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Hollanda’nın Kamu Diplomasisi Bağlamında Kültürel Diplomasi

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: Özel Sayı, 1 - 16, 01.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1417427

Abstract

Klasik anlamda bildiğimiz, devletler ve devlet yetkilileri tarafından sürdürülen diplomasi faaliyetleri, uzunca bir süredir değişim içerisindedir. Bunun sonucunda bugün diplomasiyle ilgili yeni aktörler ve faaliyetler ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bunlardan biri olan kamu diplomasisi, hem devletler tarafından hem de diğer aktörler (birey, sivil toplum kuruluşları vb.) tarafından gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Aslında uzun yıllardır var olan kamu diplomasisi artık kavramsallaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu hâliyle de devletlerin yumuşak güç araçlarından biri olarak görülmektedir. Kamu diplomasisi literatürde yeni kullanılan bir kavram olduğundan son dönemde bu konuda çokça çalışmaya rastlamak mümkündür. Ancak bu faaliyetleri gerçekleştiren devletler üzerinden konuyu ele aldığımızda sınırlı bir literatüre ulaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Hollanda’nın kamu diplomasi faaliyetlerinin neler olduğu ve nasıl yürütüldüğü sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması ve dokuman analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma özellikle Türkçe literatürde bu konuda var olan boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamıştır. Sonuç olarak, Hollanda’nın kamu diplomasisinin uzun bir geçmişe sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak ABD ve İngiltere gibi ülkelerle kıyasladığımızda ilerlemesi ve gelişmesinin zaman aldığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, kültürel diplomasi faaliyetlerinin çoğunlukla gelişmekte olan ülkelerle kurulan ilişkiler aracılığıyla yürütüldüğü belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Bjola, C., Cassidy, J. ve Manor, I. (2019, April 22). Public diplomacy in the digital age. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 83-101.doi: 10.1163/1871191X-14011032
  • Clingendael. (2008, October 16). A world to be won: Cultural diplomacy in the Netherlands. Erişim adresi: https://www.clingendael.org/publication/world-be-won-cultural-diplomacy-netherlands
  • DutchCulture. (2021, February 18). Information & inspiration: Impact of cultural diplomacy. Erişim adresi: https://dutchculture.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/dutchculture_-_information_inspiration_-_impact_of_cultural_diplomacy.pdf
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). Kamu diplomasisi ve AK Parti dönemi Türk dış politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Erzen, M. Ü. (2014). Kamu diplomasisi. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.
  • Gonesh, A. ve Melissen, J. (2005, December). Public diplomacy: Improving practice. Erişim adresi: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/20051000_cdsp_paper_diplomacy_5_gonesh_melissen.pdf
  • Government of the Netherlands. (2017). Priorities of the Netherlands’ international cultural policy. Erişim adresi: https://www.government.nl/topics/international-cultural-cooperation/international-cultural-policy/priorities-international-cultural-policy
  • Helmers, H. (2016). Public diplomacy in early modern Europe towards a new history of news. Media History, 22(34), 401-420. doi: 10.1080/13688804.2016.1174570
  • Hollanda Büyükelçiliği Ankara ve Hollanda Başkonsolosluğu İstanbul.Hollanda Kraliyeti. (2020-2021). Kültür raporu 2020-2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/documents/3529975/5143684/ Year%20Report_2020-2021_TR.pdf/b9f4ae76-201e-2266-ff9d-70a2039299cf?version=1.1&t=17059972 91103
  • İskit, T. (2012). Diplomasi tarihi, teorisi, kurumları ve uygulaması. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kamminga, J. (2013). Public diplomacy in Afghanistan beyond the 2014 transition: Lessons from the United States and the Netherlands. Erişim adresi: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Public %20Diplomacy%20in%20Afghanistan%20beyond%20the%202014%20Transition.pdf
  • Karadağ, H. (2022). Uluslararası ilişkilerde yeni bir boyut kamu diplomasisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Kaumann, J. D. (2016). Public diplomacy in the Dutch MFA: Views & strategies for domestic audiences and dialogue online (Thesis for MSc). Leiden University. Erişim adresi: https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/60153
  • Mehring, F. (2020). Transatlantic sonic diplomacy: Consent and resistance in Dutch songs about the allied liberators. Atlantisch Perspectief, 44(2), 17-21. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48600526
  • Melissen, J. (2005). Wielding soft power: The new public diplomacy. Erişim adresi: https://culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/soft_power/Wielding_Soft_Power_-_The_New_Public_Diplomacy_-_Jan_Melissen.pdf
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 90, 153-171. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148580
  • Schneider, C. P. (2003). Diplomacy that works: ‘best practices’ in cultural diplomacy. Erişim adresi: https://www.interarts.net/descargas/interarts645.pdf
  • Snyder, D. J. (2013). Domesticity, rearmament, and the limits of U.S. public diplomacy in the Netherlands during the early Cold War. Journal of Cold War Studies, 15(3), 47-75. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26924384

Cultural Diplomacy in the Context of Public Diplomacy of the Netherlands

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: Özel Sayı, 1 - 16, 01.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1417427

Abstract

Diplomacy activities carried out by states and state officials in the classical sense have been in a state of change for a long time. As a result, new actors and activities have started to emerge in diplomacy. Public diplomacy, one of these, can be carried out both by states and other actors (individuals, NGOs, etc.). In fact, public diplomacy, which has existed for many years, has now begun to be conceptualised and is seen as one of the soft power tools of states. Since public diplomacy is a new concept in the literature, it is possible to come across many studies on this subject recently. However, when we consider the issue through the states that carry out these activities, a limited literature is reached. In this study, an answer to the question of what are the public diplomacy activities of the Netherlands and how they are carried out has been sought. Thus, it has been determined that the Netherlands has carried out public diplomacy activities through cultural diplomacy. The data in the study were collected through literature review and document analysis methods. This study aims to fill the gap in the Turkish literature on this subject. As a result, it has been observed that the Netherlands' public diplomacy has a long history. However, when compared to countries such as the USA and the UK, it has taken time to progress and develop. However, it has been determined that cultural diplomacy activities are mostly carried out through relations with developing countries.

References

  • Bjola, C., Cassidy, J. ve Manor, I. (2019, April 22). Public diplomacy in the digital age. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 83-101.doi: 10.1163/1871191X-14011032
  • Clingendael. (2008, October 16). A world to be won: Cultural diplomacy in the Netherlands. Erişim adresi: https://www.clingendael.org/publication/world-be-won-cultural-diplomacy-netherlands
  • DutchCulture. (2021, February 18). Information & inspiration: Impact of cultural diplomacy. Erişim adresi: https://dutchculture.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/dutchculture_-_information_inspiration_-_impact_of_cultural_diplomacy.pdf
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). Kamu diplomasisi ve AK Parti dönemi Türk dış politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Erzen, M. Ü. (2014). Kamu diplomasisi. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.
  • Gonesh, A. ve Melissen, J. (2005, December). Public diplomacy: Improving practice. Erişim adresi: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/20051000_cdsp_paper_diplomacy_5_gonesh_melissen.pdf
  • Government of the Netherlands. (2017). Priorities of the Netherlands’ international cultural policy. Erişim adresi: https://www.government.nl/topics/international-cultural-cooperation/international-cultural-policy/priorities-international-cultural-policy
  • Helmers, H. (2016). Public diplomacy in early modern Europe towards a new history of news. Media History, 22(34), 401-420. doi: 10.1080/13688804.2016.1174570
  • Hollanda Büyükelçiliği Ankara ve Hollanda Başkonsolosluğu İstanbul.Hollanda Kraliyeti. (2020-2021). Kültür raporu 2020-2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/documents/3529975/5143684/ Year%20Report_2020-2021_TR.pdf/b9f4ae76-201e-2266-ff9d-70a2039299cf?version=1.1&t=17059972 91103
  • İskit, T. (2012). Diplomasi tarihi, teorisi, kurumları ve uygulaması. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kamminga, J. (2013). Public diplomacy in Afghanistan beyond the 2014 transition: Lessons from the United States and the Netherlands. Erişim adresi: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Public %20Diplomacy%20in%20Afghanistan%20beyond%20the%202014%20Transition.pdf
  • Karadağ, H. (2022). Uluslararası ilişkilerde yeni bir boyut kamu diplomasisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Kaumann, J. D. (2016). Public diplomacy in the Dutch MFA: Views & strategies for domestic audiences and dialogue online (Thesis for MSc). Leiden University. Erişim adresi: https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/60153
  • Mehring, F. (2020). Transatlantic sonic diplomacy: Consent and resistance in Dutch songs about the allied liberators. Atlantisch Perspectief, 44(2), 17-21. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48600526
  • Melissen, J. (2005). Wielding soft power: The new public diplomacy. Erişim adresi: https://culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/soft_power/Wielding_Soft_Power_-_The_New_Public_Diplomacy_-_Jan_Melissen.pdf
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 90, 153-171. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148580
  • Schneider, C. P. (2003). Diplomacy that works: ‘best practices’ in cultural diplomacy. Erişim adresi: https://www.interarts.net/descargas/interarts645.pdf
  • Snyder, D. J. (2013). Domesticity, rearmament, and the limits of U.S. public diplomacy in the Netherlands during the early Cold War. Journal of Cold War Studies, 15(3), 47-75. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26924384
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects European Union
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hilal Zorba Bayraktar 0000-0003-4401-2532

Publication Date October 1, 2024
Submission Date January 10, 2024
Acceptance Date March 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA Zorba Bayraktar, H. (2024). Hollanda’nın Kamu Diplomasisi Bağlamında Kültürel Diplomasi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(Özel Sayı), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1417427

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