. &amp; Neelin, J. D. (2025). Accelerating increase in the duration of heatwaves under global warming. Nature Geoscience, 18(8), 716-723. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01737-w</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marx, W., Haunschild, R. &amp; Bornmann, L. (2021). Heat waves: a hot topic in climate change research. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 146(1), 781-800.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Massetti, E. &amp; Mendelsohn, R. (2015). How do heat waves, cold waves, droughts, hail and tornadoes affect US agriculture? CMCC Research Paper (RP0271), 1-24.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. (2025). Türkiye uzun yıllar sıcaklık ve yağış verileri [Veri seti]. Ankara: Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miralles, D. G., Teuling, A. J., Van Heerwaarden, C. C. &amp; Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J. (2014). Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation. Nature Geoscience, 7(5), 345-349. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2141</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nhamo, G., Chapungu, L. &amp; Mutanda, G. W. (2025). Trends and impacts of climate-induced extreme weather events in South Africa (1920–2023). Environmental Development, 31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Opoku, E. O. &amp; Boachie, M. K. (2020). The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment. Energy Policy, 137.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özgün, B., Gözet, E. &amp; Yılmaz, B. A. (2025). İklim değişikliğinin sıcak hava dalgaları üzerine etkisi (Türkiye’de 1980–2024 yılları arasında meydana gelen sıcak hava dalgası olayları). Atmosfer ve İklim Dergisi, 2(1), 13–27.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perkins, S. E. &amp; Alexander, L. V. (2013). On the measurement of heat waves. Journal of Climate, 26(13), 4500-4517. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00383.1</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E. &amp; Lewis, S. C. (2020). Increasing trends in regional heatwaves. Nature Communications, 11(1), 3357. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16970-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Piticar, A., Croitoru, A. E., Ciupertea, F. A. &amp; Harpa, G. V. (2018). Recent changes in heat waves and cold waves detected based on excess heat factor and excess cold factor in Romania. International Journal of Climatology, 38(4), 1777-1793. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5295</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Poumadere, M., Mays, C., Le Mer, S. &amp; Blong, R. (2005). The 2003 heat wave in France: Dangerous climate change here and now. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 25(6), 1483-1494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00694.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Raza, A., Razzaq, A., Mehmood, S. S., Zou, X., Zhang, X., Lv, Y. &amp; Xu, J. (2019). Impact of climate change on crops adaptation and strategies to tackle its outcome: A review. Plants, 8(2), 34.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sağdıç, M. (2016). Türkiye’nin iklimi. M. Hayır Kanat (Ed.), Türkiye coğrafyası ve jeopolitiği. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şen, Ö. L. (2013). Türkiye&#039;de iklim değişikliğinin bütünsel resmi. Türkiye&#039;de İklim Değişikliği Kongresi (TİKDEK 2013), 3-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Serkendiz, H. &amp; Tatlı, H. (2025). Heatwave dynamics in Türkiye: a long-term spatiotemporal analysis of frequency, duration, and intensity (1970–2022). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(7), 1-18.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shi, T., Liu, L., Wen, X. &amp; Qi, P. (2024). Research progress on the synergies between heat waves and canopy urban heat island and their driving factors. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1363837</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stefanon, M., D’Andrea, F. &amp; Drobinski, P. (2012). Heatwave classification over Europe and the Mediterranean region. Environmental Research Letters, 7(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taşoğlu, E., Öztürk, M. Z. &amp; Yazıcı, Ö. (2024). High Resolution Köppen‐Geiger Climate Zones of Türkiye. International Journal of Climatology, 44(14), 5248-5265.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Toros, H. (2011). Spatio-temporal variation of daily extreme temperatures over Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 32(7), 1047-1055. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2325</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Unal, Y. S., Tan, E. &amp; Menteş, S. S. (2013). Summer heat waves over western Turkey between 1965 and 2006. Theoretical and Applied Climatology (112),  339-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0704-0</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Xia, Y., Li, Y., Guan, D., Tinoco, D. M., Xia, J., Yan, Z., . . . Huo, H. (2018). Assessment of the economic impacts of heat waves: A case study of Nanjing, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 811-819.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yılmaz, N. (2019). Trend analysis of sea level changes using IBM SPSS software. Australian Journal of Maritime &amp; Ocean Affairs, 11(4), 201-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2019.1686105</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yin, C., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Yue, X., Liu, Y. &amp; Xin, Y. (2022). Changes in global heat waves and its socioeconomic exposure in a warmer future. Climate Risk Management, 38.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
