COVID-19’UN İŞLETMELER VE ÇALIŞANLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: ALMANYA, AMERİKA VE BELÇİKA’DAN ÖRNEKLER

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 204 - 221, 13.12.2020

Sevgi Işık Erol

Öz

Covid-19 salgını hızla yayılmaya devam ederken, virüsün kontrol altına alındığına dair net bir gelişme yaşanmamıştır. Covid-19’un neden olduğu endişe ve belirsizlik tüm dünyada devam etmektedir. Sosyo-ekonomik olarak işletmeler ve çalışanları bu durumdan önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Günümüzde ikinci dalga yaşanırken birçok ülke Covid-19’u kontrol altına almak için ardı ardına yeni kısıtlamalar uygulamaya başlamıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışanların olabildiğince esnek çalışmaları teşvik edilmekte, seyahat ve turizm kısıtlamaları getirilmekte, alışveriş merkezleri, restoran ve kafeler kapatılmaktadır. Alınan karantina önlemleri mal ve hizmet taleplerini belirsizleştirmekte, tedarik zincirlerini bozmakta, işletmelerin nakit ve sermaye gereksinimlerini artırmaktadır. Bu durum başta Mikro, Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeleri (MKOBİ) olmak üzere birçok işletmeyi etkilemekte ve krizin belirsizliği süreci daha da zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu süreçte gerekli önlemler alınmazsa iflas ve işten çıkarmaların arka arkaya gelmesi çok olasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kovid-19, İşletme, Çalışanlar, Çalışma Hayatı, İşsizlik

Kaynakça

• Amaro, S. (6 Kasım 2020). Belgium has become a Covid hotspot. And there are four reasonswhy. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/06/belgium-has-become-a-covid-hotspot-and-there-are-four-reasons-why.html.
• BBC. (23 Ekim 2020). Koronavirüs nedir: Covid-19'a karşı hangi önlemler alınmalı, virüsün özellikleri neler?. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51177538.
• BMWi. (23 Mart 2020). German government announces €50 billion in emergency aid for small businesses. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2020/20200323-50-german-government-announces-50-billion-euros-in-emergency-aid-for-small-businesses.html.
• Destatis. (2020). Economic impacts. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Cross-Section/Corona/Economy/context-economy.html.
• Deutschland. (2020). Coronavirus in Germany. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.deutschland.de/en/corona-virus-germany-overview.
• DOL. (2020a). Families first coronavirus response act: Employee paid leave rights. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/pandemic/ffcra-employee-paid-leave.
• DOL. (2020b). U.S. Department of Labor publishes guidance on pandemic unemployment assistance. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/eta/eta20200405.
• DOL. (2020c). U.S. Department Of Labor publishes guidance on federal pandemic unemployment compensation. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/eta/eta20200404.
• EY. (24 Temmuz 2020). COVID-19: The 300 EUR consumption vouchers are finally here!. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ey.com/en_be/tax/tax-alerts/covid-19-the-consumption-vouchers-are-finally-here.
• Global Deal, OECD & ILO. (2020). Social dialogue, skills and Covid-19. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_758550.pdf.
• Hove, J. V., Keppenne, B., & Gompel, J. V. (03 Mart 2020). Coronavirus strongly affects Belgian economy due to international chain reaction and weakening confidence. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.kbc.com/en/economics/publications/coronavirus-strongly-affects-belgian-economy-due-to-international-chain-reaction-and-weakening-confidence.html.
• ILO. (18 Mart 2020). COVID-19 Pandemic. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/about-theilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_738742/lang--en/index.htm.
• ILO. (27 Mart 2020). COVID-19 has Exposed the Fragility of our Economies. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_739961/lang-- en/index.htm.
• ILO. (16 Nisan 2020). Which policies can help small businesses withstand COVID-19. 24 Kasım 2020, https://iloblog.org/2020/04/16/which-policies-can-help-small-businesses-withstand-covid-19/.
• ILO. (29 Nisan 2020). ILO: As job losses escalate, nearly half of global workforce at risk of losing livelihoods. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_743036/lang--en/index.htm.
• ILO. (05 Mayıs 2020). The need for social dialogue in addressing the COVID-19 crisis. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---dialogue/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743640.pdf.
• ILO. (18 Mayıs 2020). A policy framework for responding to the COVID-19 crisis. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/impacts-and-responses/WCMS_739047/lang--en/index.htm?shared_from=shr-tls.
• ILO. (10 Temmuz 2020). Country policy responses - United States. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/regional-country/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#US.
• ILO. (21 Ağustos 2020). Prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 at work for small and medium-sized enterprises. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---lab_admin/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_753619.pdf.
• ILO. (23 Eylül 2020). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Sixth edition Updated estimates and analysis. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_755910.pdf.
• ILO. (20 Ekim 2020). Social dialogue crucial to tackling impact of COVID-19. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_758785/lang--en/index.htm.
• ILO. (17 Kasım 2020). Country policy responses - Germany. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/regional-country/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#DE.
• ILO. (20 Kasım 2020). Country policy responses – Belgium. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/regional-country/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#BE.
• ILO. (2020a). Business and COVID-19. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/key-resources/WCMS_741005/lang--en/index.htm.
• ILO. (2020b). Social dialogue. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/areas-of-work/social-dialogue/lang--en/index.htm)%20%20a.
• ILO & OECD. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on jobs and incomes in G20 economies: ILO-OECD paper prepared at the request of G20 Leaders Saudi Arabia’s G20 Presidency 2020. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---cabinet/documents/publication/wcms_756331.pdf. Indonesien. (16 Ağustos 2020). COVID-19: German Federal Support Measures. 24 Kasım 2020, https://indonesien.ahk.de/en/infocenter/news/news-details/covid-19-german-federal-support-measures-3.
• KPMG. (2020). Belgium Government and institution measures in response to COVID-19. 24 Kasım 2020, https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/04/belgium-government-and-institution-measures-in-response-to-covid.html.
• Lai, C. C., Shih, T. P., Ko, W. C., Tang, H. J. & Hsueh, P. R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 55, 1-9.
• L&E Global Knowledge Centre. (27 Mart 2020). Belgium: Temporary unemployment due to COVID-19. 24 Kasım 2020, https://knowledge.leglobal.org/belgium-temporary-unemployment-due-to-covid-19/.
• Michas, F. (21 Eylül 2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) impact on the Belgian economy - statistics & facts | Statista. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.statista.com/topics/6987/coronavirus-covid-19-impact-on-the-belgian-economy/.
• Moulson, G. (2 Kasım 2020). Germany starts ‘wave-breaker’ shutdown as Europe locks down. 24 Kasım 2020, https://apnews.com/article/germany-wave-breaker-shutdown-covid-19-5b316ddd6d05fcb07fa9ff46eb06f763#:~:text=In%20Germany%2C%20restaurants%2C%20bars%2C,are%20barred%20from%20accommodating%20tourists.
• OECD. (28 Nisan 2020). Government support and the COVID-19 pandemic. 24 Kasım 2020, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=128_128572-w5qyf5699d&title=Government-support-and-the-COVID-19-pandemic.
• Olmen, V. & Wynant. (15 Temmuz 2020). Belgium: New measures for employers to cope with COVID-19: Working time reduction, temporary unemployment and the consumption check. 24 Kasım 2020, https://knowledge.leglobal.org/corona/country/belgium/new-measures-for-employers-to-cope-with-covid-19-working-time-reduction-temporary-unemployment-and-the-consumption-check/.
• Szlezak, P. C. Reeves, M., & Swartz, P. (27 Mart 2020). Understanding the economic shock of coronavirus. 24 Kasım 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/03/understanding-the-economic-shock-of-coronavirus
• USDT. (1 Nisan 2020). Treasury and IRS release FAQs to help small and midsize businesses navigate paid sick and family leave tax credits. 24 Kasım 2020, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm965
• USDT. (2020) The CARES act works for all americans. 24 Kasım 2020, https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares.
• Vinjamuri, L. (2020). America's coronavirus response ıs shaped by ıts federal structure. 24 Kasım 2020, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/03/americas-coronavirus-response-shaped-its-federal-structure?gclid=CjwKCAiA7939BRBMEiwA-hX5J3VOh-teWSXyBFQtWuk30C1NJDcHF307ZR4xFm3S0yrl6iSdklFJKxoCj3MQAvD_BwE.
• WHO. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 25 Kasım 2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019?gclid=CjwKCAiA-_L9BRBQEiwA-bm5fpxG6BTg9zjWfjIH0z11rWjYKUFWZqEZ2cbk2yPH3eAuo7J8xma-xBoCySwQAvD_BwE
• WHO. (2020b). Germany. 25 Kasım 2020, https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/de.
• WHO. (2020c). United States of America. 25 Kasım 2020, https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/us.
• WHO. (2020d). Belgium. 25 Kasım 2020, https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/be/.