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Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkelerinde Çocuk Yoksulluğunun Belirleyicileri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme

Year 2020, Volume: 53 Issue: 3, 1075 - 1104, 01.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.740321

Abstract

Toplumların kalkınmasında en önemli rolü üstlenecek olan çocukları ve onların yetersiz eğitim ve gelir eşitsizliği kaynaklı sorunlarını dile getirmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada, Türkiye ve Avrupa ülkelerinde çocuk yoksulluğu karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Çocuk yoksulluğu; çocukların, yaşamlarının ileriki seviyelerinde, topluma tam ve eşit bireyler olarak katılmalarını zorlaştıran, çok boyutlu yoksunluklar kümesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Yetişkin yoksulluğundan farklılaşan çocuk yoksulluğuna dair genel kabul görmüş bir tanım ve ölçüm yöntemi araştırmacılar yanında politika yapıcılar için sağlam yoksulluk azaltma hedeflerini ve stratejilerini geliştirme ve izleme imkânı da sunar. Bu çerçeve de hazırlanan çalışma da gerek sosyal transferler öncesi gerekse de sosyal transferler sonrası Türkiye’nin, Avrupa bölgesinde çocuk yoksulluğu oranlarının en yüksek olduğu ilk 3 ülke arasında yer aldığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca çocuklardaki yoksulluk oranının, yetişkin yoksulluğu ve genel yoksulluk seviyeleriyle karşılaştırıldığında da belirgin bir şekilde daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Çocuk yoksulluğuna dair birincil dağılımdaki problemlerin, ikincil dağılım neticesinde hala çözülememiş olması bu konudaki politikaların sınırlılığına ve önemli bir temsiliyet sorununa işaret etmektedir. Karşılaştırmalı grafiklerden ve analizlerden çıkan sonuçlara göre çocuk yoksulluğuna dair yapılan çalışmalar ve tartışmalarla benzer olarak; çocuk yoksulluğuyla mücadelede özellikle eğitim sektörüne ve iş gücü piyasasına dönük politika ve düzenlemelere odaklanılmasının, çocuklardaki yoksulluk sorunun azaltılması noktasındaki en önemli adımlar olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.

References

  • Becker, G. S., & Lewis, H. (1973, Mar. - Apr.). On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children. Journal of Political Economy, 81(2), s. 279-288. Becker, G. S., Murphy, K., & Tamura, R. (1990, October). Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), s. 12-37. Bradbury, B., & Jänttı, M. (1999). Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations no.71. Economic and Social Policy Series, s. 55-57. Bradshaw, J., Ditch, J., Holmes, H., & Whiteford, P. (1993). A Comparative Study Of Child Support İn Fifteen Countries. Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, s. 255-271. Burger, K. (2009). How does early childhood care and education affect cognitive development? An international review of the effects of early interventions for children from different social backgrounds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, s. 140-165. Carlson, M. J., & Corcoran, M. (2001). Family Structure and Children’s Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 779–792. Chen, W.-H., & Corak, M. (2008, August). Child Poverty and Changes in Child Poverty. Demography, 45(3), s. 537-553. Chiripanhura, B. (2011, February). Median and mean income analyses. Economic & Labour Market Review, s. 45-63. doi:10.1057/elmr.2011.17 Collins, M. E., Amodeo, M., & Clay, C. (2007, August 19). Training as a Factor in Policy Implementation: Lessons from a National Evaluation of Child Welfare Training, s. 1487-1502. Davis-Kean, P. E. (2005). The Influence of Parent Education and Family Income on Child Achievement: The Indirect Role of Parental Expectations and the Home Environment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), s. 294–304. Dayıoğlu, M., & Şeker, S. (2016). Social Policy and the Dynamics of Early Childhood Poverty in Turkey. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 17(4), s. 540-557. Dekar, Y. (2016). The Influence of Parents’ Educational Background on the Academic Achievement of the Government High School Students in Thimphu. PGDPA Research Report. Eurostat. (2004, Monday 21 and Tuesday 22 June). 25th CEIES seminar. Gender statistics —Occupational segregation: extent, causes and consequences. Stockholm. Fukuda-Parr, S. (2006, December). The Human Poverty Index: A multidimensional measure. Poverty In Focus, 7-9. (D. Ehrenpreis, Dü.) Gaag, J. v., & Tan, J.-P. (1998). The Benefits of Early Child Development Programs: An Economic Analysis. Education the World Bank. Gordon, D., Nandy, S., Pantazis, C., Pemberton, S., & Townsend, P. (2003). Child Poverty in the Developing World. s. 1-44. Harker, L. (2006). Chance of a lifetime: The impact of bad housing on children’s lives. Shelter. Haurin, D. R., Parcel, T., & Haurin, R. (2002). Does Homeownership Affect Child Outcomes? Real Estate Economics, 30(4), s. 635–666. Jack, M. (2000). Poverty, children and shelter. Jenkins, S. P., & Kerm, P. (2008). The Measurement of Economic Inequality. B. Nolan, W. Salverda, & T. Smeeding (Dü) içinde, Oxford Handbook on Economic Inequality. Jones, N., & Sumner, A. (2011). Child Poverty, Evidence And Policy Policy- Mainstreaming children in international development. The Policy Press. Lipton, M., & Ravallion, M. (1993, April). Poverty and Policy. s. 30-32. Minujin, A., Delamonica, E., Davidziuk, A., & Gonzales, E. (2006, October). The definition of child poverty:a discussion of concepts and measurements. Environment & Urbanization, 18(2), s. 481–500. Nolan, B., & Marx, I. (2001). Economic Inequality, Poverty and Social Exclusion. S. T. Brian Nolan, & W. Salverda (Dü) içinde, The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Plotnick, R. D. (1997, Summer - Autumn). Child Poverty Can Be Reduced. The Future of Children, VII(2), s. 72-87. Roelen, K., & Gassman, F. (2008, January). Measuring Child Poverty and Well-Being: a literature review. Maastricht Graduate School of Governance; Working paper. Streak, J. C., Yu, D., & Berg, S. (2009, November). Measuring Child Poverty in South Africa: Sensitivity to the Choice of Equivalence Scaleand an Updated Profile. Social Indicators Research(94), 183-201. Streeten, P. (1998). Beyond the Six Veils: Conceptualizing and Measuring Poverty. Journal of International Affairs, 52(1), s. 1-31. Şeker, S. D. (2011, July). The Dynamics of Poverty in Turkey.Orta Doğu Teknik Üniveritesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi. Şeker, S. D. & Dayıoğlu, M. (2014). Poverty Dynamics in Turkey. The Rewiev of Income and Wealth. The Canadian Poverty Institute. (2017). Rights, Capabilities and Obligations: New Perspectives on Child Poverty in Calgary: Final Report of the Multidimensional Definition of Child Poverty Project. Townsend, P. (2006, December). What is Poverty? An Historical Perspective. Poverty in Focus, 5-6. (D. Ehrenpreis, Dü.) Brazil: International Poverty Centre. UNICEF Türkiye. (2006). Çocuk Yoksulluğu'nun Önlenmesi. Ankara. Vandivere, S., Hair, E., Theokas, C., Cleveland, K., McNamara, M., & Atienza, A. (2006). How Housing Affects Child Well-Being. Funders’ Network for Smart Growth and Livable Communities. Yılmaz, H., Hoşgör, Ş., Peker, M. U., Emil, F., Pınar, A., Karadeniz, O., & Tunca, D. (2011). Kamu Politikaları ve Harcama Analizi Raporu: Çocuk Yoksulluğu ve Mali Alan Yaklaşımı. UNICEF (yayınlanmamış çalışma). Yılmaz, H. H., Hoşgör, Ş., Peker, M., Emil, F., Pınar, A., Karadeniz, O., & Tunca, D. (2011). Yoksulluk ve Çocuk Yoksulluğu Raporu. UNICEF (yayınlanmamış çalışma). LİNKLER http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li09&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li02&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvho04&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvho02&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvps02&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvps25&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_mdho04&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvph05&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=edat_lfse_03&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=educ_uoe_enrp07&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfsa_ergan&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=spr_exp_ffa&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di04&lang=en

A Comparative Study on Determinants of Child Poverty in Turkey and European Countries

Year 2020, Volume: 53 Issue: 3, 1075 - 1104, 01.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.740321

Abstract

In this study, which aims to express the children who will play the most important role in the development of societies and their inequality problems; child poverty in Turkey and European countries are discussed comparatively. Child poverty; It can be defined as a multidimensional set of deprivations that make it difficult for children to participate in society as full and equal individuals later in their lives. A generally accepted definition and measurement method of child poverty, which differs from adult poverty, offers researchers as well as the opportunity to develop and monitor sound poverty reduction targets and strategies for policy makers. In this study, both before and after social transfers social transfers in Turkey, the child poverty rate in the European is seen as among the top three countries with the highest. It has also been observed that the poverty rate in children is significantly higher compared to adult poverty and general poverty levels. Problems in primary distribution regarding child poverty could not be solved as a result of secondary distribution. This situation points to the limitation of policies and an important representation problem. It has also been observed that the poverty rate in children is significantly higher compared to adult poverty and general poverty levels. According to the results from comparative charts and analyzes, similar to the studies and discussions on child poverty; It is possible to say that focusing on policies and regulations regarding the education sector and the labor market are the most important steps in combating child poverty.

References

  • Becker, G. S., & Lewis, H. (1973, Mar. - Apr.). On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children. Journal of Political Economy, 81(2), s. 279-288. Becker, G. S., Murphy, K., & Tamura, R. (1990, October). Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), s. 12-37. Bradbury, B., & Jänttı, M. (1999). Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations no.71. Economic and Social Policy Series, s. 55-57. Bradshaw, J., Ditch, J., Holmes, H., & Whiteford, P. (1993). A Comparative Study Of Child Support İn Fifteen Countries. Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, s. 255-271. Burger, K. (2009). How does early childhood care and education affect cognitive development? An international review of the effects of early interventions for children from different social backgrounds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, s. 140-165. Carlson, M. J., & Corcoran, M. (2001). Family Structure and Children’s Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 779–792. Chen, W.-H., & Corak, M. (2008, August). Child Poverty and Changes in Child Poverty. Demography, 45(3), s. 537-553. Chiripanhura, B. (2011, February). Median and mean income analyses. Economic & Labour Market Review, s. 45-63. doi:10.1057/elmr.2011.17 Collins, M. E., Amodeo, M., & Clay, C. (2007, August 19). Training as a Factor in Policy Implementation: Lessons from a National Evaluation of Child Welfare Training, s. 1487-1502. Davis-Kean, P. E. (2005). The Influence of Parent Education and Family Income on Child Achievement: The Indirect Role of Parental Expectations and the Home Environment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), s. 294–304. Dayıoğlu, M., & Şeker, S. (2016). Social Policy and the Dynamics of Early Childhood Poverty in Turkey. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 17(4), s. 540-557. Dekar, Y. (2016). The Influence of Parents’ Educational Background on the Academic Achievement of the Government High School Students in Thimphu. PGDPA Research Report. Eurostat. (2004, Monday 21 and Tuesday 22 June). 25th CEIES seminar. Gender statistics —Occupational segregation: extent, causes and consequences. Stockholm. Fukuda-Parr, S. (2006, December). The Human Poverty Index: A multidimensional measure. Poverty In Focus, 7-9. (D. Ehrenpreis, Dü.) Gaag, J. v., & Tan, J.-P. (1998). The Benefits of Early Child Development Programs: An Economic Analysis. Education the World Bank. Gordon, D., Nandy, S., Pantazis, C., Pemberton, S., & Townsend, P. (2003). Child Poverty in the Developing World. s. 1-44. Harker, L. (2006). Chance of a lifetime: The impact of bad housing on children’s lives. Shelter. Haurin, D. R., Parcel, T., & Haurin, R. (2002). Does Homeownership Affect Child Outcomes? Real Estate Economics, 30(4), s. 635–666. Jack, M. (2000). Poverty, children and shelter. Jenkins, S. P., & Kerm, P. (2008). The Measurement of Economic Inequality. B. Nolan, W. Salverda, & T. Smeeding (Dü) içinde, Oxford Handbook on Economic Inequality. Jones, N., & Sumner, A. (2011). Child Poverty, Evidence And Policy Policy- Mainstreaming children in international development. The Policy Press. Lipton, M., & Ravallion, M. (1993, April). Poverty and Policy. s. 30-32. Minujin, A., Delamonica, E., Davidziuk, A., & Gonzales, E. (2006, October). The definition of child poverty:a discussion of concepts and measurements. Environment & Urbanization, 18(2), s. 481–500. Nolan, B., & Marx, I. (2001). Economic Inequality, Poverty and Social Exclusion. S. T. Brian Nolan, & W. Salverda (Dü) içinde, The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Plotnick, R. D. (1997, Summer - Autumn). Child Poverty Can Be Reduced. The Future of Children, VII(2), s. 72-87. Roelen, K., & Gassman, F. (2008, January). Measuring Child Poverty and Well-Being: a literature review. Maastricht Graduate School of Governance; Working paper. Streak, J. C., Yu, D., & Berg, S. (2009, November). Measuring Child Poverty in South Africa: Sensitivity to the Choice of Equivalence Scaleand an Updated Profile. Social Indicators Research(94), 183-201. Streeten, P. (1998). Beyond the Six Veils: Conceptualizing and Measuring Poverty. Journal of International Affairs, 52(1), s. 1-31. Şeker, S. D. (2011, July). The Dynamics of Poverty in Turkey.Orta Doğu Teknik Üniveritesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi. Şeker, S. D. & Dayıoğlu, M. (2014). Poverty Dynamics in Turkey. The Rewiev of Income and Wealth. The Canadian Poverty Institute. (2017). Rights, Capabilities and Obligations: New Perspectives on Child Poverty in Calgary: Final Report of the Multidimensional Definition of Child Poverty Project. Townsend, P. (2006, December). What is Poverty? An Historical Perspective. Poverty in Focus, 5-6. (D. Ehrenpreis, Dü.) Brazil: International Poverty Centre. UNICEF Türkiye. (2006). Çocuk Yoksulluğu'nun Önlenmesi. Ankara. Vandivere, S., Hair, E., Theokas, C., Cleveland, K., McNamara, M., & Atienza, A. (2006). How Housing Affects Child Well-Being. Funders’ Network for Smart Growth and Livable Communities. Yılmaz, H., Hoşgör, Ş., Peker, M. U., Emil, F., Pınar, A., Karadeniz, O., & Tunca, D. (2011). Kamu Politikaları ve Harcama Analizi Raporu: Çocuk Yoksulluğu ve Mali Alan Yaklaşımı. UNICEF (yayınlanmamış çalışma). Yılmaz, H. H., Hoşgör, Ş., Peker, M., Emil, F., Pınar, A., Karadeniz, O., & Tunca, D. (2011). Yoksulluk ve Çocuk Yoksulluğu Raporu. UNICEF (yayınlanmamış çalışma). LİNKLER http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li09&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li02&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvho04&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvho02&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvps02&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvps25&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_mdho04&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvph05&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=edat_lfse_03&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=educ_uoe_enrp07&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfsa_ergan&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=spr_exp_ffa&lang=en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di04&lang=en
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nazmiye Tekdemir 0000-0002-7292-569X

Hakkı Hakan Yılmaz 0000-0003-3046-3236

Publication Date December 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 53 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tekdemir, N., & Yılmaz, H. H. (2020). Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkelerinde Çocuk Yoksulluğunun Belirleyicileri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 53(3), 1075-1104. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.740321
Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (AUJFES) is a formal journal of Ankara University.

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